midterm Flashcards
Age range for Infancy (neonatal, infant)
Birth to 1 year (birth to 2 weeks, 3 weeks to 12 months)
Age range for Toddlerhood
13 months to 2 years, 11 months
Age range for Preschool, Elementary School
3 yrs to 5 yrs, 5 yrs to 10 yrs, 11 months
Age range for Adolescence
11 yrs to 18 yrs
Age range for Young Adulthood
18 yrs to 22/25 yrs
Age range for Adulthood
22 yrs to 40 yrs
Age Range for Middle Age
40 yrs to 65 yrs
Age range for Late Adulthood
65 plus yrs
What is Advanced Maternal Age (AMA)?
A pregnancy where the woman is over 35 years old
Who is Eric Erikson?
A German psychologist who believed there was a psychological struggle that takes place through the eight stages of a person’s life.
1st stage of Development
Infancy (0-1 yrs old)
Conflict: Basic Trust vs mistrust
Resolution: Hope
2nd stage of Development
Early Childhood (1-3 yrs old)
Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame
Resolution: Will
3rd Stage of Development
Play Age (3-6 yrs old)
Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt
Resolution: Purpose
4th Stage of Development
School Age (6-12 yrs old)
Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority
Resolution: Competence
5th Stage of Development
Adolescence (12-19 yrs old)
Conflict: Identity vs Confusion
Resolution: Fidelity
6th Stage of Development
Early Adulthood (20-25 yrs old)
Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation
Resolution: Love
7th Stage of Development
Adulthood (26-64 yrs old)
Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation
Resolution: Care
8th Stage of Development
Old Age (65- death)
Conflict: Integrity vs Despair
Resolution: Wisdom
What is the Center of Mass (COM)?
a point that is at the center of the total body mass
Anterior to S2 in the upright position
Where should the Vertical line of gravity fall in the midline?
- the mastoid process
- anterior to shoulder joints
- hip joints
- anterior to knee joints
- anterior to ankle joints
Feedback vs feedforward mechanisms?
- Feedback mechanism is in response to sensory feedback from external (bumped in a crowd)
- Feedforward mechanism is an anticipatory adjustment to a potentially destabilizing movement in order to achieve stability (about to step on the curve)
When does Lateral protective extension?
arms extend to prevent from falling
emerges at 6-9 months
When does Anterior protective extension occur?
arms extend forward to prevent from falling
emerges at 6-9 months
When does Upper extremity parachute?
In prone horizontal suspension, child is moved towards surface head first– symmetrical arm extension and abduction
emerges 6-7 months
When does Posterior protective extension?
extends head and arms backwards to recover balance
emerges 9 months
What happens at 6 months?
Independent sitting and no more head lag
Typical development moves from…
Head (cephalic) to Feet (caudal)
Proximal to Distal
What happens at 7-9 months?
Baby does not like supine position
Ability to get into quadruped position
What happens at 10-12 months?
Vertical postures preferred by child
“Cruising” when babies hold onto furniture to walk
What happens in Older Adulthood?
“Flexed Posture”
Trunk forward lean
Increased thoracic kyphosis
Forward head
What is Precision medicine?
A form of medicine that uses information about a person’s genes, proteins, environment, and age, and lifestyle to diagnose disease
What is the primary motor cortex?
Controls speed and force of movement
What is the supplemental motor area?
Involved in preplanning movements
What is premotor cortex?
Visually guided movements
What is the cerebellum?
Coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity
What is the basal ganglia?
Controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments
When do females typically know if they are pregnant?
6 weeks
When do slow twitch fibers form?
21 weeks gestation
When do fast twitch muscle fibers form?
30 weeks gestation
At birth, muscle mass is how much of total body mass?
25%
At 5-17 years old (males or females), how much is muscle mass of total body mass?
Males: 41-53%
Females: 41-42%
At what age does the female and male brain develop?
Female brain: 21-22 yrs old
Male brain: 25 yrs old
What happens to muscle strength/ coordination at 30 yrs old?
Decline in muscle strength, 5% of muscle mass is lost after each decade
Decline in coordination, increased occurrence of muscle strains
What happens to strength at age 50?
50 yrs old: Steady decline in strength, impaired function
70 yrs old: rapid decline in strength
Where is the greatest decline in muscle located?
Where is pattern of muscle weakness located?
Greatest decline in Trunk and lower extremities
Pattern of muscle weakness is proximal, most prominent in back, abdominals, and quads
All bones and cartilage develop from ….
The mesenchyme
What happens to bone during 3rd-8th week? 5th week? 6th week?
3rd and 8th week: bone and cartilage are differentiated and bone develops
5th week: mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate; occurs first in extremities (UE before LE)
6th week: chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones
Where is the diaphysis formed?
Formed by the primary ossification, well ossified
Where is the epiphysis formed?
Formed by the secondary ossification center, cartilaginous
Most bone fractures occur here
Primary Curves
- thoracic and sacral regions of spine
- kyphotic
- formed at birth
Secondary Curves
Cervical and lumbar regions
Lordotic
Formed through weightbearing during walking
What is sutures? What is fontanelles? When do they close?
Sutures: hold together the bones that form the skull (2-3 months)
Fontanelles: soft areas where the bone hasn’t fused yet (12-18 months)
When do the epiphyseal growth plates close?
Age 25
Bone remodeling and density can increase with:
- weightbearing
- muscular contraction
- adequate nutrition and calcium intake
