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anth 311 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

benefits of living in groups

A

safety, food, raising offspring

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2
Q

costs of living in groups

A

visibility, competition, disease

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3
Q

major predators to primates

A

humans, felids, raptors, snakes

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4
Q

why are predators hard to study

A

not normally habituated, studies focus on the prey mostly

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5
Q

benefit of group living: dilution

A

selfish herd effect; less likely to get picked off if you’re in the center of a group

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6
Q

benefit of group living: vigilance

A

time spent scanning for predators lessens with more neighbors around (individuals). larger groups= more vigilance

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7
Q

benefit of group living: active defense

A

promoting cooperation (b/w nonkin) to deter predators in mobbing.

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8
Q

predation risk vs predation rate

A

risk: frequency of encounters with predators
rate: frequency of death from predation

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9
Q

predation risk

A

high risk= large groups

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10
Q

predation rate

A

large groups = higher rates, high rate -> small groups

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11
Q

nairobi effect

A

when researchers are present, predators are less likely to attack

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12
Q

predation and group composition: # of M

A

M help with vigilance and defence

high risk= high M:F ratio

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13
Q

predation and group composition: polyspecific associations

A

cooperation b/w species when high risk of predation.
occurs in: cercopithecidae, calltrichidae, cebidae
ex. diana monkey/red colobus, ring tailed lemurs/verreaux’s sifaka

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14
Q

polyspecific asociations in red colobus

A

are lower in forest strata, fewer glances around, more feeding on the ground. exhibit behaviour indicating they are safer with diana monkeys present

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15
Q

predation

A

species 1: -

species 2: +

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16
Q

parasitism

A

species 1: -

species 2: +

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17
Q

competition

A

species 1: -

species 2: -

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18
Q

mutualism

A

species 1: +

species 2: +

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19
Q

ammensalism

A

species 1: 0

species 2: -

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20
Q

commensalism

A

species 1: 0

species 2: +

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21
Q

ways of parasite transmission

A

substrate, aggression, grooming, water, sex, vectors, air

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22
Q

disease risk theories

A
  1. disease risk increases with terrestriality because of soil born parasites NOT TRUE
  2. disease risk increases with group size and population density NOT TRUE
  3. disease risk increases with promiscuity and STDs TRUE
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23
Q

food as a selective pressure

A
  1. satisfy nutritional requirements
    maintain condition and nutritional balance
  2. maximize nutritional gain
    maximize net energy gain and fitness
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24
Q

primate diet requirements

A 
carbs, protein, fats/oils, minerals/vitamins, water
avoid toxins (caffeine, tannins, alkaloids)
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25
Q

optimal foraging definition

A

maximize quality and amount of food

minimize travel/search time, processing, digestion, competition

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26
Q

captivity vs wild: food

A

captivity: more food= more babies
baboons: grow faster, reach sexual maturity earlier

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27
Q

4 factors determining how much food is required

A

active metabolism, basal metabolic rate, growth rate, reproductive effort

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28
Q

primate dentition

A

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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29
Q

5 major food types in primates and examples

A

frugivory (chimps), folivory (mountain gorilla), gramnivory (seeds; saki monkey), insectivory (tarsier), gummivory (pygmy marmoset)

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30
Q

fruits arose when

A

65mya

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31
Q

bananas

A

highly digestible, infinite pulp to seed ratio

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32
Q

wild fruits

A

usually low pulp to seed ratio, dry, fibrous and strong tasting

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33
Q

endozoochory

A

evolved to be eaten (wild fruits)

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34
Q

main edible nutrient in fruits

A

sugar

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35
Q

co-evolution of fruits and primates

A

most trees have fruits that are dispersed by frugivores

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36
Q

frugivores (biomass)

A

primates comprise 25-40% of frugivore biomass in tropical forests

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37
Q

fruit toxins

A

some fruits are toxic to some and not others

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38
Q

digestive adaptations to frugivory

A

large, broad incisors; low cusped, flat molars; large but unspecialized digestive system

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39
Q

leaves

A

main fallback food for frugivorous primates, preferred food for other primates

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40
Q

leaves and folivory

A

adapted to deter folivory: mature leaves are tough (high fiber), toxins and tannins

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41
Q

main edible nutrients in leaves

A

soluble and insoluble carbs, protein

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42
Q

insoluble fiber

A

cellulose: basic structural component of plant walls
indigestible alone, but fermentable by microbial enzymes
food source for animals that harbor anaerobic bacteria (colobines, gorillas, howler monkeys)

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43
Q

digestive adaptations to folivory

A

large body size, small incisors, sharp shearing crests on molars, enlarged and well dev’d digestive systems

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44
Q

colobine gut anatomy

A

4 part stomach for microbial fermentation

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45
Q

gut kinetics

A

speed of digestion; frugivores are faster than folivores

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46
Q

toxins (qualitative defense)

A

widespread, protective “secondary compounds”, energetically costly to detoxify
example: nitrogen containing compounds, terpenoids, phenolics

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47
Q

tannins (quantitative defense)

A

widespread in leaves and unripe fruits, bind to useful proteins and precipitate them (loss of food protein, enzyme function and mucoproteins)

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48
Q

main edible nutrients in seeds

A

lipids, protein

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49
Q

seeds

A

protected by shell/ toxins, specialization needed to crack nuts

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50
Q

dental adaptations to durophagy (seeds)

A

thick enamel

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51
Q

main edible nutrients in insects

A

lipid, protein

52
Q

problem with insect eating

A

hard to catch but easy to digest

53
Q

adaptations to insectivory

A

large canines and sharp cusps, short and simple gut, longer/taller teeth and higher cusps than frugivores (more grinding/ crushing/ shearing than frugivores)

54
Q

main edible nutrients in gum

A

rich in fiber

55
Q

adaptations to gummivory

A

long, robust incisors; exceptionally large colons and cecums (due to to reliance on fermentation of long chain carbs)

56
Q

Liem’s paradox

A

species often prefer not to eat the foods to which they are specifically adapted for

57
Q

feeding adaptations for preferred/ not preferred foods

A

adaptations are for the fallback foods

58
Q

society vs flock

A

society: social relationships matter
flock: anonymous

59
Q

types of societies

A

troops and fission-fusion

60
Q

troops

A

predictable membership: all together all day

gorilla, savanna baboons, white-faced capuchins

61
Q

fission-fusion

A

predictable community, unpredictable parties: atomistic parties (down to one), molecular parties (down to sub-group)
atomistic ex.: chimps, spider monkeys
molecular ex.: hamadryas baboons, geladas

62
Q

social structure of societies

A

traits of individuals (dominance hierarchies, relationships, kinship and alliances)

63
Q

social organization of societies

A

traits of the group (group size, stability, inter-group relations)

64
Q

1960s ecology

A

diurnal primates live in groups, nocturnal are solitary

savannah primates live in bigger groups than forest primates

65
Q

1970s ecology

A

food distribution, abundance, quality –> optimal foraging F strategy –> F distribution, sociality -> M distribution and sociality

66
Q

2 types of feeding competition

A

scramble: increasing the group size results in less food for everyone, success depends on collecting lots of small pieces (magabeys)
contest: dominants get more, subordinates get less, success depends on fighting and status, ressource is monopolizable (red colobus)

67
Q

competition for food definition

A

reduced feeding efficiency due to presence of others (determined by nature of ressources)

68
Q

frugivore competition

A

tend to suffer from scramble comp.

69
Q

scramble comp. and group size

A

more intense scramble comp. leads to smaller groups

70
Q

optimal group size hypothesis

A

intermediate group sizes should be associated with better individual feeding success (higher RS, lower stress)

71
Q

phylogenetic inertia

A

constraints on behaviour due to similar ecological adaptations and similar constraints other than ecology

72
Q

social integration and survival

A

stronger and more stable bonds = more likely to live longer

73
Q

social bonds in humans

A

F tend to invest heavily in few, high quality, time consuming friendship
M prefer lower investment per group member and higher group cohesion

74
Q

FF bonds

A

defense against M, competition w other F

75
Q

FF bonds in olive baboons

A

agonistic relationships among F have few reversals

76
Q

importance of kin in FF bonds (yellow baboons)

A

sociality index… F form kin clusters, M not really

77
Q

FF bonded group: rank

A

stable dominance hierarchy, few reversals
child F inherit rank
higher rank = higher feeding success and RS

78
Q

FF bonded group: coalitions

A

biased towards kin

79
Q

FF bonded groups: rank reversals

A

b/w families more salient than within families

80
Q

sociable moms

A

infants live longer

81
Q

coalition vs alliance

A

coalition: an interaction (short term), 3rd party intervention is most common
alliance: long term relationship

82
Q

agonistic interactions and dominance

A

dominant: winner of fight or approach-retreat

83
Q

chimp dominance display

A

erect hair, bipedal

84
Q

MM bonds in use

A

to defend against other group, against group members

only common in a few species

85
Q

M/F conflict of interest in chimps (reproduction)

A

F: create paternal confusion
M: sire offspring

86
Q

M mate guarding in chimps

A

maintain close proximity, chase away other M, intimidate F

M chimps exchange political support for mating access

87
Q

assamese macaques bonds

A

F philopatric, M disperse, nonkin M form close social bonds (helps w alliances and dominance status, and RS)

88
Q

MF constraints in bonds

A

sex-biased dispersal does not allow kinship bonds, M RS is increased through limiting associations with F after fertilization

89
Q

M benefits to MF bonds

A

increased opportunities for future mating, increased social support

90
Q

F benefit to MF bonds

A

help w offspring, access to resources, protection (aggression and infanticide)

91
Q

MF friendships (baboons)

A

over 90% of F have at least one friend, M rank and motherhood determine friendships. Friendships are defined by breaks in frequency distribution of proximity scores

92
Q

Hinde Index

A

A: approach, W: withdraw
Af/ (Af+Am) - Wf/ (Wf+Wm)
+= F maintains relationship
-= M maintains relationship

93
Q

presence of infants in friendships

A

w infant = more time w friends

94
Q

use for baboon friendships

A

chacma: buffer against infanticide
yellow: buffer against infanticide and F aggression

95
Q

methods of primate behaviour (captivity and wild)

A

captivity: experiments and observation
wild: field study

96
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by endocrine system

97
Q

2 types of effects of hormones

A

organizational: long term, structural, developmental changes, usually irreversible
activational: short term, temporary effects, in mature individuals, neurotransmitters

98
Q

2 types of hormones

A

steroids: sex hormones (estrogens and androgens), glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Peptides: insulin

99
Q

where are steroid hormones found in the body

A

circulate in blood, found in feces and saliva

100
Q

2D:4D

A

2nd and 4th digit. 4th digit has more steroid receptors than 2nd.
2D<4D= M
2D>=4D =F

101
Q

prenatal androgen exposure (PAE)

A

lower 2D4D ratio, adapted to mating systems (higher if more M aggression, higher in nonpairs than pairs)

102
Q

PAE and aggression

A

intensity not frequency of aggression that is correlated w PAE

103
Q

PAE in various species

A

F cercopithecines: high dominance rank = high PAE
M cercopithecines: high dominance rank = high PAE
Bonobos, chimps, humans: C have higher PAE than B/H

104
Q

food and RS success

A

F RS is limited by food access

105
Q

C-peptide measurements

A

Insulin regulates glucose use, C-peptide shows how much insulin is being produced

106
Q

C-peptide surprise (chimps)

A

high ranking M have lower c peptide levels (more energetically stressed). High ranking F are less energetically stressed than low rank F

107
Q

why are dominant M chimps more energetically stressed

A

they are more aggressive (unstable hierarchies contribute to more aggression)

108
Q

baboon study (stress)

A

lower ranking animals have more stress – except alpha M who is the most stressed; in both stable and unstable hierarchies, associated w fighting and mating. high rank= high RS at expense of health

109
Q

M dominance and testosterone

A

M RS is limited by access to F, fights (more muscle…more F)

110
Q

challenge hypothesis

A

testosterone should be at its peak when challenged the most to promote aggressive response

111
Q

2 predictions to challenge hyp.

A

1: M should show increased testosterone during peri-ovulatory period of parous F
2: this rise in testosterone should be related to increased aggression not rise in copulations

112
Q

testosterone in ring tailed lemurs

A

higher in M even though F are dominant

113
Q

testosterone in F baboons

A

higher ranking F have more testosterone than low rank (exhibit more aggression, compete for status)

114
Q

territoriality hypothesis

A

territoriality occurs if home range is economically defensible (d=day range, d’= diameter of home range, d/d’ >1 =territorial)

115
Q

what do groups fight over

A

resources, mates, status

116
Q

F defense hypothesis

A

M are primarily concerned w defending F in IG conflicts
prediction 1: M aggression during IG intrxn should increase when sexually receptive F are present
prediction 2: higher ranking M should be more active in defense

117
Q

resource defense hypothesis

A

M can benefit from defending territories that are important to F RS
prediction 1: spatial patterning in IG intrxn
core=win, edge=lose (home field advantage)

118
Q

F participation in IG intrxns

A

F participation is high in F philopatric species,

low in M philopatric species

119
Q

intergroup dominance hypothesis

A

intergroup dominance promotes fitness through access to land and F

120
Q

conflict in white faced capuchins

A

winners are closers to home range and larger groups

losers: travel faster, avoided borders, fed badly

121
Q

conflict in wedge-capped capuchins

A

linear dominance hierarchy among groups (determined by group size (# of M)), more dominant groups= access to better fruit trees, less dominant= more time foraging= lower RS

122
Q

conflict in japanese macaques

A

winners got access to food, losers were displaced. larger groups had better RS

123
Q

killing in troop living species

A

rare, little contact aggression, few coalitionary attack (groups are of similar size)

124
Q

lethal raiding

A

only found in species with parties

125
Q

imbalance of power hypothesis

A

fission-fusion –> varying subgroup size –> asymmetrical distribution of power (lost cost aggression)

126
Q

imbalance of power hypothesis predictions

A

1: power asymmetry b/w opponents promotes attack
2: power symmetry suppresses attack
3: victims of aggression tend to be M
4: IG dominance= more resources

127
Q

chimp IG intrxns

A

F benefit from access to resources, M benefit from access to F.
F don’t participate in conflict directly, but encourage M

anth 311 (3 decks)

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