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Conditions > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

core values

A

altruism
dignity
equality
freedom
justice
truth
prudence

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2
Q

philosophical assumptions

A

each individual has the right to a meaningful existence

is influenced by the biological and social nature of species

can only be understood within the context of family, friends, community

has the need to participate in a variety of social roles and have periodic relief from participation

has the right to seek potential through purposeful interaction within the human and nonhuman environment

OT promotes functional interdependence

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3
Q

domain

A

areas of human activity

occupations, client factors, performance skills, performance patterns, context and environment

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4
Q

process

A

use of enhancement of engagement in occupations

type of OT interventions, treatment approaches, activity and occupational demands, type of outcomes

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5
Q

most cited conditions treated by OTs

A

neurological
development
cardiopulmonary
orthopedic
general medical
psychosocial/mental illness

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6
Q

spread vs stigma

A

spread is assuming someone with a disability has other disabilities

stigma is thinking that someone with a disability can’t achieve something

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7
Q

stages of adjustment

A

shock
denial
anger/depression
adjustment/acceptance

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8
Q

evidence-based practice

A

clinical expertise, client perspectives, external scientific evidence

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9
Q

unselfish concern for welfare of others. reflected in actions and attitudes of commitment, caring, dedication, responsiveness, understanding

A

altruism

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10
Q

valuing the inherent worth and uniqueness of each person. demonstrated by an attitude of empathy and respect for self and others

A

Dignity

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11
Q

all individuals be perceived as having the same fundamental human rights and opportunities. demonstrated by an attitude of fairness and impartiality

A

equality

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12
Q

allows individual to exercise choice and demonstrate independence, initiative, and self-direction

A

freedom

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13
Q

plays value on upholding moral and legal principles as fairness, equity, truthfulness, and objectivity

A

justice

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14
Q

be faithful to facts and reality. demonstrated by being accountable, honest, forthright, accurate, authentic in attitudes and actions

A

truth

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15
Q

ability to govern and discipline oneself through the use of reason. value judiciousness, discretion, vigilance, moderation, care, and circumspection in one’s affairs. rational thought

A

prudence

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16
Q

client factors

A

values, beliefs, spirituality, body functions, body structures of a person

influence participation on occupations

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17
Q

performance skills

A

observable elements of action that have an implicit functional purpose

motor, process, social interaction

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18
Q

performance patterns

A

habits, routines, roles, and rituals of a person when engaging in occupations

can enhance or hinder

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19
Q

context and environment

A

interrelated conditions about a person, cultural, personal, temporal, virtual

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20
Q

risk factors and causes of CP

A

disorders of coagulation

low birth weight

intrauterine exposure to infection and disorders of coagulation

periventricular leukomalacia

hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (perinatal asphyxia)

intraventricular hemorrhage (blood in ventricular system, hydrocephalus)

cerebral dysgenesis (undeveloped brain)

premature birth

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21
Q

symptoms of CP

A

hypertonicity
hypotonicity
hyperreflexia
clonus: rhythmic rocking
enhanced stretch reflex
absence of primitive reflex
atypical posture
delayed motor development
atypical motor performance

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22
Q

types of CP

A

spastic
athetoid
ataxia

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23
Q

contractures

A

permanent shortening of a muscle or joint, losing ROM

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24
Q

spastic CP

A

hypertonicity: restricted movement, contractures
accounts for 80% of CP
hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia, triplegia, monoplegia

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25
Q

periventricular leukomalacias

A

premature birth before 23 weeks

damage in white matter in brain adjacent to lateral ventricles

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26
Q

hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

A

loss of oxygen leads to damaged brain tissue
causes fetal stroke and other delivery complications

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27
Q

intraventricular hemorrhage

A

not present at birth
first few days of life
bleeding in brain
hydrocephalus

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28
Q

cerebral dysgenesis

A

critical first 20 weeks
brain didn’t develop normally

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29
Q

hypertonicity

A

muscles wound too tightly

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30
Q

hypotonicity

A

muscles wound too loosely

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31
Q

spastic hemiplegia

A

asymmetrical hand use
dragging of one side of body
late walking milestone
lack of righting and equilibrium reactions
avoidance of weightbearing

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32
Q

spastic diplegia

A

both lower extremities or less severe arms
lumbar lordosis, dorsal spine kyphosis
scissoring while walking
plantar flexion of ankles
contractures

90% walk independently

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33
Q

spastic quadriplegia

A

4 limb movement
arms: spasticity in flexors
legs: spasticity in extensors
tonic labyrinthine reflex
dysarthria
scoliosis

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34
Q

athetoid CP

A

dyskinetic
most common type of dyskinesia
slow, writhing, involuntary movements
jerky distal movements
dysarthria

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35
Q

ataxic CP

A

wide-based, staggering, unsteady gait
intention tremors
hypotonicity present
poor balance/cerebellum issues

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36
Q

visual and hearing impairments in CP

A

strabismus, nystagmus, visual fixation and tracking, paralysis of upward gaze, lack of depth perception

sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss

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37
Q

cognitive impairment of CP

A

30-50%
1/3 mild
mixed types and severe spastic quadriplegia
otherwise average intelligence

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38
Q

seizure disorder in CP

A

25-60%

dependent on type of CP, most common in spastic hemiplegia and quadriplegia

epilepsy in 38%

most commonly partial seizures

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39
Q

oral motor in CP

A

dysarthria
aspiration
malnutrition
swallowing impairments
drooling from impaired motor control and swallowing
enamel dysplasia
mouth breathing
periodontal diseases

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40
Q

gastrointestinal in CP

A

gastroesophageal reflux
constipation
dehydration

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41
Q

types of medical management for CP

A

diazepam/valium
dantrolene/dantrium
baclofen
botox injections

orthotics
splinting
casting

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42
Q

surgical management of CP

A

tendon lengthening (more common on legs)
selective dorsal rhizotomy: stimulating lumbrosacral nerve roots

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43
Q

goals of medical management for CP

A

decrease spasticity
reduce tone
increase ROM
reduce deformities
prevent contractures

no long term effectiveness

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44
Q

goals of surgical management of CP

A

reduce spasticity and improve function

SDR goal in diplegia to improve gait and leg function, in quadriplegia to allow sitting for longer and reducing spasticity

highly successful

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45
Q

prognosis for CP

A

may require physical assistance, additional training, or assistive technology

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46
Q

ASD impact on occupational performance

A

difficult with conversation or making friends
highly sensitive to changes in environment
overly dependent on routines

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47
Q

abnormalities in brain from ASD

A

increased brain volume and head circumference

decreased number of Purkinje cells in cerebellum

deviations in inferior olive in brainstem

reduced activation of frontal lobe

larger areas of frontal lobe

abnormally large amygdala

decreased size of neurons in limbic system

48
Q

environmental factors of ASD

A

prenatal/postnatal exposure: viruses, infections, drugs/alcohol, endocrine factors, CO, maybe lead

49
Q

physiological abnormalities in ASD

A

gastrointestinal disorders: reflux, gastritis

abnormal digestion of gluten and casein due to lack of enzymes

maybe increased vulnerability to immune system disorders

may not be able to verbalize physical discomfort and pain

50
Q

ASD incidence and prevalence

A

1(+)% of world population

1 in 68 children in 2010

fastest growing developmental disability

more often in white boys

can vary by community

51
Q

core symptoms of ASD

A

difficulty in social interaction
echolalia, pronoun reversal
restrictive and repetitive behaviors
poor auditory processing (comprehend verbal language)

52
Q

theory of mind in ASD

A

ability to understand another person’s thoughts, feelings, and then being able to predict actions

53
Q

co-occurring conditions with ASD

A

sensory processing disorder

food selectivity: disruptive behaviors, picky

fine and gross motor impairment: hand-eye coordination, posture, gait abnormalities, ambiguous hand preference

sleep disturbance: poor sleep quality, resist sleeping

intellectual disability

54
Q

medical management of ASD

A

not much medication. risperidone can decrease aggression

early intervention for 0-3

supplements : vitamin A-C, liver oil, magnesium

gluten-free and casein-free diet maybe

secretin, chelation, antibiotics, antifungal treatment

55
Q

ASD impact on occupational performance

A

dressing

eating

independence at school

regulating emotions

toileting

sensory processing: hyper/hypo sensitivity, vestibular system

GI: reflux, gastritis, gas

56
Q

types of intervention for ID

A

psychotropic medications

Tegretol: help with seizures

botox or baclofen for comorbid CP

access to remedial programs: increases adaptive functioning

57
Q

presentation of ID

A

low intellectual functioning

58
Q

symptoms of ID

A

with another diagnosis like CP, epilepsy

limited adaptive skills (self-care, communication)

low IQ

mental illness (psychotic, avoidant)

59
Q

causes of ID

A

no defined cause

gene/chromosome mutation: down syndrome, fragile x syndrome, Hunter’s syndrome

maternal factors: low birth weight, syphilis, rubella, poor nutrition, lack of prenatal care, OTC prescriptions

perinatal factors: mechanical injuries during labor, perinatal hypoxia, mom has herpes, child abuse, head trauma, meningitis

single gene disorder, chromosomal aberrations

60
Q

types of MD

A

duchenne muscular dystrophy

myotonic muscular dystrophy

becker muscular dystropy

facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

emery-dreifuss muscular dystropy

61
Q

inheritance conditions of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

mother passes affected gene onto son from X-liked recessive gene

62
Q

age of onset for duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

genetically present at birth

symptoms not present until 3-4 years old

63
Q

symptoms of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

delayed motor development
proximal weakness
increased fatigue
waddling gait
enlarged calf muscles
valley sign: depressed area on posterior axillary fold

64
Q

causes of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

absence or deficiency of dystrophin

65
Q

characteristics of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

bilateral
symmetrical
affects all voluntary skeletal muscles and cardiac/pulmonary muscles
contractures
possible cognitive impairments
proximal to distal
legs first them arms

66
Q

inheritance conditions for becker muscular dystrophy

A

x-linked recessive inherited condition

present at birth

primarily males

67
Q

typical age onset of becker muscular dystrophy

A

genetically present at birth

symptoms vary from 2-40 but appear most often at 6-18

68
Q

symptoms of becker muscular dystrophy

A

delayed ambulation
difficulty climbing stairs
toe walking
muscle cramps
fatigue

69
Q

characteristics of becker muscular dystrophy

A

muscle wasting proximal to distal
symmetric starting in pelvic girdle and thighs
lumbar lordosis

70
Q

causes of becker muscular dystrophy

A

partially functional dystrophin

71
Q

inheritance conditions of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

A

autosomal recessive (more severe)

both parents carry and pass on affected gene

10% autosomal dominant, child inherits normal gene from one parents and affected gene from other parent

affects males and females equally

72
Q

characteristics of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

A

lower dystrophin levels
not always symmetrical
first affects the muscles of the pelvis and shoulders
waddling gait
usually slow muscle wasting
positive gower’s sign: walking up the thighs

73
Q

typical age onset of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

A

autosomal recessive onset usually in childhood

sometimes later into adulthood, less severe

74
Q

causes of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

A

lack of structural, dystrophin-associated glycoproteins

75
Q

symptoms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

A

enlarged calves
severe lordosis with scoliosis
proximal muscle weakness

76
Q

inheritance conditions of myotonic muscular dystrophy

A

autosomal dominant inherited
both males and females

77
Q

typical age of onset of myotonic muscular dystrophy

A

teen or adult onset
50% lived beyond 50

78
Q

symptoms of myotonic muscular dystrophy

A

muscles weakness begins in face, lower legs, forearms, hands and neck
delayed reaction after muscle contraction

79
Q

characteristics of myotonic muscular dystrophy

A

affects gi system, vision, heart, respiratory system
30% die from cardiac complications
sometimes cognitive impairments

80
Q

inheritance of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

A

autosomal dominant inherited
both males and females

81
Q

typical age of onset of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

A

varies 7-20
earlier more severe/progresses faster

82
Q

characteristics of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

A

not usually symmetrical
depressed shoulders
initially affects facial, shoulder and upper arm muscles
weakness begins with facial muscles, progresses down
sometimes affects gait
without cognitive impairments

83
Q

symptoms of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

A

difficulty closing eyes
asymmetrical smile
pucker inability
atrophy (wasting of tissue from decrease muscle mass)
winged scapula

84
Q

inheritance condition of emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy

A

x-linked recessive inheritance
primarily affects boys

85
Q

characteristics of emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy

A

less common
significant cardiac complications (usually causes death)
generally symmetrical

86
Q

typical age onset of emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy

A

boys by age 10

87
Q

symptoms of emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy

A

formation of muscle contractures (heal cords, elbows, posterior neck muscle) first
toe walking
90 degree elbows

88
Q

3 typical diagnostic tests

A

blood work for genetic testing
emg
muscle biopsy

89
Q

medical management of muscular dystrophy

A

no cure
treatment goal: independence maintenance, respiratory maintenance, skin integrity, monitor pain, maintain nutrition, ot/pt, drug intervention (corticosteroids)
gene replacement
gene modification therapy

90
Q

surgical management of muscular dystrophy

A

contracture release
scoliosis repair
cardiac stability
respiratory assist
spinal stabilization
feeding tubes

91
Q

MD impact on occupational performance

A

toileting
dressing
grooming
driving
meal preparation
daily school tasks
maintaining employment
playing with peers

92
Q

ADHD prognosis

A

lifelong
50% continue into adulthood
overactivity/impulsivity decrease with age
30-50% receive special education
higher school dropout rate, lower GPA average
workplace problems

93
Q

ADHD treatments

A

stimulant medications, methylphenidate (increases dopamine and norepinephrine), adderall, concerta, decedrine, ritaline (anxiety, headaches)

psychological counseling
problem-solving strategies
accommodations
self-regulation strategies
CBT
peer or life coaching
parent education

94
Q

ADHD symptoms

A

persistent and maladaptive inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

95
Q

inattentive ADHD symptoms

A

careless mistakes
difficulty managing sequential tasks
avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort
difficulty with sustaining attention
distracted by extraneous or unimportant stimuli

96
Q

hyperactice-impulsive ADHD symptoms

A

fidgety
feels restless
difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly
talks excessively

97
Q

ADHD impact on ADL

A

children: learning, self-care routines, play skills
adults: driving

98
Q

OT interventions for ADHD

A

modifying or addressing environmental and/or contextual elements

99
Q

OT treatments of MD

A

provision of splints and orthotics to prevent joint contracture

100
Q

subtypes of SPD

A

sensory modulation disorder
sensory-based motor disorder
sensory discrimination disorder

101
Q

sensory modulation disorder

A

problem in regulating responses to sensory inputs resulting in withdrawal or strong negative responses to sensations that usually don’t bother others

102
Q

signs of sensory modulation disorder

A

easily distracted by noises or visual stimuli
overly sensitive to sounds
dislikes nail/hair cutting
dislikes clothing textures
seams in socks >:(
difficulty sleeping

103
Q

sensory discrimination disorder

A

problem in recognizing/interpreting differences or similarities in qualities of stimuli

104
Q

signs of sensory discrimination disorder

A

jumps on beds
bumps/pushes others
tight grasping/too much force
droppings things
chewing on things
movement like spinning
afraid of heights
poor balance

105
Q

sensory based motor disorder

A

postural-ocular disorder: posture problems, vestibular and proprioceptive problems

dyspraxia: problems with planning, sequencing, executing. poor motor skills

106
Q

signs of sensory-based motor disorder

A

weaker
fatigue
slumping
flat feet
poor handwriting
dislikes sports
problems with daily life tasks

107
Q

causes of SPD

A

no specific cause
hereditary
prenatal stress
perinatal complications
sensory deprivation
alcohol exposure

108
Q

subtypes of sensory modulation disorder

A

sensory overresponsivity: responses to stimuli are more intense, inflexibility

sensory underresponsibity: requires more intense stimulation to be aroused

sensory craving: seek sensory input with an approach that results in disorganized behavior, fearless

109
Q

subtypes of sensory-based motor disorder

A

postural disorders: compromised smooth muscle control, poor balance reactions, slumped position, deficits in smooth oculomotor control

dyspraxia: difficulty with motor planning, clumsy

110
Q

impact of ADHD on occupational performance

A

gross motor play
fine motor play
recreational activities
eating/feeding
toileting
tying shoes
bathing
shopping
sleeping
driving
interpersonal relationships

111
Q

case history

A

narrative focused on clinical problem, course of treatment, and outcome

contextualizes clinical problem in terms of person’s daily life and personal identity

written for clinicians based on observations over time, conversations and interviews

112
Q

life-chart

A

linear diagram of patient’s life indicating key life events and suggesting possible relationships over time to illnesses and impairments

prepared by clinician to assist in clinical reasoning. based on interviews and clinical records

113
Q

life history

A

narrative of a person’s life over time from birth

stresses coherence of personality development and adaptation within a particular culture

naturalistically unfolds, could be topical and chronological

researcher’s reconstruction and interpretation on the bases of person’s life story, interviews, observations, clinical records

114
Q

life story

A

temporally discontinuous discourse unit that includes all stories person tells about themselves

analysis usually based on topics, fragments, or short versions of person’s life story

based on oral discourse. analysis/interpretation is usually made by someone other than the life story subject

115
Q

hermeneutic case reconstruction

A

narrative analysis for comparing life history with life story

life story elicited from life history subject with minimal intervention. based strictly on comparing life history with life story rather than imported theories

116
Q

therapeutic emplotment

A

narrative interpretation of clinical practice in which patients and OTs are viewed as characters who together create an unfolding story

intuitive perceptions elicited through discussions with clinical colleagues on bases of ongoing observations and interactions with patients

Conditions (3 decks)

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