final Flashcards
1
Q
what is sperm competition
A
competition among sperm of 2 or more M for the fertilization of a single F
2
Q
sperm competition: type (scramble or contest?)
A
scramble… can’t monopolize
3
Q
sperm competition: type of mating system
A
multi M mating
4
Q
sperm competition: results
A
physical and behavioural adaptations
5
Q
multi M mating systems: testes size
A
bigger testes (more sperm)
6
Q
significance of the sperm midpiece
A
contains the mitochondria therefore is responsible for swimming speed
7
Q
volume of the midpiece is highest among which mating system
A
multi partner mating systems
8
Q
multi M mating systems: copulation duration
A
shorter duration of copulations
9
Q
multi M mating systems: length
A
longer penis
10
Q
what is the baculum?
A
penis bone; present in most primates
11
Q
the bacula is longer in which species type
A
where they have longer copulations (long copulations= long bacula)
12
Q
long copulations=
A
more mate-guarding (stopping others from mating)
13
Q
purpose of spines
A
to “lock”, remove sperm plugs
14
Q
which primate has a permanently red, erect penis?
A
proboscis monkeys
15
Q
secondary sexual characteristics
A
traits that function in reproduction but are not biologically necessary
16
Q
handicap principle
A
F prefer M traits that indicate vigor and good health
17
Q
how do F reduce infanticide
A
create paternal confusion
18
Q
mandrill coloring significance
A
F prefer bright colors (indicates dominance)
19
Q
mandrill characteristics
A
terrestrial, stable F groups, M solitary, large hordes, prominent sexual characteristics
20
Q
mandrill coloring correlated w…
A
time spent close to F (proximity), # of sexually receptive F, % of approaches accepted by F
21
Q
is it dominance or is it coloring?
A
believed to be coloring (alpha loses status but F still loved him)
22
Q
which primate has blue balls
A
vervet monkeys
23
Q
M chimps prefer what F?
A
old! (nulliparous are not attractive)
24
Q
sexual coercion
A
aggression directed at F makes her more likely to mate w aggressor, less likely to mate w other M
25
sexual coercion of chimps (F state)
more directed at cycling F, not lactating F
| F are more stressed when receiving aggression
26
flanged orangutangs mating strategy
call and wait
27
unflanged orangutangs mating strategy
"sneaker" mating strategy
28
orangutangs general mating patterns
no estrus, low copulation rate, consortships do occur, F prefer flanged M
29
humans unique life histories
only primate with a post-reproductive period
30
what is a juvenile?
weaned, sexually immature, independant locomotion, able to survive if caregiver dies, not full size
31
why is there a prolonged dev'tal period in primates?
growth rate, need to learn, ecological risk
32
when to start reproducing? (charnov model)
wait too long, you could die before you pass on genome (extrinsic mortality). when chances of dying are high, NS favours early reproduction
33
advantage of waiting to reproduce
being larger is advantageous, improves offspring survival and # of offspring
34
lifespans: arboreal vs terrestrial
arboreal tend to live longer than terrestrial
35
ecological risk hypothesis
intragroup comp. is particularly hard on immatures, so slow and steady growth/ dev't wins the race
36
4 predictions of ecological risk hypothesis
1: juveniles should have lower foraging strategy than adults
2: juveniles should suffer higher mortality from starvation than adults
3: juveniles should suffer more predation
4: juveniles of species w reliable foods should grow faster than those w unreliable food sources
37
growth/dev't rate and diet
folivores grow faster than frugivores (reliance of food supply)
38
Need-to-learn hypothesis
social complexity takes a long time to learn
39
types of social play
predominantly rough and tumble, wrestling, chasing, tag
40
functions of social play: motor training hyp
| gorilla
M RS depends on size and fighting ability, M need more motor training than F
P1: M play more than F
P2: M play more w M than with F
41
functions of social play: social relationships hyp
| gorilla
only have MF bonds
| P1: F play more with M than with F
42
sex differences in play
parenting play by F, M play more than F (M is rougher play)
43
chimpanzee parenting play
use sticks as "dolls"
44
more play=
| chimps
= reach dev'tal milestones sooner
45
alloparenting benefits
juvenile survival is higher, shorter IBIs in mothers
46
who are the alloparents?
mostly juvenile F (more successful first time births later on)
47
non-conceptive sex in chimps and bonobos
Chimps: infant M intromit with F
Bonobo: juvenile M mount F and other M
48
learning foraging skills: chimps, capuchins, orangutangs
Chimps: termite fishing
WF capuchins: caterpillars, clams
orangutangs: neesia fruit
49
capuchins and foraging (sex diff.)
juveniles match the foraging behaviour of same sex adults
50
chimps: termite fishing
F watch and copy mother carefully, M play around and don't pay attention
51
vervet monkeys and learning predator response
kids learn from watch adults' antipredator behaviour
52
assamese macaques growth
locomotor play trades off w growth (more play=less rest, no affects on feeding)
53
sex differences in growth
M grow slower than F, but keep growing
54
what is a circadian rhythm
24 hour internal clock
55
what does biological clock do
helps regulate all bodily processes including circadian rhythms
56
relationship b/w biological clock and circadian rhythm
circadian is an effect of bio clock, but not all bio clocks are circadian
57
what do circadian rhythms do
coordinate mental and physical systems, digestive system, endocrine system and DNA processes
58
where is the master clock in the brain
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus
59
importance of aligned circadian rhythms
circadian rhythms can promote consistent and restorative sleep when properly aligned, when misaligned it can cause long term sleep problems
60
definition of sleep
physiological state of immobility marked by the absence of wakefulness, reduced consciousness and changes in brain activity
61
sleep quality and predation
high predation risk, increase polyphasic sleep, decrease in REM= decreased sleep quality
62
monophasic vs polyphasic sleep
monophasic: single bout of consolidated sleep in 24h
polyphasic: short bouts of sleep in 24h
63
monophasic sleep stages
REM: highest brain activity (dreaming)
| Non REM: dreamless
64
env't variables influencing sleep
ressource availability, ambient temp., humidity, light env't
65
mono/polyphasic sleep as derived traits
monophasic is said to be derived to improve efficiency against env'tal pressures (still debated)
66
cathemeral primates display which kind of sleep
polyphasic
67
nocturnal vs diurnal sleep patterns
nocturnal sleep longer than diurnals
68
3 "marathon sleepers"
mouse lemurs, cotton-top tamarins, owl monkeys
69
sleep ecology
animal's sleeping site has direct influence on sleep duration and quality
70
slow loris: light env't
anticipated sunrise and sunset
71
slow loris: naps
in the middle of the night (suggesting sleep pressure)
72
what is the brain for
sensing, processing, behaving in response to your env't
73
5 measures of behavioural flexibility
innovation, social learning, tool use, extractive foraging, tactical deception
74
primate performance on cognitive tasks
apes are the highest, prosimians are the lowest
75
A-not-B task
previously rewarded location
76
cylinder task
reach around clear cylinder
77
brain size evolution
evolved independently several times
78
absolute vs relative brain size
absolute: weight
relative: size relative to body
79
neurons and intelligence
primates have way more neurons than other mammals
80
primate advantages (brain)
more cerebral cortex for total brain mass, more cortical neurons
81
social explanations for brain size
increased social complexity selects for larger brains
82
predictions for social explanations (brain size + groups)
positive relationship b/w brain size and
1. group size
2. # of close rel'tships
3. importance of coalitions
83
social brain hypothesis (brain + sociality)
neocortex size correlates w social group size, and # of grooming partners
84
ecological brain hypothesis (foraging)
```
some types of foraging are more cognitively demanding than others
predicts positive relationship w:
1. % fruit
2. range size
3. % extractive foraging
```
85
brain size and diet
frugivores have bigger brains than folivores
86
constraints of a large brain (2 hyp.)
1. big brained species have accelerated metabolism
| 2. energetic tradeoff w other expensive tissues like the gut
87
cumulative cultural evolution (CCE)
adaptive modifications accumulate over evolutionary time, leading to incremental improvement of material and symbolic artifacts
88
ecological behaviour examples in chimps (food)
termite fishing
89
cultural behaviour examples in chimps
nut cracking, high arm grooming, palm-palm contact
90
first primate known to obtain food with tools?
capuchin
91
definition of teaching
active involvement of experienced individuals in facilitating the learning of the young
92
only wild animal where teaching is convincingly shown
meerkats
93
social facilitation
activity of others indirectly increases the chances individuals will learn behaviours (stimulus enhancement)
94
observational learning
learning to perform behaviours by watching others (imitation)
95
is there evidence of teaching in primates
no
96
2/3 of all primates live in which 4 countries?
brazil, madagascar, indonesia, democratic republic of congo
97
predispositions to extinction
high tropic level, low pop. density, slow life history, small geographic range (50% of extinction risk)
98
epizoochory
carrying seed on fur
99
primary threats to primates
agriculture, logging, hunting, farming
100
secondary threats to primates
roads, pollution, oil&gas mining, civil unrest, climate change
101
effects of oil palm fields
support way less species (ecosystems are disrupted)
102
crop raiding
primates rely on crops as food source during deforestation, get killed by farmers
103
snare injuries
if injured early in life they can recover, can be lethal later in life
104
ardipithecus ramidus
ethiopia, 4.4mya, arboreal and terrestrial bipedalism, chimp sized brain
105
australopithecus afarensis
ethiopia, 3.5mya, human from waist down, ape from waist up, sexually dimorphic
106
emergence of modern humans
300kya
107
what makes humans human?
evolution of fundamentally prosocial behaviour
108
reactive vs proactive aggression
reactive: often in response to fear or contest, and target easily switched
proactive: Pre-planned according to desire and targeted
109
human evolution and R/P aggression
reactive has gone down, proactive has gone up
110
domestication syndrome results
selected: less aggresion, less response to fear
unselected: smaller brains, smaller teeth
111
unselected result in bonobos
less sexual dimorphism, paedomorphism (later retention of juvenile behaviours)
112
hunting and gathering
egalitarianism, central place foraging (bring food back to share)
