cardiovascular system

Question 1

When does vasculature develop?

Answer 1

Begins at 3-4 weeks after conception

Question 2

Vasculogenesis vs Angiogenesis

Answer 2

Vasculo- formation of arteries and veins, mesodermal cells differentiate into vessels during embryonic development

Angio- formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels, occurs during embryonic development and through life

Question 3

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

Answer 3

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

Question 4

Two important arteries in tunica media?

Answer 4

Large elastic arteries and medium muscular arteries

Question 5

What are the 3 classes of veins?

Answer 5

Large veins, medium/small veins, and venules

Question 6

When does the heart develop during embryonic phase?

Answer 6

Heart develops approx 3 weeks after conception

Question 7

When dies circulation begin in embryos? When dies heart become 4 chambers?

Answer 7

4 weeks circulation
7 weeks 4 chambers

Question 8

What are shunting systems?

Answer 8

Small passages for blood to travel through the body to bypass undeveloped foramen

1) foramen ovals- r atrium to left atrium
2) dictums arteriosus- r pulmonary artery to aorta
3) ductus venosus- inferior vena cava to umbilical vein

Question 9

How many births have congenital heart disease?

Answer 9

1 percent of live births have congenital heart disease

Question 10

Which side becomes more dominant during adulthood?

Answer 10

Left ventricular wall becomes twice as thick by adulthood

Question 11

Heart volume at birth, 6 months , 2 yrs old?

Answer 11

40 mL at birth
80 mL at 6 months
2 age- 160 mL
ratio remain constant - 10 mLKg

Question 12

Vascular changes in infancy?

Answer 12

At birth- 1 vessel for every 6 muscle fibers
Adulthood- 1:1 ratio

Question 13

Heart changes with aging?

Answer 13

1. decrease in number of myocytes, but increase in size
2. decrease in number of pacemaker cells in SA node- slower HR
3. Left ventricular wall becomes thicker- decrease stroke volume
4. Myocardium becomes darker
5. Thickening and calfication of valves

Question 14

Hb levels fetus vs post natal?

Answer 14

70% in umbilical vein, 97% in arterial blood after birth

Question 15

Vessels and blood changes with aging?

Answer 15

Vessels: become thicker, stiffer, and less flexible

Blood: decreased blood volume, decreased number of red blood cells, impaired ability to fight infection because less lymphocytes

Question 16

What are the 2 zones of the pulmonary system?

Answer 16

Conducting Zone- where air is moved in and out
ex. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea

Respiratory Zone- where air exchange occurs
ex. alveoli, alveolar ducts

Question 17

Where is the respiratory system located in the brain?

Answer 17

Medulla oblongata and pons

Question 18

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic response for Respiration?

Answer 18

Sympathetic: Bronchiole Dilation
Parasympathetic: Bronchiole Constriction

Question 19

Tidal volume, residual volume, and minute ventilation?

Answer 19

Tidal volume- amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
Residual volume- amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration
Minute ventilation- total volume of air inspires and expired in one minute

Question 20

Pulmonary development at 4-8 weeks of gestation?

Answer 20

• Differentiation of trachea and bronchi
• Lung buds form
• Bronchi begin to form in the lungs

Question 21

In what week is surfactant produced?

Answer 21

24 weeks

Question 22

Pulmonary development at birth?

Answer 22

At birth, rib cage is horizontal and ventilatory muscles are not developed

Ribs become angles and more efficient breathing once able to sit

Question 23

Pulmonary development in infancy and childhood?

Answer 23

• increase number of alveoli until age 8 years old
• airways are smaller for children, decreased smooth muscle in bronchiole walls until age 3-4 yrs old
• increased risk of respiratory infections until 6-8 years old

Question 24

Pulmonary development in adolescence?

Answer 24

at 19 years old, smooth muscle in arterial walls of alveoli are filly developed

Question 25

Pulmonary development in adulthood and aging?

Answer 25

Functional impairments evident beginning in the 7th decade of life
Altered length tension relationship of muscles due to structural changes in thoracic cavity
—> leads to increased work of breathing