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anth 311 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 assumptions of ANTH

A

humans have traits from NHP, and NHP are our closest relatives

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2
Q

characteristics of primates

A

large brain relative to body, enhanced visual systems, reduced reliance on olfaction, grasping extremities, slow life histories

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3
Q

first person to categorize humans and primates together

A

Carl von Linné in 1735 in binomial nomenclenture

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4
Q

who is genetically closer to humans? Chimps or Bonobos?

A

Equal!

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5
Q

describe LCA of primates

A

6-9mya, knucke-walking, chimp-sized, ape-sized brain, black hair, ate fruit and leaves

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6
Q

Derived vs. Ancestral

A

derived: came after LCA
ancestral: came from LCA

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7
Q

homology vs. homoplasy

A

homology: traits shared due to common ancestry
homoplasy: traist shared due to convergent evolution

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8
Q

3 girls and their studies

A

Jane Goodall, chimps
Diane Fossey, gorillas
Birute Gidalkas, orangutans

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9
Q

higher sexual dimorphism means what in terms of mating?

A

more competition (in mating)

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10
Q

relationships in chimps

A

party association, 5m index and grooming are all higher among M-M, then M-F, then F-F. (F-M is higher during estrus)

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11
Q

adaptive radiation

A

evolutionary process by which a species diversifies due to occupation of diff. ecological niches (leads to speciation)

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12
Q

primate origins

A

Pleisidapiforms: archaic primates 65mya in paleocene, shared grasping digits and nails, are not LCA but a sister to LCA

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13
Q

2 contenders for primate origins

A

tree shrew (scadentia) and flying lemur (dermoptera)

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14
Q

locomotive characterstics in primates

A

pentadactyly, generalized limbs, grasping hands and feet, nails instead of claws, fingerprints and prehensility

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15
Q

which primate has re-evolved claws

A

callitrichids (cercopithecine)

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16
Q

5 ways of locomotion

A

suspensory, arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism, vertical swinging, knuckle-walking

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17
Q

implications of large brains

A

high post natal care, high reliance on social learning

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18
Q

dental adaptations

A

heterodonts, 32-36 teeth, generalized due to omnivory, NWM have 3 premolars

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19
Q

what happened during Eocene

A

rainforests moved to higher latitudes

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20
Q

3 primate origin hypotheses

A
  1. arboreal hypothesis (traits come from life in the trees)
  2. visual predation (predators have stereoscopic vision)
  3. Angiosperm co-evolution (fruit plant)
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21
Q

Oligocene

A

35mya

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22
Q

strepsirrhines include

A

lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, pottos

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23
Q

strep characteristics

A

long muzzle, wet nose, production of vitamin c, tooth comb, 2 part mandible, no bony orbits, grooming claw on 2nd toe, tapetum lucidum, no color vision

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24
Q

lorises are…

A

nocturnal, solitary, arboreal, eat fruit gum and insects, <2kg

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25
Q

Haplorhines include

A

tarsiers, NWM, OWM, apes

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26
Q

haplorhine characteristics

A

diverge from streps 63mya, no vitamin c production, no night eyes, complete bony orbit, dry noses, larger brains

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27
Q

tarsiers

A

nocturnal, solitary/pair bonded/groups, arboreal, eat insects and small vertebrates

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28
Q

anthropoid characteristics

A

reduced muzzle, fused jaw, nails on all digits

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29
Q

Anthropoids include

A

NWM, OWM, apes

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30
Q

Platyrrhine characteristics

A

NWM, wide nostrils, some w prehensile tail, 3 premolars, all arboreal, diurnal (except owl monkey)

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31
Q

small bodied platyrrhines

A

marmosets and tamarins… pair bonded, polyandrous, eat gum

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32
Q

large bodied platyrrhines (society and diet)

A

multi M multi F societies, or OMU, frugivores and folivores

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33
Q

5 species of platyrrhines

A

cebidae (capuchins), pithecidae, atelidae (spider monkey), caliitrichidae, aotidae (owl monkey)

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34
Q

catarhine characteristics

A

OWM, apes… 2 premolars, butt pads (ischial callosites), all diurnal

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35
Q

Cercopithecoidea, characteristics and 2 types

A

arboreal/terrestrial, gregarious, diurnal

cercopithecines: cheek pouches, F philopatry and strong FF bonds
colobines: sacculated stomachs, reduced/absent thumbs

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36
Q

phylogeny order of apes

A

Gibbons (+siamangs), Orangutang, Gorilla, Chimp, Bonobo, Human

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37
Q

hominoidea characteristics (sociality, diet, activity)

A

apes: mostly gregarious (except orang), mostly frugivores (except gorillas), diurnal

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38
Q

comparison of body of apes and OWM

A

apes have shoulder blade on back, broad/shallow ribcage, clavicle pointing back
OWM have scapula on side, narrow/deep ribcage and clavicle pointing down

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39
Q

first to conduct field studies

A

Kinji Imanshi 1958 on gorillas

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40
Q

Lamarck theory of evolution

A

traits evolve over a lifetime

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41
Q

4 conditions of NS

A

Competition, Variance, Reproduction, Inheritance

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42
Q

3 types of fitness

A

direct: direct genome given to offspring
indirect: genome to next gen through kin
inclusive: a + b

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43
Q

genetic drift

A

random fluctuation of allele frequencies

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44
Q

pop. bottleneck

A

event causing gene pool of a species to be reduced (founder effect)

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45
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

ability of one genotype to produce multiple phenotypes in diff. environments

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46
Q

Timbergen’s 4 questions

A
  1. adaptive value
  2. evolutionary history
  3. causation
  4. development
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47
Q

what is infanticide

A

aggression directed at infants of F that make her more likely to mate w aggressor and not w other M

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48
Q

results of infanticide

A

rapid IBIs, usually done by immigrant males (who are sure they are not the father)

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49
Q

bruce effect

A

mothers ability to terminate a pregnancy in response to infanticide threats

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50
Q

interselection vs intraselection of mates

A

inter: choice of mate
intra: competition for mate

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51
Q

batemans’ principle

A

high variance in RS in males

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52
Q

which sociality group lessens infanticide threat?

A

Multi M multi F groups, paternal confusion

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53
Q

Orangutangs

A 
sexual dimorp.: high (F 40kg, M 100kg)
living: Sumatra and Borneo (tropical asian forests)
A or T: Arboreal
social: solitary
flanged and unflanged
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54
Q

Gorillas

A 
sexual dimorph.: high (F 100kg, M 200kg)
living: african lowlands and montane forests
A or T: Terrestrial
social: OMU
largest primate
some infanticide
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55
Q

Bonobos (pan paniscus)

A 
sexual dimorph: moderate
living: africa
A or T: terrestrial
social: large groups
juvenile, play, no aggression
56
Q

Chimps

A 
sexual dimorph: moderate
living: africa lowlands and woodlands
A or T: both
social: fission-fusion communities
Pant- Hoot
57
Q

chimp diet

A 
>60% fruit, leaves, meat, flowers, insects
preferred foods (non-figs) vs. fallback foods
58
Q

link b/w sociality and food in chimps

A

more food = larger groups

59
Q

F relations in chimps

A

disperse at adolescence, utilize core areas, relatively solitary. some FF alliances but competition for core areas

60
Q

F chimps: reproductive ranking

A

RS is correlated w rank, high rank F show greater fidelity to core areas, better core areas means shorter IBIs and higher infant survival. The lower the age of daughters first sexual swelling, higher the moms rank

61
Q

sexual swelling (SS) in chimps

A

SS 10-12 days of 35 day cycle, mate w many M

62
Q

M strategies in chimps

A

philopatric, encompass core areas, cooperate to defend/attack

63
Q

M social bonds in chimps

A

grooming, patrolling, association, food sharing and coalitions

64
Q

dominance in chimps

A

endless competition for M chimps, high rank = more offspring, consortships

65
Q

comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: party size

A

C: fission-fusion
B: larger and more stable

66
Q

comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: dominance

A

C: M
B: F

67
Q

comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: strongest bonds

A

C: MM
B: FF

68
Q

comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: within and b/w group aggression

A

C: high
B: low

69
Q

comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: hunting

A

C: yes
B: no

70
Q

comparison b/w chimps and bonobos: sexual receptivity by F

A

C: only sexually receptive after weaning a baby
B: ready to mate in infertile and fertile parts of life cycle

71
Q

role of F bonobos

A

older F determine group mvmt, coalitions against M, sexual receptivity puts less pressure on M (less competition), mothers really help son’s RS

72
Q

how does F chimps sexual receptivity affect M?

A

rarely receptive, creating intense competition for M (contributing to sexual dimorphism)

73
Q

Chimp ranking system

A

F ranks increase with age, stable and consistent (not in M)

74
Q

killer ape theory

A

war and aggression as driving force in human evolution

75
Q

hunting hypothesis

A

hunting as a driving force in human evolution leading to M provisioning and nuclear families

76
Q

Baboons: category, diet, philopatry, living, infanticide?

A

belong to cercopithecoidea, no infanticide, savanna-dwelling, omnivorous, F philopatry and strong FF bonds

77
Q

phylogeny of cercopithecoidea

A

drills + mandrills, gelada, chacma baboon, yellow baboon, guinea baboon, hamadryas baboon, olive baboon
CYGHO

78
Q

are drills/ madrills/ geladas baboons?

A

NO

79
Q

mandrills characteristics

A

fruit-motivated omnivore, F groups w M influxes during breeding season. M coloration on cheeks is a symbol of rank and testosterone

80
Q

drills characteristics

A

fruit-motivated omnivore, MM-MF or OMU,

81
Q

gelada characteristics

A

F philopatric, multi tier social structure, OMU, long M tenure

82
Q

Baboon characteristics (Papio): sociality, diet, N or D, A or T, SS?

A

show SS, stable groups, diurnal, terrestrial, generalized diet

83
Q

who is the best observed primate?

A

Baboons!

84
Q

F relations in Baboons

A

core of the group, philopatric, kin clusters, coalitionary support based on kin and rank

85
Q

F baboon reproduction and rank system

A

youngest ascendancy (youngest daughter gets higher reproductive value/rank), daughters rank one below mom, high rank= better eating and higher RS

86
Q

F-M relationships in baboons

A

consortships, friendships (F benefit: protection and baby-sitting, M benefit: paternity and agonistic buffers)

87
Q

M-M relationships in baboons (rank)

A

rank predicts RS, new immigrants= highest rank, frequent coalition partners

88
Q

strongest bonds in baboons

A

FF

89
Q

intergroup interactions in baboons

A

xenophobia, no friendly mixing

90
Q

hamadryas baboon

A

omnivore, not philopatric, OMU, arid habitiat, some infanticide

91
Q

who is philopatric in baboons

A

F

92
Q

who is philopatric in capuchins

A

F

93
Q

who is philopatric in chimps

A

M

94
Q

who has the largest relative brain size in NWM

A

capuchins

95
Q

capuchin name meaning

A

catholic monks who wear brown robes

96
Q

Gracile/robust split in capucins

A

6-7mya

97
Q

where do capuchins live?

A

central and south america

98
Q

capuchin sexual dimorph.

A

3-4kg, M are 25-30% bigger than F

99
Q

dominance in capuchins

A

M

100
Q

capuchin diet

A

fruit, leaves, insects (destructive foragers)

101
Q

sociality of capuchins

A

stable groups varying from 7-36

102
Q

reproduction in capuchins

A

no visible SS, births all year round (5.5m gestation w seasonal peak), IBI 2yrs

103
Q

unusual behavior of capuchins

A

overlording, picking noses, allonursing, sex to communicate

104
Q

F relations in capuchin

A

stable partner preferences, stable dominance hierarchy, daughters inherit rank, more grooming among FF

105
Q

benefit of allonursing

A

increased inclusive fitness

106
Q

F-M relations in capuchins

A

cooperation b/w alpha F and alpha M. no competition for mates

107
Q

alpha M in capuchines

A

most socially integrated and gets support from alpha F, prevents coalitions b/w other M while making them too. sires 50% of offspring

108
Q

M-M relations in capuchins

A

no other dominance relationships other than alpha M, alpha M does urine rubbing and branch shaking. all M cooperate in defense, games and sexual interactions

109
Q

intergroup interactions in capuchins

A

always aggressive and dangerous, MM are primary participants. infanticide may occur if male takeover is aggressive not peaceful

110
Q

dispersal of capuchins

A

F transfer: avoid infanticide (occasional)

M: multiple transfers per lifetime, to avoid takeovers. parallel migration to get support in new group

111
Q

lemurs are…

A

nocturnal & diurnal, both arboreal and terrestrial, mainly frugivores, solitary & gregarious

112
Q

where can lemurs be found

A

Madagascar

113
Q

existing lemurs

A

5 families, 15 genera, 100 species (extinct: 3 families, 8 genera, 17 species)

114
Q

explanation for lemurs’ diversity

A

isolation, diverse habitat, reduced predation

115
Q

dominance in lemurs

A

F

116
Q

lemurs unique behavior

A

targeted FF aggression, no sexual dimorph, strict seasonal breeding, cathamerality, high infant mortality (not due to infanticide)

117
Q

2 lemur hypotheses

A

unpredictable seasonality results in adaptation for seasonal energy storage and temp regulation, extinction of diurnal predators results in cathamerality

118
Q

Lemuroidea

A

Aye-Aye, Sifaka/Indri, Sportive lemurs, Dwarf lemurs, lemurs

119
Q

Aye-Aye

A

2.5kg, eats insects and hard foods, solitary, nocturnal

120
Q

sifaka/indri

A

1-7kg, mostly arboreal, folivores, diurnal, variable sociality

121
Q

sportive lemurs

A

0.5-1kg, folivores, solitary, nocturnal, slow metabolism

122
Q

dwarf lemurs

A

smallest primate, 30-400g, solitary, nocturnal, frugivores and insects

123
Q

lemurs: diet, activity, weight

A

900-3.5kg, frugivores, omnivores, bamboo specialists, all diurnal

124
Q

Ring tailed lemurs: sociality, diet, activity

A

Multi M multi F, omnivores, diurnal

125
Q

Ring tailed lemurs: who is philopatric?

A

F

126
Q

Ring tailed lemurs: FF bonds

A

matriline dominance, no reconciliation/ coalitions, dominant F determines group mvmt

127
Q

Ring tailed lemurs: MM bonds

A

few short term coalitions, parallel migration, intense scramble competition and stink fights

128
Q

Ring tailed lemurs: M-F bonds

A

some consortships, no sexual dimorphism, sperm plugs

129
Q

Ring tailed lemurs: F reproduction

A

no visible SS, synchronized estrus in May (6-24hrs a year) highly seasonal reproduction based on climate and food availability

130
Q

Ring tailed lemurs infanticide

A

doesnt fit sexual selection theory

131
Q

list all categories of OWM

A

cercopithcines, catarhines, anthropoids, haplorhines

132
Q

who is in prosimians?

A

lemurs/lorises and tarsiers

133
Q

list all categories of NWM

A

platyrrhines, anthropoids, haplorhines

134
Q

IBI of chimps

A

5-6 years

135
Q

do chimps cycle when weaning a baby?

A

no

anth 311 (3 decks)

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