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Psych 171 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is emerging adulthood?

how is it characterized

A

lengthy transition from adolescence to adulthood. 18-26/30

the key features:

  • identity exploration – especially in love and work.
  • instability – residential change ; instability in love, work, education.
  • self-focused
  • feeling “ in between” ( adolescence and adulthood)
  • age of possibilities – opportunity to transform life.
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2
Q

What are some of the markers that we look at when shifting from adolescence to adulthood?

A
  • full time employment
  • economic independence
  • accepting self responsibility
  • making independent decisions.
  • in developing countries, marriage is more often a significant marker.
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3
Q

physical development in early adulthood:

A
  • peak performance between ages of 19-26
  • muscle tone / strength declines around 30
  • lens of eye losing some elasticity; less able to focus on near objects
  • hearing begins to decline
  • middle to late twenties; fatty tissue increases
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4
Q

what are the leading causes of death between the ages of 15 and 34?

A

accidents & suicide

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5
Q

what are some health issues that emerge in early adulthood

A
  • inactivity (exercise)
  • diet
  • obesity
  • substance use
  • reproductive health care
  • health care access worsened in emerging adults
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6
Q

what is overweight/ obesity linked to in young adulthood?

A
  • hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • diabetes
  • mental health problems
  • cardiovascular disease
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7
Q

what is aerobic exercise?

what are some benefits?

A

sustained exercise stimulating heart/ lung activity.

  • reduces anxiety and depression.
  • exercise and academic achievement are also linked.
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8
Q

what is the difference between moderate and vigorous activity?

A 
moderate = a bit of sweating / hard breathing 
vigorous  = considerable sweating/ heavy breathing
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9
Q

what are some things we can say about binge drinking and youth?

A

binge drinking peaks at 21-22 years old.

binge drinking on the rise in 25% of Canadian women between the ages of 20-34

when you drink when in young adulthood it may lead to addition faster than it would later in life.

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10
Q

Early adulthood sexuality.

tell me bout it.

A

contributing factors: family structures / peer influences

  • female promiscuity (lots of partners) is often linked with internalized problems (anxiety and depression).
  • male promiscuity often linked to externalized masculinity (I’m a real man now)
  • casual sex tends to be linked with psychological distress.
  • alcohol use can contribute to casual sex
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11
Q

Sexual orientation in young adults:

A
  • is a spectrum
  • women are more fluid in their sexuality
  • orientation may derive from a combination of these factors: genetic, hormonal, cognitive, environmental factors.
  • EW - when people have tried to do conversion therapy with hormones on gay people.. they kept their sexual orientation, and sex desire increased also (yay)
  • LGBTQ2+ people still face prejudice
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12
Q

what is Piagets theory of early adulthood?

A

Formal operational thinking.

Final stage..

some theorize that many individuals consolidate formal operational thinking

plan + hypothesis in adolescence.

more systematic and sophisticated as young adults.

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13
Q

what is post-formal thought?

A

reflective, relativistic, contextual thinking; provisional; realistic; recognized emotional influences.

  • -> handling situations with varying levels of delicacy and discernment.
  • -> people have the abilities of the complexities of different situations and people have the ability to handle them appropriately.
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14
Q

What is Social Learning?

A
  • Bandura *
  • blow up doll -
  • blow up doll-

social experiences (direct / indirect) are roots of learning.

you learn how you are supposed to act from others. // mimic others actions and repeat in your own way.

what is okay and not okay from other people.

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15
Q

video: when does your brain stop developing

* cognitive stuff*

A
  • no such thing as a fully developed brain
  • brain never stops changing
  • does go through developmental stages
  • brain full size by 10
  • grey matter = bulk of neurones
    white matter = stuff connecting it. (axons/ dendrites)

less grey matter more white matter as people get older. (pruning)
= better, stronger connections in pathways that remain.

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16
Q

What is Flow State?

A
  • creative state*

- challenging (engaging) yet enjoyable state that one experiences when they are in the zone.

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17
Q

what are 6 ways we can encourage / initiate flow state

A
  1. be surprised by something daily
  2. surprise another person every day.
  3. write down your surprises
  4. follow your interests
  5. start your day looking forward to a goal
  6. spend time in places that stimulate creativity
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18
Q

What are some of the benefits of flow state?

A
  • reduces stress and anxiety
  • increases positive emotions
  • decreases depressive symptoms
  • reduces distress and negative emotions
  • boosts the immune system
  • increases self esteem and feelings of accomplishment
  • improves concentration and focus
  • increases happiness
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19
Q

flow state video:

A
  • state perfect focus / not processing things moment by moment
  • relaxed high performance

when you are first learning: frontal lobe lights up
when you know something : it moves into subconscious.

caffeine improves performance.

  • practice and repetition improve flow state and performance.
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20
Q

Career & work has to do with purpose in young adulthood.

A
  • earning a living
  • choosing occupation
  • establishing career

–> all important themes of the transition from adolescence to adulthood and are connected to achieving a sense of purpose.

  • purpose can sometimes be missing for young adults.
  • individuals focus on short term goals opposed to long term goals.
  • many people define their identity through their work.
  • some people get very depressed when they do not have regular work.
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21
Q

What are adult attachment styles?

A

secure - positive views of relationships ; easy to get close to others

avoidant - hesitant about romantic relationships (cuts things off)

anxious - demand closeness; clingy; less trusting; possessive.

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22
Q

What are the Big 5 personality factors?

define the 2 ends of each

A

OCEAN

Openness = imaginative, Interested in variety, Independent ———— practical, routine, conforming

Conscientiousness = organized, careful, disciplined ———– disorganized, careless, impulsive

Extraversion = sociable, fun loving, affectionate ——- retiring, somber, reserved

Agreaableness = soft hearted, trusting, helpful ——– ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

Neuroticism (emotional stability) = calm, secure, self satisfied ———- anxious, insecure, self pitying.

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23
Q

what is the most effective way to assess someones personality?

A

their traits

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24
Q

What is love?

A

a complex array of human behaviour – spanning a range of relationships that include: intimacy, friendship, romantic love, affectionate love, and consummate love

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25
Q

What is intimacy?

A
  • self disclosure / sharing of private thoughts
  • Erikson stage = intimacy vs. isolation (6th developmental stage)

stress = managing demands of intimacy, identity and independence.

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26
Q

What is friendship?

say some stuff about it.

A
  • important role in development throughout lifespan.
  • adulthood = new friendships
  • women have more close friendships and disclose more personal information
  • men are more likely to do things together
  • cross gender relationships are valuable but can cause issues.
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27
Q

What is romantic love?

A
  • strong components of sexuality and infatuation
  • often dominates early in a relationship (not sustainable kind of love… will shift into something more sustainable or it will end)
  • intense
  • sexual desire most important ingredient of romantic love
  • intermingling of passion, fear, anger, sexual desire, joy and jealousy.
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28
Q

What is Affectionate love (companionate love)

A
  • when someone desires to have other person near: deep, caring affection for the person
  • as love matures, passions turn to affection.
  • sexual attraction wanes, attachment anxiety either lessen or produce conflict and withdrawal
  • if people feel trapped by their marriage at this stage they may cheat.
  • honey moon phase over —-> familiarity and comfort replaced.
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29
Q

What is Sternberg’s triangle?

A

passion, intimacy and commitment (3 components)

shows what qualities each kind of love has (checks the boxes) of these 4 kinds of love: infatuation, affectionate love, fatuous love (a crush on someone from afar), consummate love.

passion = physical/ sexual attraction

intimacy = emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship

commitment = cognitive appraisal of relationship and intent to maintain relationship even in face of problems.
_________________________

Infatuation = passion

Affectionate love = intimacy + commitment

Fatuous love = Passion + Commitment
(passion motivates a commitment)

Consummate love = passion + intimacy + commitment

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30
Q

How are families changing?

A

nuclear families are becoming less common.

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31
Q

what are some challenges that single adults face?

A
  • forming intimate relationships with other adults
  • confronting loneliness
  • finding their niche in society that is marriage oriented.
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32
Q

what is cohabitation?

A

living together in a sexual relationship without marriage.

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33
Q

changing trends in marriage are:

A
  • couples are choosing longer to get married

- many couples choose not to have children

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34
Q

What are some ideologies that never married men / women have?

A

– never-married men said the most important factor for a potential spouse was similar ideas about raising children..

– never-married women placed greater importance on having a partner with a steady job.

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35
Q

people who are in unhappy marriages or divorced statistically live about 4 years less than individuals who are in happy committed marriages.

happy = better health

A
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36
Q

ted talk: why 30 is not the new 20

  1. what is meant by ‘invest in your identity capital’?
  2. what does ‘ explore your weak ties’ mean?
  3. what is meant by ‘ pick your family’ ?
A

answer:

  1. what is meant by ‘invest in your identity capital’?
    - do something that adds value to who you are
    - do something that is an investment to who you want to be next.
    - identity capital gets identity capital.
    - act / live with purpose to form concrete idea of self.
  2. what does ‘ explore your weak ties’ mean?
    - expand your social network
    - reach out to your friends of friends to find new jobs, ect.
    - don’t get caught up in small social group you are in; explore people on the sidelines – you never know who will have an opportunity for you.
  3. what is meant by ‘ pick your family’ ?
    - when you partner with someone and create a family of your own
    - being intentional with love. / consciously choosing who and what you want rather than just making it work or making time with whoever is choosing you.

_____________________________

  • claiming your 20’s is one of the most simple, yet most transformative thing you can do.
  • 80% of life defining moments happens before 35
  • brain caps off second and last growth spurt in 20’s
  • personality changes more in 20’s than any other time in life
  • female fertility peaks 28, gets tricky around 35
  • 20’s critical period of adult development. / defining decade of adulthood.
  • start making intentional choices.
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37
Q

What are some negative impacts of divorce?

A
  • divorce rate peaks at about 7,8,9 years of marriage.
  • higher rates of depression,
  • anxiety ,
  • physical illnesses,
  • suicide,
  • motor vehicle accidents,
  • mortality,
  • loneliness,
  • diminished self esteem
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38
Q

divorce + remarriage… successful?

A

remaried adults often find it difficult to stay remarried.

sometimes individuals don’t get remarried for the right reasons:
sometimes this happens for financial help, help with children, reduce loneliness, might carry patterns that produced failure in earlier marriage.

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39
Q

What are some factors that contribute to a successful marriage?

A
  1. establishing love maps (know tiny little details about an individual that others don’t)
  2. nurturing fondness and admiration
  3. turning toward each other instead of away (when you have a fight)
  4. letting your partner influence you
  5. create shared meaning.
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40
Q

what are some things about parenting?

A
  • mixed emotions / romantic illusions of having a child
  • fathers and mothers bring different parenting practices to the relationship
  • age when a woman has had her first child has risen; number of children has declined.
  • older parents are more mature and benefit from life experiences for better parenting.
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41
Q

What are 5 strategies for dealing with divorce?

A
  1. divorce is chance to grow
  2. make decisions carefully
  3. focus more on the future
  4. use your strengths and resources to cope with difficulties
  5. don’t expect to be successful and happy in everything you do.
  • post traumatic growth – positive psych term – faces adversity, come through it, do better post adversity than they did before
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42
Q

FISHER 302 for exam… Tuesday after easter Monday

A

das that on that

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43
Q

what are the two theroies of aging?

A

evolutionary theory of aging

and

cellular clock theory

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44
Q

what is the evolutionary theory of ageing?

A

natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions/ nonadaptive characteristics in older adults

  • no natural selection for old age illnesses because we reproduce when we are young
    e. g. Alzheimer’s disease may have been eliminated centuries ago if it occurred earlier in development.
  • women outlive men (pretty much in every species) –> women have more resistances to infections and degenerative diseases.
  • men engage in risk taking and physical activities.
  • natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness
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45
Q

what is cellular clock theory?

A

that our cells can only reproduce so many times

  • the healthier the cell the more it can reproduce.
  • TELOMERES = caps on ends of DNA that tell you how healthy you are – telomeres need to be a certain length for cells to reproduce.
  • cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times
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46
Q

what are some of the ‘tell’ signs of aging?

A
  • hair is thinner
  • pigmentation on face and hands
  • wrinkles
  • weight gain
  • loose height.
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47
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

age related loss of muscle mass and strength (especially in back and legs)

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48
Q

what is arthritis?

A

inflammation of joints accompanies by pain, stiffness, movement problems

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49
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

characterized by a loss of bone mass, increased bone fragility, risk of fractures; four times as common in women as in men.

50
Q

what is accommodation of the eye?

A

ability to focus/maintain image on the retina; declines sharply between 40 and 59 years old. Unable to focus on close objects, decline in night vision

51
Q

what are cataracts

A

thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy and distorted.

52
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

damage tot the optic nerve by fluid build up

53
Q

what is macular deeneration

A

deterioration macula (part of the retina at the back of the eye) of the retina (focal centre of visual field); may have relatively normal peripheral vision but unable to see clearly what is right in front of them

54
Q

Does pain increase or decrease as you get older?

A

increases as pain gets older…

  • back pain
  • peripheral neuropathic pain
  • chronic joint pain
  • women are more likely to report having pain then men.
55
Q

does chronic stress linked to a decrease in immune system functioning?

A

yes.

- sustained stress is super hard on the body

56
Q

voices change noticeably, this is because our lung capacity drops about 40percent between the ages of 20 and 80

A

–> lungs lose elasticity, chest shrinks, diaphragm weakens.

57
Q

ted talk: how to make stress your friend

why is it important how we perceive stress in our lives?

how does stress make you social?

how does helping others impact death from stress?

how does having a stressful job relate to meaning?

A

why is it important how we perceive stress in our lives?

  • when you change your mind about stress you can change your bodies reaction to stress.
  • anxiety vs. you are energized and ready to meet the challenge.
  • pounding heart = preparing you for action.
  • breathing harder –> no problem. more oxygen to brain.
  • physical stress response changes.
  • blood vessels stay relaxed. (looks like what happens to blood vessels in moments of joy and courage.)
  • how you think about stress matters.

how does stress make you social?

  • oxytocin is a neurohormone – primes you to do things that strengthen social connections.
  • oxytocin is a stress hormone (pituitary gland pumps it out as a stress response)
  • motivates you to seek support.
  • oxytocin acts in body; protects cardiovascular system from the effects of stress; natural anti-inflammatory; helps heart cells regenerate and heal from any stress induced damage – when you reach out to others under stress , or to help someone else you recover quicker from stress.

how does helping others impact death from stress?

  • caring creates resilience.
  • less deaths from stress
  • individuals who reached out and cared for others when the suffered a personal tragedy has less of a fatality rate than those who did not.
  • doing meaningful activities for society (volunteering, ect.)

how does having a stressful job relate to meaning?

  • chasing meaning is better for health than trying to avoid discomfort
  • go after whatever it is that creates meaning in your life and trust yourself to handle the stress that follows.
58
Q

what is climacteric?

A

midlife transition during which fertility declines

59
Q

what is menopause?

A

time in middle age when menstrual periods cease completely

60
Q

what is male hyppogonadism?

A

condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone
- leads to a loss of strength and sex drive

61
Q

what is erectile dysfunction?

A

difficulty in attaining or maintaining an erection, is present in approximately 50% of men 40 to 70 years old.

62
Q

what is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?

A

crystallized intelligence continues to increase across lifespan = individuals’s accumulated information and verbal skills; continues to increase in middle adulthood.

fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood, then drops down = ability to reason abstractly; begins to decline during middle adulthood (can’t teach and old dog new tricks)

63
Q

what is working memory?

A

working memory is a work bench, where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
- tends to decline in late middle age.

64
Q

what is explicit (declarative) memory?

A

memory of facts and experience that individuals consciously know and can state.

65
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

retention of information about life’s happenings
(e.g. first kiss).

> > falls under explicit memory

66
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

a persons knowledge about the world
(e.g. the ferry schedule, or baking techniques)

> > falls under explicit memory

67
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

memory without conscious recollection ; involves skill and routine procedures,, such as driving a car; less affected by age.

68
Q

what is wisdom?

A

expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters.
» involves giving back to community and self sacrifice.
- more than standard conceptions of intelligence; focuses on life’s pragmatic concerns and human conditions.
- involves putting others before self

69
Q

what is sustained attention?

A

ability to focus attention on selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
- older adults often perform this aswwell as middle age and younger adults.

70
Q

what is selective attention

A

paying attention to one thing and ignoring another thing.
filtering

selective attention goes down as you get older ; can’t filter aswel when you get older.

71
Q

speed of information processing declines slightly in mid-age

A
72
Q

what is cognition?

A
  • your ability to think
73
Q

how do cognitive skills change when you get older?

A
  • a lack of cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequently atrophy of cognitive skills
  • cognitive vitality in older adults cn be accomplished through ties of cognitive fitness training
74
Q

what is neruoplasticity?

A

ability of brain to change continuously over lifespan

  • changes in the brain can influence cognitive functioning and changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain.
  • you use both sides of brain more when you get older
75
Q

what is dementia?

A

umbrella term
global term for any neurological disorder where primary symptoms involve deterioration of mental functioning
- caused by a loss of brain cells and breakdown of nerve connections

76
Q

what is Alzheimers disease?

A

a progressive, irreversaible Brian disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical functioning. the most common type of dementia.

  • amyloid plaques (dense deposits of protein in the blood vessels)
  • neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers built up in neurone)
  • composed of a protein called TAU
77
Q

What is mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?

A

represents transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimers disease and other dementias

78
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease?

A

results from loss of cells in the brain that produce dopamine, a chemical that controls the bodies movements

  • tremors can develop, muscle movements become slower/more rigid; reflexes impaired, contributed to a loss of balance.
  • second to Alzheimer’s as most common neurodegenerative disorder
  • chronic, progressive disorder with no known cause.
79
Q

what is religion?

A

powerful influence in some adults’ lives, whereas it plays little or no role in the lives of others.

  • for it to be powerful an individual must have intrinsic motivation (not extrinsic)
  • women participate in organized/personal forms of religion more than men.
80
Q

what is spirituality?

A

search for meaning in life through a connection to something larger than ourselves; broad concept with many individualized perspectives

  • examining the finiteness of our existence and the certainty of death adds meaning to life.
  • as people become increasingly aware of the diminishing number of years, many people ask/ evaluate the meaning of life; meaning-making especially helpful in times of chromic stress and loss.
81
Q

what was eriksons perspective on mid life?

A

Generatively vs. Stagnation

generatively = desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation (achieve a kind of immortality)

stagnation = individuals sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation.

> > Erickson says this is the crisis that people go thorough at this stage.

82
Q

what is integrity vs despair?

A

when individuals look back at their life do they feel like they have done so successfully.

individuals reflect on the past/ piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent.

if you fucked up earlier in life, then things would start haunting you at this point in time “I was a bad parent,..” ect.

this is eriksons last stage.

can cause poor mental health for seniors if they are ruminating about earlier stages of life.

83
Q

what is Levinson’s: Man’s life theory?

A
  1. novice phase: end of teen years; transition from dependence to independence should occur; formation of a dream.
  2. becoming one’s own man (or BOOM) - 28 to 33 years old – man goes through a transition period facing more serious question of determining his goals
  3. middle adulthood (ages 40 to 45( four major confilicts that occur within this time.
    - being young vs. being old
    - being destructive vs being constructive
    - being masculine vs. being feminine
    - being attached to other vs being separate.
84
Q

what is a mid life crisis?

A

when a middle-aged adult is suspended between past and future. trying to hold onto youth. trying to cope with the cap that threatens life’s continuity.

85
Q

what is the contemporary life-events approach?

A

emphasizes how life events influence individual development. it is not only the vent but mediating factors as well.

> > its not about age, its about what you are going through.
when are you reaching these major milestones at life.

when did you have babies? at 15 or 35

when did you fall into your career at 20 or 40?

  • not about what age you were at when these life events occurred*

criticism of this: some say that this perspective ignore the day to day influences on a persons life and only takes into account major events.

86
Q

what happens with an individuals personal control when they are in middle adulthood?

A
  • the less autonomy that someone has the more stress that they feel
  • if an individual has a high external locus of control they struggle more with depression and helplessness.
  • some aspects of personal control increase with a ge and others decrease
  • sense of control is frequently challenged by demands and responsibilities as well as physical and cognitive aging.
  • sense of control in middle age is linked to delay onset of disease and improved health.
  • the more autonomy you feel that you have within life, the healthier you will be through lifespan.
  • women are more likely to suffer depression from stress
87
Q

what is fight or flight?

A

a typical reaction to stress (especially for men)

tend to turn to alcohol, aggression, withdrawl

88
Q

what is tend and befriend?

A

women’s reaction to stress (seek contact with others).

89
Q

what is activity theory?

A

active and involved older adults more likely to be satisfied with their lives.

age more successfully and are happier than they are if they disengage from society.

biological benefits: circulating blood, and active can ward off anxiety and depression.

90
Q

what is socioemotional selectivity theory?

A

older adults are more selective about social networks and place high value on emotional satisfaction.

spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.

you get picky about who you are gonna spend time with.

friends that you save from when you are younger, tend to become very rich and deep.

91
Q

what are some things that can lead to better mental and physical health?

A
  • optimism

- high levels of conscientiousness (attention to detail, reliability, organized, dependable) leads to lower mortality.

92
Q

what are some characteristics that are stable through lifetime?

A
  • enjoyment in learning
  • self-confidence
  • open to new experiences
93
Q

healthy lifestyle at age 50 predicted a godod life and happiness at age 80

A
94
Q

marriages tend to get better as people get older (this includes marriages that were rough at the start). this is because a lot of the conflicts that were around earlier

happy partnership / marriage is linked to longer life.

divorces later in life (over age 55) is going up. (this is called ‘grey divorce’
> most are initiated by women.
> women tend to feel lonlier after divorce than men.

A
95
Q

what is empty nest syndrome?

A

a decline in marital satisfaction afterwards kids leave

not very common
(most couples actually get happier after kids leave)

this mostly affects parents who invest their whole identity within their children.

96
Q

how do people feel fulfilled later in their life?

A
  • senior citizens clock in more volunteer hours than any other demographic
  • they also give the most money
  • volunteering increases mental and physical health of the volunteer
  • older adults perceive their wellbeing as better when they give help rather than receive it.
97
Q

what is self efficacy?

A

has often been used to describe perceived control over the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes

  • successful aging occurs when an individual feel like they have control over their lives.
98
Q

What is brain death?

A

neurological definition of death that states that a person is brain dead when ALL electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time

Brain’s lower portion monitors heartbeat and respiration. When higher brain areas die a person may continue to breathe and have a heart beat.

most physicians include death of higher cortical functions and lower brain stem functions.

99
Q

What is medical assistance in dieing ( MAiD) or euthanasia?

when did it become legal in Canada?

A

became legal: June 2016, updated 2021

legal criteria:

  • 18+
  • voluntary request / not externally pressured
  • have to consent
  • have to be of sound mind to consent
  • have to give consent again right before procedure.
  • have serious and incurable illness, disease, or disability (including a mental illness)
  • for people who have tried other therapies, and can’t find relief though anything

positives:

  • gives an individual back their autonomy if they are suffering at the end of their lives (they get to control when they go)
  • for some, good death involves accepting impending death and not feeling like a burden to others.

controversy:
- need to be better in public health systems so that this isn’t the “easy out” when life is tough.

100
Q

what are the three frequent themes of why individuals choose to participate in MAiD

A
  1. preference for dying process (94% of reports)
  2. pain free status (81%)
  3. emotional well-being (64%)
101
Q

Vancouver Island has one of the highest rate of medically assisted deaths in the world

A
102
Q

how many people in 2020 used MAID?

A

7500 people

103
Q

what’s the biggest change in the update in law around medically assisted dieing from 2016 to 2020

A

canada no longer requires the individuals death to be medically foreseeable, opening it up for individuals who are suffering and wish to no longer be alive

104
Q

what are “track 2 cases”?

A
  • chronic pain
  • mental health issues
  • hoplessness
  • lack of medical services / supports in home care.
  • disabilities
  • chronic depression
  • chronic fatigue
105
Q

7.5% of all deaths on Vancouver island are medically assisted

A
106
Q

what is advanced-care planning?

a.k.a. living wills

A

helps individuals and loved ones make choices.

so that others are aware of your wishes. “what do they want to do if…”

decision maker designated, loved ones, and health care providers informed of the patient’s preferences (e.g. do-not-resuscitate)

takes stress off of loved ones to make hard choices if something were to happen to you. and don’t have to contemplate “what they would want”

107
Q

what is a hospice?

A

program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, depression as possible

includes therapy.

includes a team of professionals that help family as they move through the process of death.

108
Q

what is palliative care?

A

reduce pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity.

109
Q

what are the different cultural attitudes around death?

A

for some, death means loneliness and others death is a quest for happiness.

not everyone has the same idea of what happens after death.

in most societies, death is not viewed as the end of existence. (reincarnation, heaven, energy/spirit, ect.)

110
Q

what are the five stages of grief that Kubler-Ross outlined in her book.

what people go through when they are going to die.

A
  1. DENIAL AND ISOLATION - person denies death is going to happen.
  2. ANGER - person recognizes denial can no longer be maintained; gives way to anger, resentment, rage, envy
  3. BARGAINING - person develops hope death can be postponed. (first time that the idea of death is accepted)
  4. DEPRESSION - person comes to accept the certainty of death. May isolate and cry a lot
  5. ACCEPTANCE - person develops a sense of peace and acceptance of fate. may desire to be left alone. feelings and physical pain may be absent.
    * stages are not fixed. people can go from denial to anger, back to denial, then depression*
111
Q

what is perceived control?

A

when someone is trying to prolong their live.. the idea that people have control over their lives. lifts spirits because they feel like they are in control

sense of control and autonomy are very important for peoples wellbeing.

may work as an adaptive strategy for some older adults who face death.

  • individuals led to believe they can influence and control events (prolong their lives) may become more alert and cheerful
112
Q

what is denial (adaptive and maladaptive)

A

way for some individuals to approach death.

  • can be adaptive or maladaptive
  • used to avoid the destruction impact of shock, delaying the necessity of dealing with health

adaptive denial can look like “I’m not going to think about it I’m just going to live my life”

maladaptive denial is ignoring the recommendations of doctors and refusing to know they are dieing

113
Q

why should there be open conversation around imminent death?

A
  1. allows an individual to close their lives in accord with their own ideas about dieing.
  2. can complete plans and projects, make arrangement for survivors, and participate in decisions about a funeral and burial.
  3. opportunity to reminisce/ talk with others who have been important to them, and end life conscious of what life has been like
  4. dying individuals have more understanding of what is happening to their bodies and what medical procedures are doing (autonomy)

– there are a lot of benefits to transparency –

114
Q

suicide and accidents are ranked among the top two or three causes of death between the ages of 15 and 44

A
115
Q

indigenous youth suicide is five or six times higher than non indigenous.

A
116
Q

7224 people died from drug overdoses in the first year of the pandemic.

A
117
Q

what is grief

A

the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation, anxiety, despair, sadness and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.

118
Q

what is post traumatic stress disorder?

A

mental disorder that can often cause vivid nightmares and flashbacks; often creates feelings of nervousness and irritability.

119
Q

what is complicated grief or prolonged grief?

A

sufferers feel numb and detached. believe life is empty without the deceased and feel future has no meaning

120
Q

what is disenfranchised grief?

A

grief that is a socially ambiguous loss that can’t be openly mourned or supported (ex-spouse, abortion, affair ect).

when you are grieving, but due to circumstances cannot be public with your grief. this can be super challenging for people because people have a need to connect. when you can’t talk to others about what you are going through it makes you feel more alone.

Psych 171 (3 decks)

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