final Flashcards
two-party system
where the 2 leading parties win vast majority of votes (US)
- competitive because 1 party does not govern for very long
consolidation of a two-party system
political system evolves to be dominated by two major political parties, marginalizing or eliminating smaller parties
political philosophy
asking what should be. classic and critical
nature of government and the relationship between people and society
comparative politics
traditional way. health care is common. compare across time to come up with arguments that hold true in some way or another. take objective and apply to big pic and vice versa
international relations
began after WW2. Interest in country to country relations. things that go on at global level
federalism
the constitutional division of sovereign authority within the state
share authority between different entities and to create orders of government
sovereignty over domestic policy
the authority within a state that has control over the state’s domestic affairs
single-member plurality election system
system crowns candidate with the most voted as the only winner
parliamentary system of government
- a bicameral or unicameral legislature is the “soverign” law-making institution
- head of gov is PM
- PM leads largest part in lower house and chooses cab ministers from it
- has a head of state. (Governer General in Canada) right to dissolve and prorogue Parliament
multilevelgovernance
having more than one governance
political organization where decision-making authority is distributed across multiple levels of government, including local, regional, national, and supranational institutions. This framework recognizes that governance responsibilities and powers are not confined to a single level but are shared or coordinated among various tiers.
regional governments
groups municipalities together for a larger geographical area. Regional governments are responsible for providing services that are more efficient to provide over a larger area, and they often have the power to raise taxes and appoint their own officers
devolution
common feature of developed unitary states
central gov grants some legislative (law-making) powers and administrative responsibilities to one or more regional bodies
exclusive and shared federalism
exclusive:
powers and responsibilities are clearly divided between the federal and subnational governments (e.g., states, provinces, or regions), with little overlap. Each level of government operates independently within its designated sphere.
shared:
where powers and responsibilities are jointly exercised by the federal and subnational governments. This approach emphasizes collaboration and cooperation across levels of government.
regional elections
select representatives for regional levels of government, such as provinces, states, cantons, or other subnational jurisdictions
unitarism
concentrates power in the central government
equalization
governments reduce fiscal disparities between regions, ensuring that all jurisdictions, regardless of their economic capacity, can provide a comparable level of public services to their residents.
fiscal capacity
government’s ability to raise revenue to fund public services and other functions
executive federalism
processes of intergovernmental negotiation that are dominated by the executives of the different governments within the federal system
skip
collective action
essential complement to voting
form of organized social or political act carried about by a group of people in order to address their needs.
interest groups
advocates in favour of the material interests of its members
They are issue orientated and have target audience that they are tyring to advocate for
NRA is one but CTF is not technically one
social movements
seek major social and political change, particularly by collective action outside of established political institutions
political parties
the link between the people and decision-making power in liberal democracies
play dominant role in elections by recruiting candidates, running election campaigns and presenting policy platforms to the public
cadre party
loosely organized party usually established by members of a legislative body with the support of local notables.
concerned with electing members of the party to legislative bodies, rather than building a strong, centralized, membership-based organization outside of legislature
mass parties
draws support from a regular dues paying membership and features of a strong party organization outside of the legislature
conventions
allow various parts of the party to participate in the election of the leader
contemporary parties factors
- brokerage
- electoral-professional
- programmatic
brokerage
parties that bring together a carefully sifted and edited selection of ideas to appeal to a broad ideological (and geographically diverse) electorate)
electoral-professional
parties that place winning elections above ideological purity and use technology and modern organizational practices to that end
programmatic
parties that devote greater attention to the coherence of their platfrom and view themselves as more principled
parties and ideology groups
parties:
- conservative and republican
- liberal and democratic
- new democratic (CAN) and labour (UK)
Ideologies:
- “new” right
- reform liberalism
- democratic socialist
party systems
stable interrelationships between parties in various electoral arenas
one-party dominant
single party rules for long periods of time and the opposition parties aren’t likely to gain support needed to successfully challenge the dominant party for control of the government
two-party plus
2 leading parties usually win at least 75-80% of seats. but 1 or more of the smaller parties has sufficient support to prevent either of the leading parties from gaining a majority (canada)
moderate multiparty
3-5 sig parties, with the 2 leading parties usually having less that 4/5ths of the seats
polarized multiparty
selectorate
what purposes do parties serve
- representation & consultation
- interest aggregation
- socialization & mobilization
- recruitment and training
- organization of government
each regime type determines the importance and nature of each function
