Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 333 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the expectancy-value theory?

A

Behaviour is not only a function of need and incentive value, but it’s also critically tied to the expectancies one has towards a goal to which one is working to – 3 components:

  • Expectancy (performance depends on effort)
  • Instrumentality (outcome depends on performance)
  • Value (reward – cost of achieving outcome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the problem surrounding goal striving failure?

A

a problem of specificity and clarity, NOT motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are implementations intentions?

A

goal intentions

- When situation x arises, I will perform response y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does forming IIs facilitate goal striving?

A
  • Enhancing accessibility of specified opportunities

- Automate goal-directed responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is goal-inconsistent automaticity?

A

We tend to focus on stimuli that’s goal-inconsistent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the auto-motive model?

A

situation-goal-action mental links created unconsciously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the auto-motive model possible?

A
  1. Repeatedly pursuing a goal in a particular way (action) in a particular situation will automatically create a mental link between the goal, its action, and the situation
  2. Because of these mental links, the situation can eventually automatically activate the goal and its associated action outside of conscious awareness
  3. Activated goal guides behaviour outside of the person’s awareness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of goals do people pursue in different relationships?

A
  • Classmate –> self-presentation (but not with friend or romantic partner)
  • Friend –> helping friend and enjoy their company/spend time together
  • Mother –> wanting to make them proud (but not with friend or romantic partner)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do we need to satisfy our need to belong?

A
  • Frequent pleasant interactions

- Long-lasting caring relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm?

A

people will show preference for their ingroup members and allocate more resources to their own group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mere proximity effect?

A

people will develop bonds with people just by being close to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the social reconnection hypothesis?

A

Motivates us to seek out new bonds and strengthen existing ones
- Thus, negative feelings associated with rejection are adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Anthropomorphism?

A

ascribing human characteristics to non-humans (ex: pets, gadgets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is cognitive empathy?

A

empathetic accuracy, mentalizing, perspective taking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is affective empathy?

A

emotion contagion, emotion sharing, personal distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is prosocial motivation?

A

empathic concern, helping behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Emotion sharing/emotion contagion?

A

Closest to “feeling into” another person

- Occurs through mimicry, which is reflexive and apparent throughout the lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is simulation theory?

A

simulate other’s observed emotional experiences by recreating similar mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is neural resonance?

A

we “parallel” others’ emotions, engaging overlapping neural systems to experience one’s own vs. others’ emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

Humans deliberately attempt to:

  • Reason about (other’s) mental states
  • Attribute mental states to others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is empathic accuracy?

A

Can a “perceiver” accurately identify a “target’s” affective state
- Affective = sharing emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is self-other merging?

A

mentally merging one’s representation of the self with the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is predjudice?

A

attitudinal preference for one group over another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

often-biased heuristics used to make inferences about others’ minds based on cultural beliefs about their identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is discrimination?

A

behavioral preferences for some individuals over other individuals based on cultural beliefs about their identity

26
Q

What is person perception?

A

the various mental processes used to form first impressions of others

27
Q

What is the social standing hypothesis?

A

White social status is internalized and reflected in minority groups’ implicit pro-white bias (a form of internalized racism)

28
Q

What is dehumanization?

A

attribution of fewer human traits, emotions, and experiences to outgroup members than oneself or one’s ingroup

29
Q

What is Social dominance orientation (SDO)?

A

to what extent do you favour inequality between groups

30
Q

What is meta-dehumanization?

A

when people feel that they are dehumanized by outgroups

31
Q

What is attachment?

A

An affectional tie that one person forms between themselves and another specific one – a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time

32
Q

What is attachment theory?

A
  • Behaviours observed in children separated from parents (e.g., crying, clinging, searching) are adaptive responses to separation from an attachment figure
  • Operation of an innate attachment behavioural system designed to promote proximity to an attachment figure to increase chance of survival
33
Q

What is Bowlby’s attachment system?

A
  • Attachment is crucial for children’s psychological well-being and forms the basis of personality development
  • Infant has innate propensity to form strong emotional bonds with caregivers
  • Attachment system is most likely to be activated when infant is distressed
34
Q

What are the main characteristics of attachment?

A
  • Proximity seeking and maintenance
  • Safe haven (infant will turn to caregiver for comfort and support)
  • Secure base
  • Separation distress
35
Q

Explain a securely attached infant in the “strange situation”

A

Infant distressed when mom left, but plays on their own, and seeks comfort upon reunion with mom

36
Q

Explain an avoidant attached infant in the “strange situation”

A

Infant does not display signs of distress upon separation, played by themselves, and disinterested in mom upon reunion

37
Q

Explain an anxious/ambivalent attached infant in the “strange situation”

A

Infant very distressed upon separation, difficulties playing on their own (preoccupied), but not reassured upon reunion with mom

38
Q

What is the primary attachment strategy?

A

All kids are programmed to seek comfort from their caregiver

  • Ranging from visual monitoring to intense protest, clinging, crying
  • Engaging in constructive/ problem-focused ways of dealing with distress
39
Q

What are secondary attachment strategies?

A
  • If parent consistently unavailable –> deactivation

* If parent is inconsistently available or overly attentive –> hyperactivation

40
Q

What is deactivation?

A

compulsive self-reliance

  • Attention diverted away from threat
  • Avoid proximity-seeking of an attachment figure when distressed
  • Cope with distress by suppressing it (e.g., psychologically or behaviorally escaping/avoiding distress)
41
Q

What is hyperactivation?

A

Sense that they’re always in danger

  • Hypervigilance to threat, and exaggerated perceptions of threat
  • Excessive proximity-seeking of an attachment figure when distressed
  • Cope with distress by heightening distress (e.g., crying loud, throwing a tantrum, clinging)
42
Q

Explain individual differences in attachment style (in regard to parents)

A

Secure:
- Parents are consistently available, supportive, while also fostering independence
- Child uses primary attachment strategy
Avoidant:
- Parents are consistently unavailable and overly emphasize independence
- Child uses deactivation strategy
Anxious:
- Parents are inconsistently available or are overbearing
- Child uses hyperactivation strategy

43
Q

Explain secure attachment in adult relationships

A

comfortable with closeness and interdependence, but also seeks autonomy

44
Q

Explain preoccupied/anxious/ambivalent attachment in adult relationships

A

strong need for closeness and worries about relationships

45
Q

Explain dismissive/avoidant attachment in adult relationships

A

disinterested in closeness and intimacy and fiercely self-reliant

46
Q

Explain fearful-avoidant/disorganized attachment in adult relationships

A

strong need for closeness but distrust others and fear intimacy

47
Q

What are internal working models?

A

“Interpretative filters” through which new relationships are meaningfully understood and construed

48
Q

A person’s attachment security at any point in time is a function of:

A
  1. A person’s typical/general level of attachment security (trait)
  2. Previous levels of security (inertia)
  3. Contextual factors that temporarily influence security (state)
49
Q

What are the 3 components of expectancy value theory?

A
  • expectancy
  • instrumentality
  • value
50
Q

What influences the importance/commitment of goals?

A
  • Centrality to self
  • Number of higher order goals served (the extent to which a particular goal is in the service of broader goals)
  • Number of means of getting to goal (less options, more commitment)
51
Q

What are the components of responsiveness?

A
  • Caring about the support seeker’s wellbeing
  • Understanding of the support seeker’s core self
  • Validating of the support seeker’s perspective
52
Q

What is the stereotype content model?

A

Scale measuring the degree of warmth and competence towards members of a group

53
Q

What is the valence-dominance model of face perception?

A

Use of valence/trustworthiness and dominance scales as judgments of faces

54
Q

What are the main characteristics of attachment?

A
  • Proximity seeking and maintenance
  • Safe haven
  • Secure base
  • Separation distress
55
Q

What is avoidance at age 18 predicted by?

A
  • Lower maternal sensitivity

- Not consistently living with father

56
Q

What is anxiety at age 18 predicted by?

A

Higher maternal depression (hard to be consistently attentive)

57
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

• When an individual with a predisposition encounters a stressful life event, they are more likely to develop negative psychological outcomes than those without a predisposition
- genetic vulnerability model

58
Q

Explain genes vs alleles

A
  • Gene: a section of DNA on a chromosome that controls a specific characteristic
  • Allele: variant of a gene
59
Q

What is the Serotonin transporter (5-HTT)?

A

regulates the reuptake of serotonin after it has been released

60
Q

What is 5-HTTLPR?

A

Region of the serotonin transporter gene that influences the efficiency of serotonin reuptake

61
Q

What is the Differential susceptibility model?

A

Some individuals are more biologically susceptible/sensitive to both negative AND positive environmental conditions
• Not “vulnerable”, but developmentally malleable or “plastic”

PSYC 333 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions