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pol 100 > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘Politics’

A

encompass human interactions aimed at making preserving and amending social rules. it is the “art of gov” or “what concerns the state”

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2
Q

2 facets of politics?

A
  1. members of poli comms have diff interests and values (the larger the comm, more likely to have diff interests/values)
  2. scarcity requires the distribution of material and non-material sources (money, rules for basic stnadard of living, scarcity means politics are somewhat necessary when taking traditional approach)
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3
Q

alternative visions of politics in terms of if conflict is inherent

A
  1. marxists argue that once capitalism is replaced, societies wont need politics or the state
  2. more optimistic visions focus on consensus and the sacred links between humans
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4
Q

Power and politics

A

power - ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not

other ways to exercise it

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5
Q

Webers types of authority

A

charismatic - now and in traditional societies. rulers didn’t have to use coercion bc charisma gained them legitimacy

traditional - royalty, commonwealth. conveyed by tradition, power passed on through tradition

legal rational- rules, constitutions ppl look to in terms of legitimacy. gives ruler ability to have power without coercion, just look to what is in writing

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6
Q

how do we study politics

A

normative - asks what ought to be. think about big picture and why we are asking these questions. shooting ideas around. example: “do states have moral obligation to accept refugees.”

empirical analysis - asks what is. what is going on in real world. “which factors are most important in determining the outcome of refugees hearings in canada?”

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7
Q

subfields of poli sci

A

political philosophy - asking what should be. classic and critical

comparative- traditional way. health care is common. compare across time to come up with arguments that hold true in some way or another. take objective and apply to big pic and vice versa

international relations - began after WW2. Interest in country to country relations. things that go on at global level

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8
Q

politics in global age

A

approach politics from domestic perspective while acknowledging interdependence when relevant

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9
Q

is it a science

A

depends on def of science

challenges
- humans are unpredictable and change minds

social science because it studies human interactions

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10
Q

what is political science

A

systematic study of politics - making of decisions that relate to the governing of a poli comm

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11
Q

3 faces of power

A

first face - ability to affect decisions. bargaining and negotiating among diff political actors

second face - ability to ensure that issues are not raised. control of the political agenda

third face - ability to affect the dominant ideas of society. assumes decisions will reflect the interests of the dominant groups bc of their ability to shape the ideas of the poli comm

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12
Q

fundamentalism

A

revival of strict religious beliefs seeking to promote the fundamental principles of the faith, including belief that sacred scriptures are the word of God and should be strictly followed

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13
Q

authority and legitimacy

A

authority - right to exercise power

legitimacy- acceptance by members of a political comm that those in position of authority have right to govern

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14
Q

common good and individualistic perspective

A

common good - what is good for entire poli comm

Individualist perspective: assume that human beings act primarily in accordance with their own interests

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15
Q

political ideology

A

provide ppl with necessary reference points for making sense of the world around them

frames the problem we want to correct and the projects we want to pursue

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16
Q

classic ideologies

A

liberalism, socialism, conservatism

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17
Q

liberalism origin

A

first political doctrine during a rising middle class challenging absolutist power and feudal privilege. prior to liberalism absoluteist rule (1 person exercised power without means of transferring it). people were born into certain type of society and that could not be changed. was argued against creating individualism

economic component took shape in early 19th century around the time industrial capitalism became dominant. extolled virtues of free market and protection of private property. private property was only thing liberalism can control

advocated rule of law

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18
Q

reform liberalism

A

‘modern’ came after WW2. promoting minimum gov intervention to help people meet basic needs. still respecting private property though. modern adaptation to how world evolved

gov regualtion

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19
Q

classical liberalism

A

accentuate individualism. (basically just reject reforms idea of minimum gov interference)

emphasizes limited gov and a free market

favour laissez-faire economic system where privately owned businesses, workers and consumers freely interact in marketplace without gov interference

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20
Q

liberalism

A

based on idea that we should have freedom to pursue what we want and not obliged to keep up with standards and norms

reason, individualism, freedoms, tolerance, rule of law, consent, equality

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21
Q

trudeu is not classic liberalist

A
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22
Q

neo-liberalism

A

based on strong belief in the free marketplace and opposition to gov intervention in the economy

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23
Q

why do political ideologies matter

A

A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used.

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24
Q

modern liberalism

A

supports government regulation on private industry, opposes corporate monopolies, and supports labor rights

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25
Q

will liberalism fail?

A

In western world - it is dominate and influences politics and the way we talk
- Liberalism is founded on faulty assumptions
○ Society is formed because we contracted to live power - history is actually more familial then liberalism is willing to admit
○ Use natural world as canvas for own desires - consume at will, master nature instead of work with it. Historically, people worked with nature instead of against it
Encourages these flexible bonds. No need to compromise, why should we see others pov

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26
Q

2 faulty assumptions of liberalism

A
  1. voluntary nature of societies
  2. human separation from nature
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27
Q

what are the big 3?

A

conservatism, liberalism, socialism

milestones such as Industrial revolution shaped contours of these

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28
Q

beginning of conservatism

A

after French Revolution due to acceleration of economic/political change

“conserve status quo” (traditions, structures of authority)

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29
Q

conservatism

A
  • tradition (look at past before make decision)
  • authority
  • human imperfection
  • property
  • hierarchy
  • pragmatism (humans are imperfect and hiearchies there for reason)
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30
Q

new right

A

new right - developed as counter-revolution to growth of the welfare state and ‘progressive’ social values
- combines the promotion of free-market capitalism and limited gov and traditional cultural and moral values
- promote free market ecom and protecting property right

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31
Q

social conservatism

A

advocates public policies based on traditional moral and religious values like opposition to abortion, gay marriage and pre-marital sex
View Bible as the literal truth

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32
Q

Neoliberals

A

an advocate or supporter of free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending.

new classic liberals

return to classic liberalims as solution to economic (and social) problems

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33
Q

neoconservatism

A
  • believe that the U.S. should take an active role in global affairs to spread democracy and counter threats, while also supporting free-market policies at home
  • morality and traditions and culture is now centre stage. Hierarchy is less emphasized and stronger emphasis on past and the morals that guide and protect from humanistic desires. Emphasis on nation is importing, idea that is meaning to nation beyond boundaries of the country
  • want to restore traditional values linked to family, religion and nation
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34
Q

welfare state

A

gov ensures that all people have a decent standard of living and are provided protection from hardships resulting from circumstances like unemployment, sickness, disability and old age

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35
Q

socialism

A
  • Undoing the idea of private property and creating economy that is shared and cultivated by all without recognizing that we can live and share resources and be better off
  • developed in reaction to rise of industrial capitalism
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36
Q

reformist tradition of socialism

A
  • labelled social democracy
  • reflects growing influence of the working class in capitalist ecnomies
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37
Q

revolutionary socialism

A

classical marxism and orthodox communism

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38
Q

classical marxism

A

capitalism will implode bc of its internal contradictions
- creates excess to top and bottom will think they very diff.

. Recognize they are actually similar and there will be a revolution to end capitlalsim.

39
Q

Orthodox communism

A

took ideas from Marx and take them over and implement them through coercion
- Paying wages that are equal for equal work
This has failed - didn’t translate very well for blueprint in human society

spread to eastern europe, china and beyond

40
Q

social democracy

A
  • balance between the market and state intervention
  • Believe capitalist economy can be reformed to ensure that it works for the common good - advocate greater social and economic equality to achieve a meaningful democracy
41
Q

senate bill 3

A

legislative against drag performances

“common-sense, child safety bill”

42
Q

how does populism relate to core ideologies

A

It emphasizes democracy by advocating for the inclusion of the common people’s voices but can undermine democratic norms if it prioritizes personal authority.

Populism often aligns with nationalism, advocating for national interests over global ones, and can adopt socialist principles by promoting wealth redistribution.

while populism can challenge liberal ideals by questioning established institutions.

43
Q

populism

A

divides society intro ‘people’ and ‘corrupt elite’

view elites as corrupt, pops argue that gov should reflect the general will of people
Favour direct democracy and recall elections that allow voters to recall legislative representatives

44
Q

right wing populism

A

people in ethnic terms

Attack those from diff ethnic group oe race than the majority group

Focus on cultural and identity issues than on social justice and economic equality issues

45
Q

left populism

A

people in socioeconomic class

46
Q

carbon tax case

A

Defining factor of populism in example
- Identify group of people as collective (commuters)
Not identifying individual concerns

Conservatives and carbon tax
- Using markets to mitigate carbon emissions
- Direct taxes vs cap and trade
○ Consumers have tax they must pay for carbon to emit (direct tax)
○ Cap and trade - not limit but individuals ca trade them freely. Pay someone for more admission credits
- Political ideology of decision-makers is one factor among many that influence outcomes
○ Beyond level of pollution and wealth in order for gov to decide
○ Hypothesis: more rightly goes, more likely to have market based approach for market taxing
○ Shift over time on how new right politician talks about carbon tax. Shows up ideology can shift
Does proving carbon along with the “new right” ideology?

47
Q

state

A

permanent, diverse, centralization of power (president), geographic entity enjoying sovereign

A state regulates its own population and stays the same whereas government changes every few years

ex. comissioner exercises control of RCMP under direction of the Minister of Public Safety

48
Q

sovereign state

A
  1. States claim to be of highest authority for their population
  2. States arent subject to any external authority, but expect to be able to act independently in the world

Make agreements with other states for various purposes but remain soverein because they can cancel them

49
Q

government

A

set of institutions that makes decisions and oversees the implementation on the behalf of the state for a particular period of time

50
Q

nation-states

A

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

sovereign states based on people living in a country who share a sense of being a member of a certain nation.

51
Q

nation

A

defined as a group of people who share a sense of common identity and who typically believe they should be self-governing within their homeland.

52
Q

nationalism

A

based on view that the nation-state is the best form of a political comm, a nation should have its own self-governing state, and that the interest, cultures and values of the nation should be promoted.

Inspired important political movements and actions

Some seek to expand boundaries and others seek independence to from their own nation-state or to achieve autonomy and degree of self-gov

53
Q

ethnic nationalism

A

views common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group as the proper basis for a nation-state.

Can result in harassment, discrimination and oppression of those who don’t share common characteristics of dominant group.

54
Q

civil nationalism

A

views shared political values and political history as the basis of a nation-state. Tend to be more inclusive, treats all permanent residents of a state as equal citizens regardless of characteristics

55
Q

citizenship

A

links us to state

is less important on ways of defining people (western)

legal status and instrument of nation-building

56
Q

how have i interacted with the state

A

school
passport office
drivers license

57
Q

state formation

A

under pressure of war, survival depended on establishment of military and economic capabilities

58
Q

tillys argument of state formation

A

“war made the state, and state made the war”

human attitude towards violence

get into groups, groups become bigger and begin to protect its borders

59
Q

how did state system consolidate

A

balance of power and costs of expansion

now have own standing armies and breaking/new formation is not rlly necessary

60
Q

balance of power

A

posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side.

61
Q

costs of expansion

A

its expensive to build new states so it is not as common

62
Q

attributes of states

A

enforce laws/regulations

document population and control the border

taxation rules, collection processes

widespred legitimacy

separation of public offices from office holders

63
Q

state capacity

A

ability of governments to effectively implement their policies and achieve their goals.

must sustainably raise sufficient resources, usually by collecting taxes; hire skilled and impartial security forces and public servants; and gather accurate information about their populations, among other things.

64
Q

nightwatchman state

A

maintain order, enforce contacts and protect against external threats

65
Q

developmental state

A

exercise power to pursue economic developmentso

66
Q

social democratic state

A

intervene in economy to promote equality and social justice

67
Q

GDP allows to compare money spent on social programs

A

Gross domestic product

68
Q

jus soli and jus sanguinis

A

jus soli - cit awarded through birth
- popular in Canada

jus sanguini - been linked to different understandings of national identity
- linked by parents
- popular in Japan

69
Q

naturalization

A

the admittance of a foreigner to the citizenship of a country.

this law changes the most depending on the political debates

70
Q

nation-building

A

project to construct or rebuild a nation-state and its underlying institutions and sense of community

71
Q

importance of state defining who is a citizen

A

gives citizens right to participate - right to vote, healthcare and education

state knows their population

72
Q

citizenship tests

A

example of earned citizenship

let applicants learn about new home

think of elements from your crit review

73
Q

how are nations different than states

A

A nation is a group of people with a common language, history, culture, and (usually) geographic territory. A state is an association of people characterized by formal institutions of government, including laws; permanent territorial boundaries; and sovereignty (political independence)

74
Q

ethnic groups

A

population made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent.

can be nations but don’t have collective political aspirations

75
Q

cultural perspective of a nation

A

each nation is a natural extension of pre-existing human societies

nations are extended ethnic group

out dated

76
Q

modernization

A

argues that nations- and the ideology of nationalism - developed to meet the needs of industrializing societies

happens naturally

create nation out of necessity

77
Q

instrumental

A

nations constructed as a result of elite manipulation

national identity to control population

78
Q

discursive

A

national identities evolve through state-society interactions

putting flad up at citizenship ceremonies

people who heavily support nations is what makes nation strong

79
Q

patriotism vs nationalism

A

P is passion for state

N is collective comm and reason why it deserves self-governance

80
Q

liberal (civic) nationalism

A

melding of self-determination and universalism

We are a nation but it doesn’t mean that it is better or stronger then other ones. Lets make it so people can join if they want to. Still boundaries but not exclusionary. Post world war 2 era

81
Q

anti-colonial

A

influenced by liberal nationalism but with less emphasis on individualism and more on economic and social solidarity

opposed to colonial rule of one country by another

Frame who we ‘arent’ - India remained states because of strong nationalism and movements that there was not 1 language to bond on to throw off change of colonizer . See people going to smaller ethnicities want more sovereignty

82
Q

expansionist

A

superiority and/or entitlement

Nazis (also mix of conservatism). Belief one nation is better than others, bring people into this that don’t rlly want to. Contemporary Russia

83
Q

conservative

A

return the nation to its “past” glory

Counter to liberal nationalism. “Make America Again” Returned to thinking of nation in the past, we must return to this glory.

84
Q

Russia and special military force

A

Articles say:
- Putin engaged in this is because of fear of NATO expansions. Undermine Russian’s soveriegnity
- Desire to expand russian territory (socio and psychological explanations)
- Expands frame of whose involved for motivation of beyond the elite
Is there smth about content about russian nationalism about why has there been this mission?
- Great portion of pop is supportive of this
- Even with media access

Interviewing Russians across country to see if there was smth common felt within nation
- Belief that russia has national mission to expand to civilize
- Russkie culture at core and acceptance of other ethnicities
- Keeping russia together is important and paranoia that any change would lead to collapse of russia

Potential of complimentary answers to why he started mission and continue on with it

85
Q

Catonia

A

Period with emphasis on nation-building to eliminate differences

Emphasize to what extent to people have dual identities - see they exist- hypothesis, stronger dual identity is, more stable state is. People see benefits of being part of state and feel comfy in their own groups

86
Q

dual identities

A

involves the simultaneous activation of existing subgroup identities and a common in-group identity, for example Korean American.

87
Q

how do nations emerge and can new ones emerge?

A

through a complex mix of historical, social, political, and economic factors.

language and collective identity

Yes, new nations can form, although it’s a complex and challenging process in the modern world. Today, the formation of new nations generally requires a combination of strong internal factors, such as a distinct identity and political unity, and external factors, like international recognition.

88
Q

how does nationalism affect politics

A

Nationalism significantly influences politics by shaping policies, identities, and attitudes both within and between countries. Nationalism often focuses on promoting the interests of a specific nation or cultural group, and it can have both positive and negative effects, depending on how it is applied and the context.

89
Q

is nationalism an ideology

A

yes, both simple and complex

90
Q

multinationalism

A

recognition and support of multiple national identities within a single political state.

91
Q

are multinational states stable?

A

stability of multinationalism depends largely on the political structure, economic conditions, and cultural relationships within a given state. While multinational states can be stable and prosperous, they also face unique challenges in maintaining unity, representation, and harmony among diverse groups.

  • power sharing, identity sharing
92
Q

multiculuralism

A

celebration and accommodation of ethnic diversity

93
Q

are multiculturalism and multinationalism the same?

A

No but they are related

multicultural is newer. involved public funding and recognition of non-majority cultures

minority nations can proclaim and practice multicult

pol 100 (3 decks)

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