midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
2 assumptions of ANTH
A
humans have traits from NHP, and NHP are our closest relatives
2
Q
characteristics of primates
A
large brain relative to body, enhanced visual systems, reduced reliance on olfaction, grasping extremities, slow life histories
3
Q
first person to categorize humans and primates together
A
Carl von Linné in 1735 in binomial nomenclenture
4
Q
who is genetically closer to humans? Chimps or Bonobos?
A
Equal!
5
Q
describe LCA of primates
A
6-9mya, knucke-walking, chimp-sized, ape-sized brain, black hair, ate fruit and leaves
6
Q
Derived vs. Ancestral
A
derived: came after LCA
ancestral: came from LCA
7
Q
homology vs. homoplasy
A
homology: traits shared due to common ancestry
homoplasy: traist shared due to convergent evolution
8
Q
3 girls and their studies
A
Jane Goodall, chimps
Diane Fossey, gorillas
Birute Gidalkas, orangutans
9
Q
higher sexual dimorphism means what in terms of mating?
A
more competition (in mating)
10
Q
relationships in chimps
A
party association, 5m index and grooming are all higher among M-M, then M-F, then F-F. (F-M is higher during estrus)
11
Q
adaptive radiation
A
evolutionary process by which a species diversifies due to occupation of diff. ecological niches (leads to speciation)
12
Q
primate origins
A
Pleisidapiforms: archaic primates 65mya in paleocene, shared grasping digits and nails, are not LCA but a sister to LCA
13
Q
2 contenders for primate origins
A
tree shrew (scadentia) and flying lemur (dermoptera)
14
Q
locomotive characterstics in primates
A
pentadactyly, generalized limbs, grasping hands and feet, nails instead of claws, fingerprints and prehensility
15
Q
which primate has re-evolved claws
A
callitrichids (cercopithecine)
16
Q
5 ways of locomotion
A
suspensory, arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism, vertical swinging, knuckle-walking
17
Q
implications of large brains
A
high post natal care, high reliance on social learning
18
Q
dental adaptations
A
heterodonts, 32-36 teeth, generalized due to omnivory, NWM have 3 premolars
19
Q
what happened during Eocene
A
rainforests moved to higher latitudes
20
Q
3 primate origin hypotheses
A
- arboreal hypothesis (traits come from life in the trees)
- visual predation (predators have stereoscopic vision)
- Angiosperm co-evolution (fruit plant)
21
Q
Oligocene
A
35mya
22
Q
strepsirrhines include
A
lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, pottos
23
Q
strep characteristics
A
long muzzle, wet nose, production of vitamin c, tooth comb, 2 part mandible, no bony orbits, grooming claw on 2nd toe, tapetum lucidum, no color vision
24
Q
lorises are…
A
nocturnal, solitary, arboreal, eat fruit gum and insects, <2kg
25
Haplorhines include
tarsiers, NWM, OWM, apes
26
haplorhine characteristics
diverge from streps 63mya, no vitamin c production, no night eyes, complete bony orbit, dry noses, larger brains
27
tarsiers
nocturnal, solitary/pair bonded/groups, arboreal, eat insects and small vertebrates
28
anthropoid characteristics
reduced muzzle, fused jaw, nails on all digits
29
Anthropoids include
NWM, OWM, apes
30
Platyrrhine characteristics
NWM, wide nostrils, some w prehensile tail, 3 premolars, all arboreal, diurnal (except owl monkey)
31
small bodied platyrrhines
marmosets and tamarins... pair bonded, polyandrous, eat gum
32
large bodied platyrrhines (society and diet)
multi M multi F societies, or OMU, frugivores and folivores
33
5 species of platyrrhines
cebidae (capuchins), pithecidae, atelidae (spider monkey), caliitrichidae, aotidae (owl monkey)
34
catarhine characteristics
OWM, apes... 2 premolars, butt pads (ischial callosites), all diurnal
35
Cercopithecoidea, characteristics and 2 types
arboreal/terrestrial, gregarious, diurnal
cercopithecines: cheek pouches, F philopatry and strong FF bonds
colobines: sacculated stomachs, reduced/absent thumbs
36
phylogeny order of apes
Gibbons (+siamangs), Orangutang, Gorilla, Chimp, Bonobo, Human
37
hominoidea characteristics (sociality, diet, activity)
apes: mostly gregarious (except orang), mostly frugivores (except gorillas), diurnal
38
comparison of body of apes and OWM
apes have shoulder blade on back, broad/shallow ribcage, clavicle pointing back
OWM have scapula on side, narrow/deep ribcage and clavicle pointing down
39
first to conduct field studies
Kinji Imanshi 1958 on gorillas
40
Lamarck theory of evolution
traits evolve over a lifetime
41
4 conditions of NS
Competition, Variance, Reproduction, Inheritance
42
3 types of fitness
direct: direct genome given to offspring
indirect: genome to next gen through kin
inclusive: a + b
43
genetic drift
random fluctuation of allele frequencies
44
pop. bottleneck
event causing gene pool of a species to be reduced (founder effect)
45
phenotypic plasticity
ability of one genotype to produce multiple phenotypes in diff. environments
46
Timbergen's 4 questions
1. adaptive value
2. evolutionary history
3. causation
4. development
47
what is infanticide
aggression directed at infants of F that make her more likely to mate w aggressor and not w other M
48
results of infanticide
rapid IBIs, usually done by immigrant males (who are sure they are not the father)
49
bruce effect
mothers ability to terminate a pregnancy in response to infanticide threats
50
interselection vs intraselection of mates
inter: choice of mate
intra: competition for mate
51
batemans' principle
high variance in RS in males
52
which sociality group lessens infanticide threat?
Multi M multi F groups, paternal confusion
53
Orangutangs
```
sexual dimorp.: high (F 40kg, M 100kg)
living: Sumatra and Borneo (tropical asian forests)
A or T: Arboreal
social: solitary
flanged and unflanged
```
54
Gorillas
```
sexual dimorph.: high (F 100kg, M 200kg)
living: african lowlands and montane forests
A or T: Terrestrial
social: OMU
largest primate
some infanticide
```
55
Bonobos (pan paniscus)
```
sexual dimorph: moderate
living: africa
A or T: terrestrial
social: large groups
juvenile, play, no aggression
```
56
Chimps
```
sexual dimorph: moderate
living: africa lowlands and woodlands
A or T: both
social: fission-fusion communities
Pant- Hoot
```
57
chimp diet
```
>60% fruit, leaves, meat, flowers, insects
preferred foods (non-figs) vs. fallback foods
```
58
link b/w sociality and food in chimps
more food = larger groups
59
F relations in chimps
disperse at adolescence, utilize core areas, relatively solitary. some FF alliances but competition for core areas
60
F chimps: reproductive ranking
RS is correlated w rank, high rank F show greater fidelity to core areas, better core areas means shorter IBIs and higher infant survival. The lower the age of daughters first sexual swelling, higher the moms rank
61
sexual swelling (SS) in chimps
SS 10-12 days of 35 day cycle, mate w many M
62
M strategies in chimps
philopatric, encompass core areas, cooperate to defend/attack
63
M social bonds in chimps
grooming, patrolling, association, food sharing and coalitions
64
dominance in chimps
endless competition for M chimps, high rank = more offspring, consortships
65
comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: party size
C: fission-fusion
B: larger and more stable
66
comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: dominance
C: M
B: F
67
comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: strongest bonds
C: MM
B: FF
68
comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: within and b/w group aggression
C: high
B: low
69
comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: hunting
C: yes
B: no
70
comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: sexual receptivity by F
C: only sexually receptive after weaning a baby
B: ready to mate in infertile and fertile parts of life cycle
71
role of F bonobos
older F determine group mvmt, coalitions against M, sexual receptivity puts less pressure on M (less competition), mothers really help son's RS
72
how does F chimps sexual receptivity affect M?
rarely receptive, creating intense competition for M (contributing to sexual dimorphism)
73
Chimp ranking system
F ranks increase with age, stable and consistent (not in M)
74
killer ape theory
war and aggression as driving force in human evolution
75
hunting hypothesis
hunting as a driving force in human evolution leading to M provisioning and nuclear families
76
Baboons: category, diet, philopatry, living, infanticide?
belong to cercopithecoidea, no infanticide, savanna-dwelling, omnivorous, F philopatry and strong FF bonds
77
phylogeny of cercopithecoidea
drills + mandrills, gelada, chacma baboon, yellow baboon, guinea baboon, hamadryas baboon, olive baboon
CYGHO
78
are drills/ madrills/ geladas baboons?
NO
79
mandrills characteristics
fruit-motivated omnivore, F groups w M influxes during breeding season. M coloration on cheeks is a symbol of rank and testosterone
80
drills characteristics
fruit-motivated omnivore, MM-MF or OMU,
81
gelada characteristics
F philopatric, multi tier social structure, OMU, long M tenure
82
Baboon characteristics (Papio): sociality, diet, N or D, A or T, SS?
show SS, stable groups, diurnal, terrestrial, generalized diet
83
who is the best observed primate?
Baboons!
84
F relations in Baboons
core of the group, philopatric, kin clusters, coalitionary support based on kin and rank
85
F baboon reproduction and rank system
youngest ascendancy (youngest daughter gets higher reproductive value/rank), daughters rank one below mom, high rank= better eating and higher RS
86
F-M relationships in baboons
consortships, friendships (F benefit: protection and baby-sitting, M benefit: paternity and agonistic buffers)
87
M-M relationships in baboons (rank)
rank predicts RS, new immigrants= highest rank, frequent coalition partners
88
strongest bonds in baboons
FF
89
intergroup interactions in baboons
xenophobia, no friendly mixing
90
hamadryas baboon
omnivore, not philopatric, OMU, arid habitiat, some infanticide
91
who is philopatric in baboons
F
92
who is philopatric in capuchins
F
93
who is philopatric in chimps
M
94
who has the largest relative brain size in NWM
capuchins
95
capuchin name meaning
catholic monks who wear brown robes
96
Gracile/robust split in capucins
6-7mya
97
where do capuchins live?
central and south america
98
capuchin sexual dimorph.
3-4kg, M are 25-30% bigger than F
99
dominance in capuchins
M
100
capuchin diet
fruit, leaves, insects (destructive foragers)
101
sociality of capuchins
stable groups varying from 7-36
102
reproduction in capuchins
no visible SS, births all year round (5.5m gestation w seasonal peak), IBI 2yrs
103
unusual behavior of capuchins
overlording, picking noses, allonursing, sex to communicate
104
F relations in capuchin
stable partner preferences, stable dominance hierarchy, daughters inherit rank, more grooming among FF
105
benefit of allonursing
increased inclusive fitness
106
F-M relations in capuchins
cooperation b/w alpha F and alpha M. no competition for mates
107
alpha M in capuchines
most socially integrated and gets support from alpha F, prevents coalitions b/w other M while making them too. sires 50% of offspring
108
M-M relations in capuchins
no other dominance relationships other than alpha M, alpha M does urine rubbing and branch shaking. all M cooperate in defense, games and sexual interactions
109
intergroup interactions in capuchins
always aggressive and dangerous, MM are primary participants. infanticide may occur if male takeover is aggressive not peaceful
110
dispersal of capuchins
F transfer: avoid infanticide (occasional)
| M: multiple transfers per lifetime, to avoid takeovers. parallel migration to get support in new group
111
lemurs are...
nocturnal & diurnal, both arboreal and terrestrial, mainly frugivores, solitary & gregarious
112
where can lemurs be found
Madagascar
113
existing lemurs
5 families, 15 genera, 100 species (extinct: 3 families, 8 genera, 17 species)
114
explanation for lemurs' diversity
isolation, diverse habitat, reduced predation
115
dominance in lemurs
F
116
lemurs unique behavior
targeted FF aggression, no sexual dimorph, strict seasonal breeding, cathamerality, high infant mortality (not due to infanticide)
117
2 lemur hypotheses
unpredictable seasonality results in adaptation for seasonal energy storage and temp regulation, extinction of diurnal predators results in cathamerality
118
Lemuroidea
Aye-Aye, Sifaka/Indri, Sportive lemurs, Dwarf lemurs, lemurs
119
Aye-Aye
2.5kg, eats insects and hard foods, solitary, nocturnal
120
sifaka/indri
1-7kg, mostly arboreal, folivores, diurnal, variable sociality
121
sportive lemurs
0.5-1kg, folivores, solitary, nocturnal, slow metabolism
122
dwarf lemurs
smallest primate, 30-400g, solitary, nocturnal, frugivores and insects
123
lemurs: diet, activity, weight
900-3.5kg, frugivores, omnivores, bamboo specialists, all diurnal
124
Ring tailed lemurs: sociality, diet, activity
Multi M multi F, omnivores, diurnal
125
Ring tailed lemurs: who is philopatric?
F
126
Ring tailed lemurs: FF bonds
matriline dominance, no reconciliation/ coalitions, dominant F determines group mvmt
127
Ring tailed lemurs: MM bonds
few short term coalitions, parallel migration, intense scramble competition and stink fights
128
Ring tailed lemurs: M-F bonds
some consortships, no sexual dimorphism, sperm plugs
129
Ring tailed lemurs: F reproduction
no visible SS, synchronized estrus in May (6-24hrs a year) highly seasonal reproduction based on climate and food availability
130
Ring tailed lemurs infanticide
doesnt fit sexual selection theory
131
list all categories of OWM
cercopithcines, catarhines, anthropoids, haplorhines
132
who is in prosimians?
lemurs/lorises and tarsiers
133
list all categories of NWM
platyrrhines, anthropoids, haplorhines
134
IBI of chimps
5-6 years
135
do chimps cycle when weaning a baby?
no
