midterm Flashcards
Toddlerhood Age
13 months to 2 years 11 months
Infancy Age
Birth to 1 year
Neonatal: Birth to 2 wks of age
Infant: 3 wks to 12 months to age
Early Childhood Age
Preschool: 3 yrs to 5 yrs
Elementary School: 5 yrs to 10 yrs , 11 months
Adolescence Age
11 yrs to 18 yrs
Young Adulthood Age
18 yrs to 22/25 yrs
Adulthood Age
22 to 40 years
Middle Age
40 to 65 years
Late Adulthood Age
65 years plus
What is Advanced Maternal Age?
Pregnancy where mother is other older than 35
Erickson’s Infancy (0-1 years old)
Conflict- Basic Trust vs mistrust
Resolution- Hope
Erickson’s Early Childhood (1-3 years)
Conflict- Autonomy vs Shame
Resolution- Will
Erickson’s Play Age (3-6 years)
Conflict- Initiative vs Guilt
Resolution- Purpose
Erickson’s School Age (6-12 years)
Industry vs Inferiority
Competence
Erickson’s Adolescence (12-19 years old)
Identity vs Confusion
Fidelity
Erickson’s Early Adulthood (20-25 years old)
Intimacy vs Isolation
Love
Erickson’s Adulthood (26-64 years old)
Generativity vs Stagnation
Care
Erickson’s Old Age (65-death)
Integrity vs Despair
Wisdom
What is the ideal body alignment?
Mastoid Process
Anterior to shoulder joints
Posterior Hip joints
Anterior to knee joints
Anterior to ankle joints
Postural Reflexes: Newborn to 2 Months
Primary Standing, Automatic Walking
Postural Reflexes: Newborn to 6 Months
ATNR, TLR
When does the Anterior Protective Extension?
At 6-9 Months
When does Lateral Protective Extension?
At 6-9 Months
When does Upper Extremity Parachute?
6-7 months
When does the posterior protective extension?
at 9 months
When does independent sitting happen?
at 6 months
What is the predominate posture in all limbs?
Flexion
What happens at 7-9 months?
Does not like supine position
Achieve quadruped Position
Belly crawling to creeping
Typical Development moves from…
Head to Feet
Proximal to Distal
When does head lag go away?
At 6 months
What happens at 10-12 months?
Cruising- when babies can hold onto furniture to walk
Vertical posture preferred
Developmental Changes at Older Adulthood?
Flexed Posture
- Widened base of support
- slightly flexed knees and hips
-trunk forward lean
-forward head
-increased thoracic kyphosis
-reduced lumbar lordosis
Which training may be important for older people?
Power training
What is the Primary motor cortex?
controls speed and force of movement
What is supplemental motor area?
involved in preplanning movements
What is premotor cortex?
Visually guided movements
What is the cerebellum?
coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity
What is the basal ganglia?
controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments
How many weeks until all limb structures are present?
Eight Weeks
When are Type 1 Fibers produced?
21 weeks gestation
When are Type 2 Fibers produced?
30 weeks gestation
At birth, muscle mass is how much of total body mass?
25%
For Males, how much does muscle mass become at 5-17 years old?
41-53% of total body mass
For Females, how much does muscle mass become at 5-17 years old?
41-42% of total body mass
When does the female brain develop?
21-22 years old
When does the male brain develop?
25 years old
What happens at 30 years old for muscle strength and coordination?
Declines in both, and each decade 5% of muscle mass lost
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plates
Epiphyseal lines
D- shaft of long bone
E- end of long bone
EP- area where bone grows
EPL- area where Ep have fused together
What are Sutures?
What are Fontanelles? When do they close?
hold together the bones that form the skull
soft area where the bone hasn’t fused yet
Posterior 2-3 months
Anterior 12-18 months
When are girls and boys growth spurts?
Boys- 14 to 15 years old
Girls- 12 to 14 years old
At what age are all epiphyseal growth plates closed?
25 years old
What are the different Somatosensory systems?
Mechanoreceptors- touch pressure proprioception
Thermoreceptors- heat and cold
Nocieptors- pain
What is the order of sensory system development?
Touch, vestibular, smell, hearing, vision, taste, proprioception
When does proprioceptive acuity movements improved?
Age 5-12 years old
When are sensory system most keen?
Adolescence into early adulthood
When do reactions times peak?
Mid 20s and then slows down by 20% during middle adulthood
Vision is vital in control of…
Posture, locomotion, balance, and hand motion
Where is the visual system derived in?
Thalamus in diancephalon
Most peripheral structure in eyeball
4th week- eye forms
13th week- myelination begins
Visual development in newborns…
Visual acuity is 20/800
Initially see black and white
See pattern preference
Best distance is 7-9 inches away
Visual System at 2 Months? 3 Months? 4 Months? 12 Months?
2 M- see 2 colors and track vert horizo and in circular path
3 M- preference for colored objects
4 M- binocular vision matures and is adult like by 2 years old
12 months- adult levels of visual acuity achieved
When do cataracts form?
Over 30 years old
When is there a decline from light to dark environments?
40 age
At what age does presbyopia form?
Age 45
Cataracts formation in how many adults over 65
60%
Macular degeneration in how many adults over 75
28%
Full maturity of vestibular system is achieved at what age?
10 and 14 years old
At what age does static balance develop? Dynamic balance?
Static- 9-12 years old
Dynamic- 12 years old
When does vasulature start developing?
3-4 weeks after conception
What happens at week 3,4, and 7 of cardiovascular development?
3- heart and vessels develop
4- heart begins to best and pump blood
7- heart firms into a 4 chamber structure
What is in the conducting zone? Respiratory zone?
Conduction- nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles
Respiratory- bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveoli
Where is the respiratory system located?
Brain stem- medulla oblongata and pons
Spinal extension shows the greatest decline at how old?
70-84 years old
Movement occurs from the interaction between which of the following systems?
Sensory, cognitive, and motor
What occurs at day 6/7 of gestation?
Implantation
How many weeks after fertilization are all limb structures present?
8 weeks
What is osteomalacia?
softening of bones
What is dorsal root ganglion?
a collection of cell bodies of the afferent sensory fibers
What is perception, sensory maps, and sensory integration?
Perception- integration of impressions into meaningful information
Sensory maps- location of receptors on brain
Sensory integration- the ability to use sensory information efficiently
The rooting reflex is an example of which sense?
Touch
T/F All sensory systems are matured at birth
False
When does eye blinking occur?
6 months of gestation
Vestibular structures begin as a thickening of the ____ within the primitive ear in the ____ week of gestation
ectoderm, and 4th week
What about TUG is false?
The test does not correlate well to functional capacity
Which statement about the Functional reach test is false?
The subject stands with their feet together
T/F During lab, we found that performing the functional reach test with the subject standing on an unstable surface with their eyes closed typically caused an increase in the forward distance reached
False
Tricuspid and Mitral valve between what?
Tricuspid- between R atrium and ventricle
Mitral- between L atrium and ventricle
T/F The ratio of heart volume to body weight does not remain constant in infancy and childhood
False, it does remain constant at 10 mL per kg
Which of the following is not true in regards to myocytes during infancy and childhood?
Decrease in number of myofibrils per cross sectional area
T/F Fetal blood has more hemoglobin and less O2 saturation
True
Hb levels for Newborns, 3-6 month old, and adult
Nb- 20g/100mL
3-6 month old: 10 g/100mL
Adult- 14-16g/mL
What happens to SV, BV, HR, and BP as mature?
SV- Increase
BP- Increase
HR- decrease
BV- increase
Which of the following is not true in regards to cardiovascular development changes with aging?
Increase in number of pacemaker cells sinoatrial node–> slower HR
Principal and Accessory Muscles for Inspiration
Muscles of Expiration for Active and Quiet Breathing
Inspiration:
Accessory: SCM, Scalene, and Pec Minor
Principal: External Intercostals, Diaphragm
Expiration:
Quiet- lungs, rib cage, and diaphragm
Active- internal intercostals, abs, QL
The bronchi begins to develop during what week of gestation
4-8 weeks
Surfactant is produced during what week of the neonatal stage?
24 weeks
Pulmonary Development at birth?
Rib cage is horizontal and ventilation muscles not developed, diaphragmatic breathing not developed
T/F Cardiac Output= Sv x BP
False , CO times HR
T/F During adulthood and aging, the body will respond to changes in the pulmonary system with an increase in breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation
True
T/F Tidal volume x respiratory rate= minute ventilation
True
T/F In adolescence, ideal posture develops with more knee hyperextension and more abdominal protrusion
False
T/F During Adolescence, the relative type 1 and type 2 fiber ratio has reached adult level
True
T/F one of the key issues for a PT treating a client that is about to enter or already in adolescence is the growth spurt
true
T/F Risser sign is the percent of ossification of the iliac epiphysis
True
T/F In older adults there is a n increased rate of loss of type 2 muscle fibers as compared to type 1
True
Bone growth is influenced by which of the following?
Genetics, health, and nutrition
What is craniosynostosis?
premature closure of sutures
T/F Skeletal growth occurs quicker than muscular growth
True
T/F the use of ultra sound is contraindicated over epiphyseal plates in children
True
Which condition is not a concern in the infant population?
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
What is the main difference between the systems and dynamic systems theory?
deemphasizing the notion of commands from the CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations
What is the difference between performance and learning?
Performance- temporary change
Learning- relatively permanent change
What is the difference between closed loop and open loop control?
Closed loop- control achieved by feedback such that the response confirms the desired response by means of correcting differences between them
Open Loop- no position feedback of a moving object “muscle memory”
What is the Fitts and Posner three stage model?
- Cognitive Stage- what must be done
- Associative stage- best strategy selected
- Autonomous stage- perform skill with low level of attention
What is the systems three stage model?
- Novice stage- freeze degree of freedom
- Advanced Stage- release additional degree of freedom
- Expert Stage- release all degree of freedom
What is the gentile two stage model? Stage 2 requires what?
Stage one- understand the requirements of the movement
Stage two- refine the movement
- closed skill requires fixation
-open skill requires diversification
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic feedback?
Intrinsic comes from the person performing movement
Extrinsic comes from outside sources
Massed vs Distributed
Constant vs Variable
Random vs Blocked
Whole vs Part
Massed- rest is less than trial time
Distributed- rest is more than trial time
Constant- learners learn in same setting
Variable- variety of settings
Random- learners learn in random order
Blocked- learners learn in fixed order
Whole- practice the entire movement at once
Part- break down the task into different components
What can helped older adults learn new tasks?
Mental Practice
T/F Feed Forward is the motor control strategy for anticipatory movement
True
You are sitting at a lecture at TWU and the fire alarm goes off. The stairs would be considered what and the fire alarm would be considered what?
Stairs would be regulatory and fire alarm would be non regulatory
Understanding the nature of tasks can provide a framework for a ___ and can serve as a progression for retraining functional movement
Functional evalution
Motor Control vs Motor Learning
Control- the ability to regulate or direct the mechanism essential to movement
Learning- study of acquisition or modification of movement
A patient with an acute stroke has shown the ability to sit and stand with an even distribution. When she returns the next day she sands on the uninvolved leg again. What term is this?
Performance
Adapting both the ____ and ___ in which skills are practiced are key elements when working with older adults?
Principles of motor learning and the environment
Which is not a key learning element for all ages?
Intact visual and auditory system
The amount of transfer is dependent on what?
similarity between two tasks and or environment
How many areas does the sensory system consist of?
Seven areas and eight if you include interoception
Sensory perception have connections with what two systems?
Limbic and the autonomic nervous system
What is dyspraxia?
T/F A person can have adequate neuromuscular or neuromotor function and still be dyspraxic
affects the person’s ability to coordinate movement and motor plan
True
T/F Research suggests that there is a decline in our sensory systems as we age
True, although SOME research claims that there is an increase
T/F Sensory Integration described by Ayres is the brain’s ability to organize sensory input for use in functional behavior
True
Which of the following is not true regarding the vestibular system?
Operates within the outer ear
T/F Tactile Sense includes the ability to conform to objects and pressure through the dorsal column lateral leminiscal tract
False
T/F Our olfactory receptors are directly connected to the limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus)
True
Which of the following describes signs of failure to orient with sensory modulation?
Lack of attention
What are the 3 main categories of SPD?
Sensory Modulation disorder, sensory based motor disorder, and sensory discrimination disorder
Motor planning includes which of the following?
integration, construction, and execution
What is postural disorder?
poor strength and endurance
poor balance and poor body awareness
no internal motivation, poor bilateral coordination, poor ocular motor ability
Sensory over responsivity, sensory under responsivity, and sensory seeking behavior are all classified under which disorder?
Sensory modulation disorder
The center of mass is anterior to what in the upright position?
S2
Center of mass is anterior to what in upright position?
S2
What are the different postural movement strategies?
Ankle strategy- smaller slower perturbation
Hip strategy- larger faster perturbation
Stepping Strategy- largest fastest perturbation more frequent with aging
Reach strategy
The percentage of body fat decreases from what at age 1 to what at age 5?
22% to 12.5%/15%
Developmental changes at 12-14 months,15-18 months, 20-24 months, and 36 months?
12- walk well
15- kick ball
20- jump in place
36- stand on one foot
Difference between Ectomorphs vs Endomorphs?
Ectomorphs- passive stance, slouched, thin body, hard to gain weight
Mesomorph- active, military stance, strong body, easy to gain weight
Why is static balance difficult for children?
Higher COM at T12, faster sway rate
How much is LE muscular strength reduced in adulthood?
40% between age 30-80
What is precision medicine?
Uses info about a persons genes proteins environment and lifestyle to treat disease
What is a motor unit?
One motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates
What are the two main periods of gestation development?
Embryonic- 0 to 60 days
Fetal period- day 60 and on
What are the stages of early development?
Fertilization- day 1
Implantation- day6/7
Gastrulstion- day 15/16
When do females typically know when they are pregnant?
6 weeks
Muscular system maturation for adolescence? When is peak strength seen?
Males- throughtout entirety of adolescence
Females- peak at onset of puberty
Young adulthood
Between 50 and 70, how much decline in strength?
30 percent
Sacropenia vs Senile muscular Ateophy
Sacropenia- loss of muscle mass and function
:senile- muscle wasting
Where is greatest loss of muscle in older adults located?
Trunk and lower extremities
Proximal, most prominent in back abs and quads
Osteoblast vs Osteoclast?
Blast- create bone
Clast- absorb bone
Prenatal skeletal development at 3rd-8th week, 5th week, and 6th week?
3rd- bone and cartilage are differentiated and bone develops
5th- mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate occurs in Extremities UE then LE
6th- chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones
Endochondral ossification at 6th week, 7th to 11th week, and after birth?
6th- growth of cartilage model
7th- development of primary ossification center
After birth- development of secondary ossification center
Skeletal system maturation at birth, diaphysis and epiphysis?
Diaphysis- well ossified, formed by primary ossification center
Epiphysis- cartilaginous, secondary ossification center
Changes in bone mass in adulthood?
Peaks during late 20s and early 30s
Remains stable between age 30 and 50
Bone Resorption exceed bone formation after age 50
What do the dorsal roots contain ?
Sensory fibers from skin , subcutaneous and deep tissues, and viscera
Bone remodeling and density can increase with?
Weightbearing, muscular contraction, and muscular nutrition and calcium intake
What happens for somatosensory touch system for prenatal at 7 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, and 17 weeks?
7-fetus responds to touch around the mouth
12- muscle spindles form
16- golgi tendon organs formed
17-cutaneous sensation spreads to entire body
T/F are all sensory systems ready to function at birth
True
What happens for somatosensory touch system for infancy at 12-16 weeks, 5 years, 7 years
12-16- specific touch localization
5 years- identify objects by touch
7 years- two point discrimination
What are the 4 types of eye movements?
Saccades- same direction
Slow pursuit or tracking- slow eye movements
VOR- opposite direction to head movement
Vergence- both eyes in opposite direction
T/F Vestibular system is completely myelinated at birth
True
When is the vestibular ocular reflex present?
2 months of age
Shunting systems help go from where to where:
Foramen Ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus
Ovale- R to L atrium
Arteriosus- R pulmonary artery to aorta
Venosus- inferior vena cava to umbilical vein
Shunting systems form new structures:
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
Umbilical arteries
-fossa ovalis
-ligamentum arteriosum
-ligamentum teres
-ligamentum venosum
-lateral umbilical ligaments
T/F Left Ventricular wall becomes twice as thick by adulthood
True
Heart Volume at birth, at 6 months and at age 2
-40 ML
-80 mL
-160 mL
Pulmonary Development at 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 24 weeks, and 26-28 weeks?
6 weeks- primitive alveoli form
8 weeks- conducting zone developed
24 weeks- surfactant produced
26 weeks - viable respiratory zone
