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PSYC 333 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is interaction effect?

A

The relationship between the independent and dependent variables is affected by another variable (moderator)

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2
Q

What is the self-concept?

A

A knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals

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3
Q

What is the self-perception theory?

A

some aspects of our self-concept are formed by making inferences about ourselves while observing our own behaviour

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4
Q

What is the looking glass self?

A

how we see ourselves comes from how others see us

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5
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

we draw part of our identity from the social groups we belong to

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6
Q

What is social comparison?

A

we compare ourselves with others to form conclusions about our relative standing on attributes, abilities, opinions, etc

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7
Q

What is the distinctiveness theory?

A

a person’s unique, distinctive characteristics are more salient to them than characteristics that they have in common with others

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8
Q

What is the working self-concept?

A

the set of self-knowledge that is accessible at any one moment

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9
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

the process through which activity in one node in a network flows outward to other nodes through associative links

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10
Q

Accessibility of self-knowledge is a function of:

A
  • Frequency of activation –> core self

- Recency of activation –> facilitates the current working self-concept

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11
Q

What is the self-schemata?

A

Aspects of the self, derived from past experiences, that are more central and guide how we process new information about the self

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12
Q

What is self-complexity?

A

Degree to which the self-concept differs in:

  • Number of self-aspects (attributes, roles, relationships, goals, etc.)
  • Degree to which these self-aspects are distinct from each other (very little overlap)
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13
Q

What is low self-complexity?

A

few roles and lots of overlap

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14
Q

What is spillover?

A

if something bad or good happens with one self-aspect, it’s more likely to spread to other self-aspects if there’s a lot of overlap (lower self-complexity)

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15
Q

What is the affect extremity hypothesis?

A

those lower in self-complexity will experience bigger swings in mood and self-esteem in response to life events

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16
Q

What is self-concept clarity (SCC)?

A

Extent to which the contents of the self-concept are:

  • Clearly defined
  • Internally consistent
  • Stable
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17
Q

What is differentiation?

A

degree to which the self-concept contains multiple distinct elements

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18
Q

What is integration?

A

degree of coherence, interrelatedness, and unity

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19
Q

What is the self-complexity buffering hypothesis?

A

higher self-complexity serves as a buffer against negative health consequences of stressful life events

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20
Q

Explain the difference in cognition between cultures

A

Independent: analytic thinking

  • Focus on objects (independent of context)
  • Attributes
  • Rules and categories

Interdependent: holistic thinking

  • Focus on context as a whole and associations
  • Attend to relationships (to explain behaviour and make prediction)
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21
Q

What is Field dependence/independence?

A

Degree to which a person’s perception is affected by the context or surrounding environment (field)

  • Field dependent: more affected by context
  • Field independent: less affected by context
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22
Q

Explain the difference in emotion between cultures

A

Western: more emotionally expressive

  • Supressing emotions is distressing and can lead to negative mental and physical health outcomes
  • Personal expression is valued
  • Emphasis on socially-disengaging emotions

East Asian: more emotionally restrained

  • Suppressing emotions may not lead to negative mental and physical health outcomes
  • Emotional restraint is valued
  • Emphasis on socially-engaging emotions
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23
Q

What is Simpatia?

A

being likeable, pleasant, and kind when interacting with others

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24
Q

What is acculturation?

A

Process of learning and incorporating the values, beliefs, language, customs and mannerisms of the new country (mainstream culture) that immigrants and their families are living in

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25
What is the better-than-average effect?
We rate ourselves better than observers rate us
26
What is the base-rate fallacy?
we tend to assign greater value to case-based info and often ignore base rate info
27
What is the worse-than-average effect?
There are some domains where people rate themselves as worse than others - Concentration - Artistic ability - Acting ability - Mechanical ability
28
What is anchoring and adjustment?
• When making judgments, we use a certain starting point (anchor) and then make adjustments to this starting point - We anchor to info that we have easy access to - We don’t adjust sufficiently because adjustment is effortful
29
What is the symbolic self-completion theory?
* Difficulties in pursuing important goals are experienced as a threat to the self/identity * When the self is threatened, we compensate by engaging in activities that will substitute this threat
30
What is self-verification?
We want other people to see us the way we see ourselves
31
What is expressive accuracy?
the tendency to have one’s self-aspects accurately perceived by others
32
What does it take to be accurately perceived?
Cues must be: - Relevant (target) - Available (target) - Detectable (judge) - Usable (judge)
33
What is dyadic accuracy?
1 perceiver and 1 target | - Not a good technique for identifying characteristics that make judges good perceivers
34
What is the social accuracy model?
- We take the average Joe’s personality (normative accuracy) into account when we look at accuracy to find what’s unique (distinctive accuracy) - Other people will have the tendency to see you as average, which is quite positive
35
What is "be yourself" manipulation?
If you’re given the instruction to be yourself, you’re more accurately perceived in first impressions
36
What is interpersonal variability?
how you change your social behaviour across situations
37
What is whole-trait theory?
Sees traits as having two parts: why and what | - States interpersonal variability is the result of a complex interplay between personality and environment
38
What is signal contingent recording?
Fill out info at the beep | • Not great for social interactions, since you can’t beep them and expect them to fill it out
39
What is time contingent recording?
participants fill out a form at certain times of the day, depending on what the researcher wants to measure
40
What is event contingent recording?
participants complete a form every time they experience an event (social interaction in this case)
41
What is the interpersonal circumplex model?
based on agency and being communal
42
What is spin?
Describes how much someone tends to change their behaviour - Low spin: behaviour is fairly consistent - High spin: fluctuates behaviour much more widely
43
What is the functional flexibility view?
Broader repertoire of social behaviours = better able to adapt to the demands of different situations - Less variability = rigidity
44
What is the maladaptive lability view?
Dysregulates, less controlled behaviour = not as able to adapt to the demands of different situations - Less variability = consistency
45
What is an example of correspondence?
If they're nice to us, we're nice to them
46
What is an example of reciprocity?
when someone is dominant towards us, we tend to be more submissive
47
What is an example of anticomplementary?
People who meet dominance with dominance
48
What are behavioural signatures?
They capture how and why we vary our social behaviours
49
What is self-integrity?
perceiving oneself as living up to culturally defined ideas of goodness, virtue, and agency
50
What is compensatory conviction?
emphasizing certainty and conviction about unrelated attitudes, values, goals, and identities
51
What is the self-affirmation theory?
• People can affirm the self by engaging in other activities that are important to them that remind them of their overall self-worth - Allows us to restore overall self-integrity
52
What is cognitive dissonance?
* A behavior that contradicts an important attitude or value arouses an unpleasant state of “dissonance” * People adjust/align attitude to “justify” behavior to reduce dissonance-related negative arousal
53
What is symbolic self-completion?
We compensate for threats to the self by engaging in activities that will support the specific self-aspect that was threatened (“complete” the threatened identity)
54
What is self-affirmation?
We compensate for threats to the self by engaging in activities that will bolster our global sense of self-integrity
55
What are the characteristics of an independent culture?
Attending to self, self-assertion, uniqueness - Distinguishing self from others (“the squeaky wheel gets the grease”) - Personal identity (traits, states, behaviours) - Self-interest, personal happiness - “My way”
56
What are the characteristics of an interdependent culture?
Attending to group, facilitating group harmony, fitting in - Self with others (“the nail that stands out gets pounded down”) - Collective identity (social roles and relationships) - Social happiness, suspension of self-interest - “The right way”
57
Describe the emotional culture of Latinx
Expressive interdependence - More emotionally expressive (like Western) but achieve interdependence by expressing more socially engaging emotions - in between field dependence and independence
58
Describe the emotional culture of Arabs
Assertive interdependence | - Considered interdependent through holistic cognition but are most self-assertive (like the west)
59
What is self-presentation theory?
Strategic way of interacting with others to create a desired impression
60
What are single occasion metrics?
Ask someone how consistent they are across different situations - Super easy and quick, but not very accurate
61
What is the diary method?
Participants fill out a form once a day - Able to see if responses change - Issue: still only one sample per day and people might not remember everything
62
What are ecological momentary assessments?
Participant is at home and they fill out multiple surveys everyday (no lab) - More accurate data - Ideal method
63
What is the social behaviour inventory (SBI)?
Scale measuring 4 different kinds of social behaviours people might engage in - dominant, friendly, hostile, or submissive - Based on the interpersonal circumplex model, which is based on agency and being communal

PSYC 333 (4 decks)

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