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anth 311 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what is sperm competition

A

competition among sperm of 2 or more M for the fertilization of a single F

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2
Q

sperm competition: type (scramble or contest?)

A

scramble… can’t monopolize

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3
Q

sperm competition: type of mating system

A

multi M mating

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4
Q

sperm competition: results

A

physical and behavioural adaptations

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5
Q

multi M mating systems: testes size

A

bigger testes (more sperm)

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6
Q

significance of the sperm midpiece

A

contains the mitochondria therefore is responsible for swimming speed

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7
Q

volume of the midpiece is highest among which mating system

A

multi partner mating systems

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8
Q

multi M mating systems: copulation duration

A

shorter duration of copulations

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9
Q

multi M mating systems: length

A

longer penis

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10
Q

what is the baculum?

A

penis bone; present in most primates

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11
Q

the bacula is longer in which species type

A

where they have longer copulations (long copulations= long bacula)

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12
Q

long copulations=

A

more mate-guarding (stopping others from mating)

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13
Q

purpose of spines

A

to “lock”, remove sperm plugs

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14
Q

which primate has a permanently red, erect penis?

A

proboscis monkeys

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15
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

traits that function in reproduction but are not biologically necessary

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16
Q

handicap principle

A

F prefer M traits that indicate vigor and good health

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17
Q

how do F reduce infanticide

A

create paternal confusion

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18
Q

mandrill coloring significance

A

F prefer bright colors (indicates dominance)

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19
Q

mandrill characteristics

A

terrestrial, stable F groups, M solitary, large hordes, prominent sexual characteristics

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20
Q

mandrill coloring correlated w…

A

time spent close to F (proximity), # of sexually receptive F, % of approaches accepted by F

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21
Q

is it dominance or is it coloring?

A

believed to be coloring (alpha loses status but F still loved him)

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22
Q

which primate has blue balls

A

vervet monkeys

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23
Q

M chimps prefer what F?

A

old! (nulliparous are not attractive)

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24
Q

sexual coercion

A

aggression directed at F makes her more likely to mate w aggressor, less likely to mate w other M

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25
Q

sexual coercion of chimps (F state)

A

more directed at cycling F, not lactating F

F are more stressed when receiving aggression

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26
Q

flanged orangutangs mating strategy

A

call and wait

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27
Q

unflanged orangutangs mating strategy

A

“sneaker” mating strategy

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28
Q

orangutangs general mating patterns

A

no estrus, low copulation rate, consortships do occur, F prefer flanged M

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29
Q

humans unique life histories

A

only primate with a post-reproductive period

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30
Q

what is a juvenile?

A

weaned, sexually immature, independant locomotion, able to survive if caregiver dies, not full size

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31
Q

why is there a prolonged dev’tal period in primates?

A

growth rate, need to learn, ecological risk

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32
Q

when to start reproducing? (charnov model)

A

wait too long, you could die before you pass on genome (extrinsic mortality). when chances of dying are high, NS favours early reproduction

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33
Q

advantage of waiting to reproduce

A

being larger is advantageous, improves offspring survival and # of offspring

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34
Q

lifespans: arboreal vs terrestrial

A

arboreal tend to live longer than terrestrial

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35
Q

ecological risk hypothesis

A

intragroup comp. is particularly hard on immatures, so slow and steady growth/ dev’t wins the race

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36
Q

4 predictions of ecological risk hypothesis

A

1: juveniles should have lower foraging strategy than adults
2: juveniles should suffer higher mortality from starvation than adults
3: juveniles should suffer more predation
4: juveniles of species w reliable foods should grow faster than those w unreliable food sources

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37
Q

growth/dev’t rate and diet

A

folivores grow faster than frugivores (reliance of food supply)

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38
Q

Need-to-learn hypothesis

A

social complexity takes a long time to learn

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39
Q

types of social play

A

predominantly rough and tumble, wrestling, chasing, tag

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40
Q

functions of social play: motor training hyp

gorilla

A

M RS depends on size and fighting ability, M need more motor training than F
P1: M play more than F
P2: M play more w M than with F

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41
Q

functions of social play: social relationships hyp

gorilla

A

only have MF bonds

P1: F play more with M than with F

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42
Q

sex differences in play

A

parenting play by F, M play more than F (M is rougher play)

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43
Q

chimpanzee parenting play

A

use sticks as “dolls”

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44
Q

more play=

chimps

A

= reach dev’tal milestones sooner

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45
Q

alloparenting benefits

A

juvenile survival is higher, shorter IBIs in mothers

46
Q

who are the alloparents?

A

mostly juvenile F (more successful first time births later on)

47
Q

non-conceptive sex in chimps and bonobos

A

Chimps: infant M intromit with F
Bonobo: juvenile M mount F and other M

48
Q

learning foraging skills: chimps, capuchins, orangutangs

A

Chimps: termite fishing
WF capuchins: caterpillars, clams
orangutangs: neesia fruit

49
Q

capuchins and foraging (sex diff.)

A

juveniles match the foraging behaviour of same sex adults

50
Q

chimps: termite fishing

A

F watch and copy mother carefully, M play around and don’t pay attention

51
Q

vervet monkeys and learning predator response

A

kids learn from watch adults’ antipredator behaviour

52
Q

assamese macaques growth

A

locomotor play trades off w growth (more play=less rest, no affects on feeding)

53
Q

sex differences in growth

A

M grow slower than F, but keep growing

54
Q

what is a circadian rhythm

A

24 hour internal clock

55
Q

what does biological clock do

A

helps regulate all bodily processes including circadian rhythms

56
Q

relationship b/w biological clock and circadian rhythm

A

circadian is an effect of bio clock, but not all bio clocks are circadian

57
Q

what do circadian rhythms do

A

coordinate mental and physical systems, digestive system, endocrine system and DNA processes

58
Q

where is the master clock in the brain

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus

59
Q

importance of aligned circadian rhythms

A

circadian rhythms can promote consistent and restorative sleep when properly aligned, when misaligned it can cause long term sleep problems

60
Q

definition of sleep

A

physiological state of immobility marked by the absence of wakefulness, reduced consciousness and changes in brain activity

61
Q

sleep quality and predation

A

high predation risk, increase polyphasic sleep, decrease in REM= decreased sleep quality

62
Q

monophasic vs polyphasic sleep

A

monophasic: single bout of consolidated sleep in 24h
polyphasic: short bouts of sleep in 24h

63
Q

monophasic sleep stages

A

REM: highest brain activity (dreaming)

Non REM: dreamless

64
Q

env’t variables influencing sleep

A

ressource availability, ambient temp., humidity, light env’t

65
Q

mono/polyphasic sleep as derived traits

A

monophasic is said to be derived to improve efficiency against env’tal pressures (still debated)

66
Q

cathemeral primates display which kind of sleep

A

polyphasic

67
Q

nocturnal vs diurnal sleep patterns

A

nocturnal sleep longer than diurnals

68
Q

3 “marathon sleepers”

A

mouse lemurs, cotton-top tamarins, owl monkeys

69
Q

sleep ecology

A

animal’s sleeping site has direct influence on sleep duration and quality

70
Q

slow loris: light env’t

A

anticipated sunrise and sunset

71
Q

slow loris: naps

A

in the middle of the night (suggesting sleep pressure)

72
Q

what is the brain for

A

sensing, processing, behaving in response to your env’t

73
Q

5 measures of behavioural flexibility

A

innovation, social learning, tool use, extractive foraging, tactical deception

74
Q

primate performance on cognitive tasks

A

apes are the highest, prosimians are the lowest

75
Q

A-not-B task

A

previously rewarded location

76
Q

cylinder task

A

reach around clear cylinder

77
Q

brain size evolution

A

evolved independently several times

78
Q

absolute vs relative brain size

A

absolute: weight
relative: size relative to body

79
Q

neurons and intelligence

A

primates have way more neurons than other mammals

80
Q

primate advantages (brain)

A

more cerebral cortex for total brain mass, more cortical neurons

81
Q

social explanations for brain size

A

increased social complexity selects for larger brains

82
Q

predictions for social explanations (brain size + groups)

A

positive relationship b/w brain size and

  1. group size
  2. # of close rel’tships
  3. importance of coalitions
83
Q

social brain hypothesis (brain + sociality)

A

neocortex size correlates w social group size, and # of grooming partners

84
Q

ecological brain hypothesis (foraging)

A 
some types of foraging are more cognitively demanding than others
predicts positive relationship w:
1. % fruit
2. range size
3. % extractive foraging
85
Q

brain size and diet

A

frugivores have bigger brains than folivores

86
Q

constraints of a large brain (2 hyp.)

A
  1. big brained species have accelerated metabolism

2. energetic tradeoff w other expensive tissues like the gut

87
Q

cumulative cultural evolution (CCE)

A

adaptive modifications accumulate over evolutionary time, leading to incremental improvement of material and symbolic artifacts

88
Q

ecological behaviour examples in chimps (food)

A

termite fishing

89
Q

cultural behaviour examples in chimps

A

nut cracking, high arm grooming, palm-palm contact

90
Q

first primate known to obtain food with tools?

A

capuchin

91
Q

definition of teaching

A

active involvement of experienced individuals in facilitating the learning of the young

92
Q

only wild animal where teaching is convincingly shown

A

meerkats

93
Q

social facilitation

A

activity of others indirectly increases the chances individuals will learn behaviours (stimulus enhancement)

94
Q

observational learning

A

learning to perform behaviours by watching others (imitation)

95
Q

is there evidence of teaching in primates

A

no

96
Q

2/3 of all primates live in which 4 countries?

A

brazil, madagascar, indonesia, democratic republic of congo

97
Q

predispositions to extinction

A

high tropic level, low pop. density, slow life history, small geographic range (50% of extinction risk)

98
Q

epizoochory

A

carrying seed on fur

99
Q

primary threats to primates

A

agriculture, logging, hunting, farming

100
Q

secondary threats to primates

A

roads, pollution, oil&gas mining, civil unrest, climate change

101
Q

effects of oil palm fields

A

support way less species (ecosystems are disrupted)

102
Q

crop raiding

A

primates rely on crops as food source during deforestation, get killed by farmers

103
Q

snare injuries

A

if injured early in life they can recover, can be lethal later in life

104
Q

ardipithecus ramidus

A

ethiopia, 4.4mya, arboreal and terrestrial bipedalism, chimp sized brain

105
Q

australopithecus afarensis

A

ethiopia, 3.5mya, human from waist down, ape from waist up, sexually dimorphic

106
Q

emergence of modern humans

A

300kya

107
Q

what makes humans human?

A

evolution of fundamentally prosocial behaviour

108
Q

reactive vs proactive aggression

A

reactive: often in response to fear or contest, and target easily switched
proactive: Pre-planned according to desire and targeted

109
Q

human evolution and R/P aggression

A

reactive has gone down, proactive has gone up

110
Q

domestication syndrome results

A

selected: less aggresion, less response to fear
unselected: smaller brains, smaller teeth

111
Q

unselected result in bonobos

A

less sexual dimorphism, paedomorphism (later retention of juvenile behaviours)

112
Q

hunting and gathering

A

egalitarianism, central place foraging (bring food back to share)

anth 311 (3 decks)

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