midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Toddlerhood Age

A

13 months to 2 years 11 months

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1
Q

Infancy Age

A

Birth to 1 year
Neonatal: Birth to 2 wks of age
Infant: 3 wks to 12 months to age

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2
Q

Early Childhood Age

A

Preschool: 3 yrs to 5 yrs
Elementary School: 5 yrs to 10 yrs , 11 months

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3
Q

Adolescence Age

A

11 yrs to 18 yrs

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4
Q

Young Adulthood Age

A

18 yrs to 22/25 yrs

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5
Q

Adulthood Age

A

22 to 40 years

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6
Q

Middle Age

A

40 to 65 years

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7
Q

Late Adulthood Age

A

65 years plus

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8
Q

What is Advanced Maternal Age?

A

Pregnancy where mother is other older than 35

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9
Q

Erickson’s Infancy (0-1 years old)

A

Conflict- Basic Trust vs mistrust
Resolution- Hope

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10
Q

Erickson’s Early Childhood (1-3 years)

A

Conflict- Autonomy vs Shame
Resolution- Will

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11
Q

Erickson’s Play Age (3-6 years)

A

Conflict- Initiative vs Guilt
Resolution- Purpose

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12
Q

Erickson’s School Age (6-12 years)

A

Industry vs Inferiority
Competence

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13
Q

Erickson’s Adolescence (12-19 years old)

A

Identity vs Confusion
Fidelity

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14
Q

Erickson’s Early Adulthood (20-25 years old)

A

Intimacy vs Isolation
Love

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15
Q

Erickson’s Adulthood (26-64 years old)

A

Generativity vs Stagnation
Care

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16
Q

Erickson’s Old Age (65-death)

A

Integrity vs Despair
Wisdom

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17
Q

What is the ideal body alignment?

A

Mastoid Process
Anterior to shoulder joints
Posterior Hip joints
Anterior to knee joints
Anterior to ankle joints

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18
Q

Postural Reflexes: Newborn to 2 Months

A

Primary Standing, Automatic Walking

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19
Q

Postural Reflexes: Newborn to 6 Months

A

ATNR, TLR

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20
Q

When does the Anterior Protective Extension?

A

At 6-9 Months

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21
Q

When does Lateral Protective Extension?

A

At 6-9 Months

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22
Q

When does Upper Extremity Parachute?

A

6-7 months

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23
Q

When does the posterior protective extension?

A

at 9 months

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24
Q

When does independent sitting happen?

A

at 6 months

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25
Q

What is the predominate posture in all limbs?

A

Flexion

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26
Q

What happens at 7-9 months?

A

Does not like supine position
Achieve quadruped Position
Belly crawling to creeping

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27
Q

Typical Development moves from…

A

Head to Feet
Proximal to Distal

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28
Q

When does head lag go away?

A

At 6 months

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29
Q

What happens at 10-12 months?

A

Cruising- when babies can hold onto furniture to walk
Vertical posture preferred

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30
Q

Developmental Changes at Older Adulthood?

A

Flexed Posture
- Widened base of support
- slightly flexed knees and hips
-trunk forward lean
-forward head
-increased thoracic kyphosis
-reduced lumbar lordosis

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31
Q

Which training may be important for older people?

A

Power training

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32
Q

What is the Primary motor cortex?

A

controls speed and force of movement

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33
Q

What is supplemental motor area?

A

involved in preplanning movements

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34
Q

What is premotor cortex?

A

Visually guided movements

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35
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

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36
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments

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37
Q

How many weeks until all limb structures are present?

A

Eight Weeks

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38
Q

When are Type 1 Fibers produced?

A

21 weeks gestation

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39
Q

When are Type 2 Fibers produced?

A

30 weeks gestation

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40
Q

At birth, muscle mass is how much of total body mass?

A

25%

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41
Q

For Males, how much does muscle mass become at 5-17 years old?

A

41-53% of total body mass

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42
Q

For Females, how much does muscle mass become at 5-17 years old?

A

41-42% of total body mass

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43
Q

When does the female brain develop?

A

21-22 years old

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44
Q

When does the male brain develop?

A

25 years old

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45
Q

What happens at 30 years old for muscle strength and coordination?

A

Declines in both, and each decade 5% of muscle mass lost

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46
Q

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plates
Epiphyseal lines

A

D- shaft of long bone
E- end of long bone
EP- area where bone grows
EPL- area where Ep have fused together

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47
Q

What are Sutures?
What are Fontanelles? When do they close?

A

hold together the bones that form the skull

soft area where the bone hasn’t fused yet

Posterior 2-3 months
Anterior 12-18 months

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48
Q

When are girls and boys growth spurts?

A

Boys- 14 to 15 years old
Girls- 12 to 14 years old

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49
Q

At what age are all epiphyseal growth plates closed?

A

25 years old

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50
Q

What are the different Somatosensory systems?

A

Mechanoreceptors- touch pressure proprioception
Thermoreceptors- heat and cold
Nocieptors- pain

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51
Q

What is the order of sensory system development?

A

Touch, vestibular, smell, hearing, vision, taste, proprioception

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52
Q

When does proprioceptive acuity movements improved?

A

Age 5-12 years old

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53
Q

When are sensory system most keen?

A

Adolescence into early adulthood

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54
Q

When do reactions times peak?

A

Mid 20s and then slows down by 20% during middle adulthood

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55
Q

Vision is vital in control of…

A

Posture, locomotion, balance, and hand motion

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56
Q

Where is the visual system derived in?

A

Thalamus in diancephalon
Most peripheral structure in eyeball
4th week- eye forms
13th week- myelination begins

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57
Q

Visual development in newborns…

A

Visual acuity is 20/800
Initially see black and white
See pattern preference
Best distance is 7-9 inches away

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58
Q

Visual System at 2 Months? 3 Months? 4 Months? 12 Months?

A

2 M- see 2 colors and track vert horizo and in circular path
3 M- preference for colored objects
4 M- binocular vision matures and is adult like by 2 years old
12 months- adult levels of visual acuity achieved

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59
Q

When do cataracts form?

A

Over 30 years old

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60
Q

When is there a decline from light to dark environments?

A

40 age

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61
Q

At what age does presbyopia form?

A

Age 45

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62
Q

Cataracts formation in how many adults over 65

A

60%

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63
Q

Macular degeneration in how many adults over 75

A

28%

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64
Q

Full maturity of vestibular system is achieved at what age?

A

10 and 14 years old

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65
Q

At what age does static balance develop? Dynamic balance?

A

Static- 9-12 years old
Dynamic- 12 years old

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66
Q

When does vasulature start developing?

A

3-4 weeks after conception

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67
Q

What happens at week 3,4, and 7 of cardiovascular development?

A

3- heart and vessels develop
4- heart begins to best and pump blood
7- heart firms into a 4 chamber structure

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68
Q

What is in the conducting zone? Respiratory zone?

A

Conduction- nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles

Respiratory- bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveoli

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69
Q

Where is the respiratory system located?

A

Brain stem- medulla oblongata and pons

70
Q

Spinal extension shows the greatest decline at how old?

A

70-84 years old

71
Q

Movement occurs from the interaction between which of the following systems?

A

Sensory, cognitive, and motor

72
Q

What occurs at day 6/7 of gestation?

A

Implantation

73
Q

How many weeks after fertilization are all limb structures present?

A

8 weeks

74
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

softening of bones

75
Q

What is dorsal root ganglion?

A

a collection of cell bodies of the afferent sensory fibers

76
Q

What is perception, sensory maps, and sensory integration?

A

Perception- integration of impressions into meaningful information
Sensory maps- location of receptors on brain
Sensory integration- the ability to use sensory information efficiently

77
Q

The rooting reflex is an example of which sense?

A

Touch

78
Q

T/F All sensory systems are matured at birth

A

False

79
Q

When does eye blinking occur?

A

6 months of gestation

80
Q

Vestibular structures begin as a thickening of the ____ within the primitive ear in the ____ week of gestation

A

ectoderm, and 4th week

81
Q

What about TUG is false?

A

The test does not correlate well to functional capacity

82
Q

Which statement about the Functional reach test is false?

A

The subject stands with their feet together

83
Q

T/F During lab, we found that performing the functional reach test with the subject standing on an unstable surface with their eyes closed typically caused an increase in the forward distance reached

A

False

84
Q

Tricuspid and Mitral valve between what?

A

Tricuspid- between R atrium and ventricle
Mitral- between L atrium and ventricle

85
Q

T/F The ratio of heart volume to body weight does not remain constant in infancy and childhood

A

False, it does remain constant at 10 mL per kg

86
Q

Which of the following is not true in regards to myocytes during infancy and childhood?

A

Decrease in number of myofibrils per cross sectional area

87
Q

T/F Fetal blood has more hemoglobin and less O2 saturation

A

True

88
Q

Hb levels for Newborns, 3-6 month old, and adult

A

Nb- 20g/100mL
3-6 month old: 10 g/100mL
Adult- 14-16g/mL

89
Q

What happens to SV, BV, HR, and BP as mature?

A

SV- Increase
BP- Increase
HR- decrease
BV- increase

90
Q

Which of the following is not true in regards to cardiovascular development changes with aging?

A

Increase in number of pacemaker cells sinoatrial node–> slower HR

91
Q

Principal and Accessory Muscles for Inspiration
Muscles of Expiration for Active and Quiet Breathing

A

Inspiration:
Accessory: SCM, Scalene, and Pec Minor
Principal: External Intercostals, Diaphragm

Expiration:
Quiet- lungs, rib cage, and diaphragm
Active- internal intercostals, abs, QL

92
Q

The bronchi begins to develop during what week of gestation

A

4-8 weeks

93
Q

Surfactant is produced during what week of the neonatal stage?

A

24 weeks

94
Q

Pulmonary Development at birth?

A

Rib cage is horizontal and ventilation muscles not developed, diaphragmatic breathing not developed

95
Q

T/F Cardiac Output= Sv x BP

A

False , CO times HR

96
Q

T/F During adulthood and aging, the body will respond to changes in the pulmonary system with an increase in breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation

A

True

97
Q

T/F Tidal volume x respiratory rate= minute ventilation

A

True

98
Q

T/F In adolescence, ideal posture develops with more knee hyperextension and more abdominal protrusion

A

False

99
Q

T/F During Adolescence, the relative type 1 and type 2 fiber ratio has reached adult level

A

True

100
Q

T/F one of the key issues for a PT treating a client that is about to enter or already in adolescence is the growth spurt

A

true

101
Q

T/F Risser sign is the percent of ossification of the iliac epiphysis

A

True

102
Q

T/F In older adults there is a n increased rate of loss of type 2 muscle fibers as compared to type 1

A

True

103
Q

Bone growth is influenced by which of the following?

A

Genetics, health, and nutrition

104
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

premature closure of sutures

105
Q

T/F Skeletal growth occurs quicker than muscular growth

A

True

106
Q

T/F the use of ultra sound is contraindicated over epiphyseal plates in children

A

True

107
Q

Which condition is not a concern in the infant population?

A

slipped capital femoral epiphysis

108
Q

What is the main difference between the systems and dynamic systems theory?

A

deemphasizing the notion of commands from the CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

109
Q

What is the difference between performance and learning?

A

Performance- temporary change
Learning- relatively permanent change

110
Q

What is the difference between closed loop and open loop control?

A

Closed loop- control achieved by feedback such that the response confirms the desired response by means of correcting differences between them

Open Loop- no position feedback of a moving object “muscle memory”

111
Q

What is the Fitts and Posner three stage model?

A
  1. Cognitive Stage- what must be done
  2. Associative stage- best strategy selected
  3. Autonomous stage- perform skill with low level of attention
112
Q

What is the systems three stage model?

A
  1. Novice stage- freeze degree of freedom
  2. Advanced Stage- release additional degree of freedom
  3. Expert Stage- release all degree of freedom
113
Q

What is the gentile two stage model? Stage 2 requires what?

A

Stage one- understand the requirements of the movement
Stage two- refine the movement
- closed skill requires fixation
-open skill requires diversification

114
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic feedback?

A

Intrinsic comes from the person performing movement
Extrinsic comes from outside sources

114
Q

Massed vs Distributed
Constant vs Variable
Random vs Blocked
Whole vs Part

A

Massed- rest is less than trial time
Distributed- rest is more than trial time

Constant- learners learn in same setting
Variable- variety of settings

Random- learners learn in random order
Blocked- learners learn in fixed order

Whole- practice the entire movement at once
Part- break down the task into different components

115
Q

What can helped older adults learn new tasks?

A

Mental Practice

116
Q

T/F Feed Forward is the motor control strategy for anticipatory movement

A

True

117
Q

You are sitting at a lecture at TWU and the fire alarm goes off. The stairs would be considered what and the fire alarm would be considered what?

A

Stairs would be regulatory and fire alarm would be non regulatory

118
Q

Understanding the nature of tasks can provide a framework for a ___ and can serve as a progression for retraining functional movement

A

Functional evalution

119
Q

Motor Control vs Motor Learning

A

Control- the ability to regulate or direct the mechanism essential to movement
Learning- study of acquisition or modification of movement

120
Q

A patient with an acute stroke has shown the ability to sit and stand with an even distribution. When she returns the next day she sands on the uninvolved leg again. What term is this?

A

Performance

121
Q

Adapting both the ____ and ___ in which skills are practiced are key elements when working with older adults?

A

Principles of motor learning and the environment

122
Q

Which is not a key learning element for all ages?

A

Intact visual and auditory system

123
Q

The amount of transfer is dependent on what?

A

similarity between two tasks and or environment

124
Q

How many areas does the sensory system consist of?

A

Seven areas and eight if you include interoception

125
Q

Sensory perception have connections with what two systems?

A

Limbic and the autonomic nervous system

126
Q

What is dyspraxia?
T/F A person can have adequate neuromuscular or neuromotor function and still be dyspraxic

A

affects the person’s ability to coordinate movement and motor plan
True

127
Q

T/F Research suggests that there is a decline in our sensory systems as we age

A

True, although SOME research claims that there is an increase

128
Q

T/F Sensory Integration described by Ayres is the brain’s ability to organize sensory input for use in functional behavior

A

True

129
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding the vestibular system?

A

Operates within the outer ear

130
Q

T/F Tactile Sense includes the ability to conform to objects and pressure through the dorsal column lateral leminiscal tract

A

False

131
Q

T/F Our olfactory receptors are directly connected to the limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus)

A

True

132
Q

Which of the following describes signs of failure to orient with sensory modulation?

A

Lack of attention

133
Q

What are the 3 main categories of SPD?

A

Sensory Modulation disorder, sensory based motor disorder, and sensory discrimination disorder

134
Q

Motor planning includes which of the following?

A

integration, construction, and execution

135
Q

What is postural disorder?

A

poor strength and endurance
poor balance and poor body awareness
no internal motivation, poor bilateral coordination, poor ocular motor ability

136
Q

Sensory over responsivity, sensory under responsivity, and sensory seeking behavior are all classified under which disorder?

A

Sensory modulation disorder

137
Q

The center of mass is anterior to what in the upright position?

A

S2

138
Q

Center of mass is anterior to what in upright position?

A

S2

139
Q

What are the different postural movement strategies?

A

Ankle strategy- smaller slower perturbation
Hip strategy- larger faster perturbation
Stepping Strategy- largest fastest perturbation more frequent with aging
Reach strategy

140
Q

The percentage of body fat decreases from what at age 1 to what at age 5?

A

22% to 12.5%/15%

141
Q

Developmental changes at 12-14 months,15-18 months, 20-24 months, and 36 months?

A

12- walk well
15- kick ball
20- jump in place
36- stand on one foot

142
Q

Difference between Ectomorphs vs Endomorphs?

A

Ectomorphs- passive stance, slouched, thin body, hard to gain weight
Mesomorph- active, military stance, strong body, easy to gain weight

143
Q

Why is static balance difficult for children?

A

Higher COM at T12, faster sway rate

144
Q

How much is LE muscular strength reduced in adulthood?

A

40% between age 30-80

145
Q

What is precision medicine?

A

Uses info about a persons genes proteins environment and lifestyle to treat disease

146
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

147
Q

What are the two main periods of gestation development?

A

Embryonic- 0 to 60 days
Fetal period- day 60 and on

148
Q

What are the stages of early development?

A

Fertilization- day 1
Implantation- day6/7
Gastrulstion- day 15/16

149
Q

When do females typically know when they are pregnant?

A

6 weeks

150
Q

Muscular system maturation for adolescence? When is peak strength seen?

A

Males- throughtout entirety of adolescence
Females- peak at onset of puberty

Young adulthood

151
Q

Between 50 and 70, how much decline in strength?

A

30 percent

152
Q

Sacropenia vs Senile muscular Ateophy

A

Sacropenia- loss of muscle mass and function
:senile- muscle wasting

153
Q

Where is greatest loss of muscle in older adults located?

A

Trunk and lower extremities
Proximal, most prominent in back abs and quads

154
Q

Osteoblast vs Osteoclast?

A

Blast- create bone
Clast- absorb bone

155
Q

Prenatal skeletal development at 3rd-8th week, 5th week, and 6th week?

A

3rd- bone and cartilage are differentiated and bone develops

5th- mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate occurs in Extremities UE then LE

6th- chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones

156
Q

Endochondral ossification at 6th week, 7th to 11th week, and after birth?

A

6th- growth of cartilage model
7th- development of primary ossification center
After birth- development of secondary ossification center

157
Q

Skeletal system maturation at birth, diaphysis and epiphysis?

A

Diaphysis- well ossified, formed by primary ossification center

Epiphysis- cartilaginous, secondary ossification center

158
Q

Changes in bone mass in adulthood?

A

Peaks during late 20s and early 30s
Remains stable between age 30 and 50
Bone Resorption exceed bone formation after age 50

159
Q

What do the dorsal roots contain ?

A

Sensory fibers from skin , subcutaneous and deep tissues, and viscera

159
Q

Bone remodeling and density can increase with?

A

Weightbearing, muscular contraction, and muscular nutrition and calcium intake

160
Q

What happens for somatosensory touch system for prenatal at 7 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, and 17 weeks?

A

7-fetus responds to touch around the mouth
12- muscle spindles form
16- golgi tendon organs formed
17-cutaneous sensation spreads to entire body

161
Q

T/F are all sensory systems ready to function at birth

A

True

162
Q

What happens for somatosensory touch system for infancy at 12-16 weeks, 5 years, 7 years

A

12-16- specific touch localization
5 years- identify objects by touch
7 years- two point discrimination

163
Q

What are the 4 types of eye movements?

A

Saccades- same direction
Slow pursuit or tracking- slow eye movements
VOR- opposite direction to head movement
Vergence- both eyes in opposite direction

164
Q

T/F Vestibular system is completely myelinated at birth

A

True

165
Q

When is the vestibular ocular reflex present?

A

2 months of age

166
Q

Shunting systems help go from where to where:
Foramen Ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus

A

Ovale- R to L atrium

Arteriosus- R pulmonary artery to aorta

Venosus- inferior vena cava to umbilical vein

167
Q

Shunting systems form new structures:
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
Umbilical arteries

A

-fossa ovalis
-ligamentum arteriosum
-ligamentum teres
-ligamentum venosum
-lateral umbilical ligaments

168
Q

T/F Left Ventricular wall becomes twice as thick by adulthood

A

True

169
Q

Heart Volume at birth, at 6 months and at age 2

A

-40 ML
-80 mL
-160 mL

170
Q

Pulmonary Development at 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 24 weeks, and 26-28 weeks?

A

6 weeks- primitive alveoli form

8 weeks- conducting zone developed

24 weeks- surfactant produced

26 weeks - viable respiratory zone