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Conditions > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

2 main types of strokes

A

ischemic
hemorrhagic

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2
Q

lacunar strokes

A

small infarcts
motor or sensory deficits

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3
Q

symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke

A

headaches
vomiting
sleepiness
agitation
restlessness

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4
Q

subclavian steal syndrome stroke

A

rare
narrowing of subclavian artery under clavicle

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5
Q

transcient ischemic attacks

A

temporary blockage that lasts less than 24 hours

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6
Q

symptoms of TIA

A

feeling blindness
hemiparesis
hemiplegia
aphasia
dizziness
double vision
staggering

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7
Q

symptoms in left sided stroke

A

right side loss of voluntary movement
impaired sensation
blind spot
aphasia
dysarthria
memory deficits

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8
Q

symptoms in right sided stroke

A

hemiparesis
hemiplegia
sensation impairment
spatial/perceptual deficits
unilateral inattention
dressing apraxia
impaired left half of visual field
impulsivity

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9
Q

anterior cerebral artery stroke

A

paralysis of lower extremity
loss of sensation
loss of conscious control of bowel
balance problems
memory impairment
whispered speech
lack of spontaneity of emotion

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10
Q

vertebrobasilar stroke

A

visual disturbances
ataxia
impaired temperature sensation
dysmetria
vertigo, dizziness
impaired ability to read/name objects
dysphagia
paralysis of face, limbs, or tongue

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11
Q

wallenberg’s syndrome

A

brainstem stroke
occlusion of vertebral or cerebellar artery

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12
Q

symptoms of wallenberg’s syndrome

A

contralateral pain/temperature loss
ipsilateral horner’s syndrome: decreased pupil size, ptosis, decreased sweating
ataxia
vertigo
dysphagia
high morbidity rate

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13
Q

hemiparesis
hemiplegia
unilateral inattention

A

weakness
paralysis
neglect

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14
Q

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

A

emergency drug for ischemic strokes
clot-busting drug given within 3 hours, sometimes 4.5, after stroke symptoms begin
done through vein or catheter into artery

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15
Q

anticoagulants

A

2-3 week heparin therapy to prevent formation of emboli for stroke

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16
Q

warfarin

A

1-3 month stroke treatment to prevent blockages in areas that cant be treated by surgery

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17
Q

hemorrhagic medication

A

focus on controlling the bleeding and reducing pressure in the brain
lower intracranial pressure, prevent vasospasm/seizures

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18
Q

angioplasty

A

procedure used to open clogged heart arteries. involves temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon where your artery is clogged to help widen it

often combined with stents to prop the artery open

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19
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

surgical procedure that diverts flow of blood around a section of a blocked or partially blocked artery. improves blood flow to heart muscle by creating new pathway to hear

other arteries or veins, most commonly internal mammary artery, used

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20
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction that interferes with normal breathing

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21
Q

contributing conditions to COPD

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
leading cause is cig smoking

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22
Q

emphysema

A

walls of the lungs are destroyed, in COPD
lungs become air sacs and lose shape

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23
Q

signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure

A

fluid retention throughout body: edema, weight gain, ascites, increased night peeing
dyspnea
chest pains
arrhythmia

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24
Q

risk factors of CHF

A

congenital birth defects, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity

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25
Q

tools use to measure cardiopulmonary signs

A

heart rate monitor
blood pressure monitor

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26
Q

complications of having diabetes

A

lower life expectancy
macrovascular complications
high risk of cardiovascular disease
cerebrovascular disease
peripheral artery disease
microvascular complications: retinopathy
diabetic foot
periodontal disease

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27
Q

diabetes and cardiovascular disease

A

major cause of morbidity and mortality
risk for CVD higher in women
poorer outcomes

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28
Q

diabetes and cerebrovascular disease

A

dyslipidemia/elevated cholesterol

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29
Q

diabetes and peripheral artery disease

A

occurs early
severity of PAD increases with duration of diabetes and presence of neuropathy
intermittent claudication and resting pain
poor wound healing
tissue hypoxia
decreased mobilization of white blood cells

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30
Q

diabetes and microvascular complications

A

diabetic retinopathy
leading cause of blindness in adults
visual loss includes macular edema, new vessel hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or neovascular glaucoma

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31
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A

change in kidneys
end stage renal disease
poor blood glucose control, HTN, smoking increases risk

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32
Q

diabetic neural complications

A

burning pain, stabbing, tingling, numbness

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33
Q

diabetic autonomic neuropathy

A

multiple systems in body affected due to damage to autonomic nerves that innervate different organs
increase or decreased gastric motility
bladder dysfunction
sexual dysfunction

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34
Q

diabetic foot

A

ulcers
pressure
stress
infection
lesions go unnoticed/sensory polyneuropathy
debridement
amputation

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35
Q

diabetes and periodontal disease

A

gingivitis
periodontitis
poor glycemic control
inhibition of cellular mechanisms that destroy bacteria

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36
Q

diabetic change in diet

A

monitor intake of carbohydrates
small snacks to avoid hypoglycemia

type 2 recommend mediterranean style diet to reduce insulin. monosaturated and omega-3 fatty acids, fresh fruits and veggies, high fiber, high protein

37
Q

leading cause of TBI

A

motor vehicle accidents

38
Q

rancho los amigos scale level 1

A

no response

patient does not respond to external stimuli and appears asleep

39
Q

rancho los amigos scale level 2

A

general response

patient reacts to external stimuli in nonspecific, inconsistent, and nonpurposeful manner with with stereotypic and limited responses

40
Q

rancho los amigos scale level 3

A

localized response

patient response specifically and inconsistently with delays to stimuli, but may follow simple commands for motor action

41
Q

rancho los amigos scale level 4

A

confused, agitated response

patient exhibits bizarre, nonpurposeful, incoherent or inappropriate behaviors, has no short-term recall, attention is short and nonselective

42
Q

rancho los amigos scale level 5

A

confused, inappropriate, nonagitated response

patient gives random, fragmented, and nonpurposeful responses to complex or unstructured stimuli
simply commands are followed consistently, memory and selective attention are impaired, and new information is not retained

43
Q

ranchos amigos scale level 6

A

confused, appropriate, response

patient gives context appropriate, goal-directed responses, dependent upon external input for direction
there is carry-over for relearned, but not for new tasks, and recent memory problems persist

44
Q

ranchos amigos scale level 7

A

automatic, appropriate response

patient behaves appropriately in familiar settings, performs daily routines automatically, and shows carry-over for new learning at lower than normal rates
patient initiates social interactions, but judgment remains impaired

45
Q

ranchos amigos scale level 8

A

purposeful, appropriate response

patient oriented and responds to the environment but abstract reasoning abilities are decreased relative to premorbid levels

46
Q

visual deficits associated with TBI

A

diplopia
visual field deficits
accommodation
convergence
strabismus
saccades

47
Q

difference between rancho los amigos scale and glasgow coma scale

A

rlas is used in rehab, good interrater and test retest reliability. level of recovery

gcs assesses coma and impaired consciousness at initial level of injury

48
Q

burn contracture on functional performance

A

contracture: shortening and tightening of burn scar

limits ROM and ADLS because pain

49
Q

fluid resuscitation

A

administration of IV fluid for burn stabilization
maintain intravascular volume for adequate perfusion and oxygenation with a least amount of fluid
can cause fluid creep

50
Q

fluid creep

A

fluid overloading in burns
may lead to compartment syndrome: internal edema within a part of the body or often an extremity that can decrease circulation to the structure and thus putting them at risk

51
Q

early signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

CSF shows abnormalities in antibodies that are associated with MS

spasticity, weakness, intention tremor, fatigue (most common)
numbness, pain, touch, diplopia
slow memory and processing speed
depression, impulsivity, lability

52
Q

typical gait pattern associated with Parkinson’s

A

postural instability gait disorder
festinating gait: short stepping, shuffling with reduced arm swing

53
Q

gender most commonly impacted by parkinson’s

A

male

54
Q

gender most commonly impacted by MS

A

women 2/3:1

55
Q

gender most commonly impacted by ALS

A

men
if it begins over 70 then it’s even

56
Q

lower motor vs corticospinal tract vs corticobulbar tract in ALS

A

scars form on the upper motor neurons in the corticospinal pathways and the functionally linked lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei of the brainstem and the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord

progressive muscular atrophy: LMN signs first, then UMN, then full ALS

primary bulbar atrophy: tongue and throat muscles, speech and swallowing deficits

progressive lateral sclerosis: only UMN, longer

57
Q

common cause of death in ALS

A

respiratory failure
pneumonia

58
Q

common cause of death in MS

A

primary progressive

59
Q

difference between rheumatic conditions

A

fibromyalgia has no joint imflammation

60
Q

principles of joint protection in rheumatic diseases

A

Altering work methods, using orthotics, implementing assistive devices, and educating clients can reduce the impact on the involved joints and maximize independence

help preserve joint structure integrity

ex: large handles and wearing orthotics

61
Q

typical symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis

A

symmetrically or asymmetrically
one or more joints
fatigue
weakness
lass of ROM
joint guarding
contractures, subluxation, ankylosis

62
Q

typical symptoms in osteoarthritis

A

use-related pain and stiffness
stiffness after prolonged inactivity
knees, hips, hands, spine
crepitus during ROM
pain first, then edema, then tenderness
flare ups of edema and pain after activity

63
Q

typical symptoms in fibromyalgia

A

disabling pain and tenderness impacting muscles, tendons, joints
fatigue and tiredness
depression and anxiety
sleep problems
thinking, memory, concentration problems
headaches

64
Q

typical symptoms in gout

A

begins with inflammation
usually one joint at a time
primary impact in toe
pain, swelling, redness, head
gout flares are sudden can last whenever

65
Q

typical symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus

A

fatigue
discomfort
fever, loss of appetite, weight loss
joint pain, typically same joints on both sides
skin problems
exacerbations and remissions
gradually gets worse, affects organs

66
Q

level of injury at C1-C3

A

limited movement of head and neck

breathing: ventilator

communication: limited

ADL: assistive technology

mobility: electric wheelchair

67
Q

level of injury at C4

A

head and neck control usually

breathing: initially ventilator, adjust to without

communication: normal

ADL: limited dependence

68
Q

level of injury at C5

A

typically head and neck control, shoulder control, bend elbows and turn up palms

ADL: independence, maybe set-up

health care: manage own

mobility: short distance strength, driving might be possible

69
Q

level of injury at C6

A

movement in head, neck, shoulders, arms, wrists. can bend elbows, turn and bend wrists

ADL: specialized equipment, independent

health care: independent pressure relief

mobility: maybe need a sliding board for transfers. manual wheelchair or power

70
Q

level of injury at C7

A

similar movement as C6, can straighten elbows

ADL: few adaptive aids

health care: wheelchair pushups for pressure reliefs

mobility: daily use of manual wheelchair. easy transfer

71
Q

level of injury at C8-T1

A

added strength and precision of fingers

ADL: live independently

mobility: manual wheelchair, independent transfers

72
Q

level of injury at T2-T6

A

normal motor function in upper body. increased use of rib and chest muscles or trunk control

ADL: totally independent

mobility: maybe walking with extensive bracing but may lead to damage of upper joints

73
Q

level of injury at S1-S5

A

depends, may return voluntary bladder, bowel, sexual functions

mobility: increased ability to walk with fewer or no supportive devices

74
Q

ascending pathway of SCI

A

afferent sensory

spinocerebellar: nonconscious proprioception
lateral spinothalamic: pain, temperature
ventral spinothalamic: touch, pressure
fasciculus gracilis: tactile discrimination
spinocervicothalamic: touch, proprioception, sterognosis, vibration

75
Q

descending pathway of SCI

A

efferent motor

lateral corticospinal: movement to extremities
ventral corticospinal: movement of neck and trunk
vestibulospinal: equilibrium
reticulospinal: autonomic functions, motor respiratory functions

76
Q

central cord syndrome

A

hyperextension of neck, narrowing of spinal canal

UE neural fibers more impaired because they travel more centrally in cord

77
Q

brown-sequard syndrome

A

only 1 side of spinal cord is damaged

hemisection cause by penetrating wound

ipsilateral loss of motor function below injury
ipsilateral reduction of deep touch and proprioceptive awareness
contralateral loss of pain, temperature

*extremities with greatest motor function have poorest sensation

78
Q

anterior cord syndrome

A

damage to anterior spinal artery or indirect damage to anterior spinal cord tissue
loss of motor function below injury
loss of thermal, pain, tactile sensation

*light touch and proprioceptive awareness generally unaffected

79
Q

cauda equina injuries

A

damage to spinal nerves below end of spinal cord
incomplete
exiting spinal nerves
loss of motor function and sensation below injury
absence of reflex arc
motor paralysis LMN type
flaccidity and muscle atrophy below injury
bowel and bladder function are areflexic

80
Q

conus medullaris

A

similar to cauda equina
loss of motor function below level of injury, not severe
absence of reflex arc
LMN type motor paralysis
bowel and bladder incontinence and sexual dysfunction more severe than cauda equina

81
Q

types of orthopedic surgical interventions

A

closed reduction: set/reduce broken bone and immobilization

ORIF: broken bone reduced or put back into place. internal fixation device placed on bone

hemiarthroplasty or total hip replacement

82
Q

types of fractures

A

closed but not broken through skin
open/compound: broken through skin
comminuted: 2 or more fragments
greenstick-compound: bone breaks through

83
Q

other orthopedic conditions

A

osteoporosis: low bone density at 35

osteopenia: reversible weakening of bone

heterotopic ossification: abnormal bone formation in extraskeletal soft tissue

84
Q

apple ascites

A

weight centered around abdomen

85
Q

apple pannus

A

increased hip width and weight around the pelvis

86
Q

pear abducted

A

weight located on hips and upper thighs

87
Q

pear adducted

A

pannus located on thighs

88
Q

gluteal shelf

A

pannus protrudes posteriorly

89
Q

posterior adipose

A

pannus distributed on posterior trunk

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