Midterm 2 Flashcards
Why are teenagers so moody when they experience puberty?
- sex hormones
- lack of sleep - teenage brain releases melatonin later on at 1
- the prefrontal cortex is not fully developed.
- teenagers react more quickly from the more emotional part of their brain (amygdala) opposed to running it by the more rational side of brain (prefrontal cortex).
define puberty
how is it characterized?
brain neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence.
puberty and adolescence are not the same thing.
it is characterized by:
primary changes = growth of penis / mensturation
secondary = growth of pubic hair, development of breasts, voice
and dramatic changes in height and weight
what are hormones?
chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through he body by the bloodstream.
what is the HPG axis? (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonands)?
please hormones and controls of gonads: testes in males and ovaries in females.
what is Menarche?
a girls first menstruation cycle. comes later in the pubertal cycle.
what are some of the factors that either make puberty Early onset or Later onset?
Early onset:
- obesity; stress; single parent families
Later onset:
- higher income; lower body weight
How does puberty affect body image?
girls are more self-conscious and less happy in their bodies than boys.
body positivity for both genders increased by the end of adolescence. (more accepting of bodies)
Is a stronger sense of identity within men created by the young men who develop early, or develop later?
late maturing boys in their thirties have a stronger sense of identity
what are some of the negative effects that early maturing girls experience?
more prone to smoking, alcohol, depression, eating disorders, earlier independence, earlier sexual experiences.
what is the corpus collosum?
what happens to it during puberty?
where nerve fibres connect brains’s left/right hemispheres.
during puberty, the corpus callosum thickens, which leads to better information processing.
what is the limbic system?
what happens to it during puberty?
the limbic system is “the seat of emotions”, its considered an older brain and where reactions come from.
a lower, subcortical system in the brain that is the seat of emotions and experience of rewards.
it matures before the prefrontal cortex.
what is the amygdala?
this is a limbic system structure
especially involved emotion (mostly anxiety, anger and fear)
there is a higher percentage of sexually active young adolescent in low income areas of inner cities.
facts
adolescent males who play sports show higher levels of sexual risk taking.
adolescent females who play sports show lower levels of sexual risk taking
ya
what are some of the complications of babies that are born to young moms?
- low birth weight of baby, also increased changes of neurological problems and childhood illness
- moms more likely to drop out of school
- moms more likely to experience depression
what are some positive outcomes of exercise in adolescence?
lower blood pressure, lower incident of type 2 diabetes, lower depressive symptoms.
what are some things associated with if youth decide to exercise or not?
- if parents are active
- peer relationships
- screen based activity
kids should be getting 10 hours of sleep and at least 1 hour of vigorous exercise per night.
yes mam
use of alcohol before age 11 linked to a higher risk for alcohol dependence in adulthood.
however parental monitoring (like in France how they give their kids a little bit of booze and model what social drinking looks like) then there tends to be lower amounts of problem behaviour (steeling alcohol) by adolescence.
oooo
what is the strongest predictor of substance use in adolescence?
their peers.
> > this is why parental involvement is important (to know who your children is friends with)
what is Anorexia nervosa?
eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
what is bulimia nervosa?
eating disorder where individual consistently follow a binge-and-purge pattern, self-inducing vomiting or using a laxative // or compulsive exercising.
What stage would adolescents be in in Piagets theory of cognition as they go through puberty?
Formal operational Stage
- can think about things like love, justice, ect.
- adoslecents an conjure up purely hypothetical make-believe situation, and try to reason logical about them.
- increased tendency to think about though itself and think more socially.
HYPOTHETICAL-DEDUCTIVE REASONING - begin to think more like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems/ systematically testing solutions
In David Elkind’s theory of cognitive development, what would characterize adolescence.
- Adolescent egocentrism = heightened self
- imaginary audience = belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, leading to attention- getting behaviour
- Personal Fable = sense of uniqueness and invincibility(invulnerability) “nobody gets me, nobody understands me”. also can be in risk behaviour.
What is executive function
adolescent cognition
umbrella like concept for a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the prefrontal cortex.
- executive function involves managing one’s thoughts, goal-directed behaviour, resisting temptation, and exercising self control.
what is cognitive control?
adolescent cognition
effective control attention, reducing interfering thoughts, cognitively flexible
- adoslecense is a time of increased decision making.
- teens make risky choices in relative to adults because their brain is not fully developed yet
increased sensation seeking
increased desire for social relationships
myelin development, neural connections, and neural pruning occurs within adolescence.
just more stuff. from videos
What is the top-dog phenomenon
something that occurs in junior high…
moving form oldest, biggest, most powerful students in the elementary school tot he youngest, smallest, least powerful
its the idea of “big fish, little pond” in a small context, a person can be very important.
leaving elementary school, and then you social ranking is lower.
this causes the feeling of the world to be upside down for kids when they enter into middle school.
For adolescents, are 10 factors that contribute to IDENTITY?
- career / work path
- political identity
- religious identity
- relationship identity
- achievement / intellectual identity
- sexual identity
- cultural / ethnic identity
- interests
- personality
- physical identity
What stage would Adolescents be going through in Erikson’s Socio Emotional Developmental Theory?
identity vs role confusion = individuals are deciding who they are.
- experimentation is a key effort to finding out where adolescents fit in the world.
what is psychosocial moratorium?
a time when person can have a fluid identity.
e.g. when a pious person gravels after high school before deciding what to do next
What is identity?
begins with the appearance of attachment to a caregiver, the development of the sense of self, and the emergence of independence in infancy. Process reaches the final phase with a life review of integration in old age…
What are James Marcia’s
key terms: Crisis (exploration) & Commitment
Crisis: period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.
going though an internal process of “who am I”
Commitment: personal investment in identity.
What are James Marcia’s four stages of identity?
define them all.
- identity diffusion = pre-crisis/ commitments ; undecided about occupational / ideological choices but also show little interest…
- identity foreclosure - individuals who have made a commitment but have not experiences a crisis.
e. g. going to church because your family goes. not something you have debated, you just attend… - identity moratorium - status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are absent or only vaguely defined.
e. g. decided that you did not want to go to church anymore. - identity achievement - undergone crisis and made a commitment…
e. g. decided that they didn’t want to be christian, and instead wanted to be buddhist.
… go back and forth between moratorium and achievement.
how you come to your own identity in different aspects of your life.
What is Ethnic identity?
enduring aspect act included a sense of membership in an ethnic group and attitudes and feeling related to that membership
sometimes kids adopt a bicultural identity / balancing home life with their major culture.
positive ethnic identity and pride has a positive effect on adolescents of ethnic minority groups.
Adolescence often alters the relationship between parents and children…
teenagers are more interested in social relationships with peers than they are parents.
what are the three methods of monitoring adolescents?
- solicitation = asking questions
(this is the method that is most encouraged. being sincerely interested in what is going on in their lives) - control = enforcing disclosure rules
(authoritarian. .. does not have as many positive outcomes) - snooping = a strategy that emerges when youth don’t comply.
(not good strategy , breaks trust with teenager)
what are some areas of conflict between parents and adolescents?
when does conflict peak and de-escalate?
- desire for autonomy
- conflict escalates through high school / calms down at 17-20.
securely attached adolescents are less likely to struggle emotionally and participate in risky behaviour
What kinds of peer relationships do adolescents have?
- around 8 or 9, there is a theme of conformity to peers. they like large number of peers to play with (20 people at a birthday party)
- in early adolescent teenage years, they typically like smaller social groups. relationships are more intense/intimate.
- peers play an important role in sharing information. kids share a lot less with their parents and more with peers.
how do peers affect an individuals social identity?
adolescents are more likely to conform to pees when uncertain about social identity and in the presence of someone who is perceived to have a higher status.
conform to the kid who is the most popular, the oldest, ect.
What is a Clique?
small groups (2-12 individuals); members are usually of the same gender and about the same age.
bonding element to cliques./ in group / out group mentality
individuals who spend a lot of time together.
What are Crowds?
larger than cliques / less personal; usually based on reputation ; may or may not spend much time together
what are the three stages that characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescents?
- entering into romantic attractions (11 - 13) = triggered by puberty; crushes on someone are common; may or may not interact with their crust.
- Exploring romantic relationships (14-16) = Casual dating - between individuals who are mutually attracted.
dating happens within friend groups. (this reflects the importance of peers in adolescents lives) - Consolidating romantic relationships (17-19) = dyadic romantic bonds; more serious relationships develop; strong emotional bonds often more stable and enduring than earlier bonds; typically lasts one year or more.
What are some of the global similarities and differences in the adolescent experience.
- Health = increase in illicit drug use and unprotected sex.
- Gender = education access and sexual expression unequal between females and males
- Family = tight family structure vs. family mobility
- Peers = more/less important depending on culture and situation.
What is Rite of Passage?
ceremony or ritual marking an individual’s transition from one status to another.
What is sensation seeking?
desire to experience novelty and reward ; usually involves risk
teenagers brains light up to exciting things.
what is hot cognition?
describes the reasoning / decision making under highly emotional conditions.
make a different decision than they normally would when they are very elevated. e.g. breakup
what are some problems that adolescents face?
- sensation seeking.
- risk taking behaviours (higher mortality rates)
- Trend is ubiquitous and directly tied to brain development
- Hot cognition
- presence of peers increases the likelihood of risky decisions. (it can be that they want to impress their peers) a peer is watching they will take more risks.
