Midterm Flashcards
What structure/landmark is medial to costal cartilage?
The Sternum
Fossa definition
A space found in bones especially long bones
Allows them to move freely
Circumduction definition
What joint does it occur at?
Movement of the upper limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern
Occurs at the shoulder, wrist and hip
Carrying Angle definition and the bones involved
The acute angle made by median axis of arm and forearm in full extension and supination
Bones involved- humerus
Bursa definition
What does it do?
It is a fluid filled sac located between bone and surrounding soft tissue, bones or tendons
Reduces tension and wear + tear at point of friction
Pronation definition
Movement- palms facing downward
Joint it occurs at- proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Pisiform is located on which surface of the hand?
Anterior
Functions of Osseous bone tissue?
Protect from internal organs and store/release fat
What is the orientation of the calcaneous relative to the talus?
Calcaneous is oriented inferior and slightly posterior to the talus
Talus sits on top of the calcaneous
How is the foot similar to the hand in structure?
Bone structure- each has a set of phalanges, metacarpals, carpals and tarsal bones
Joint structure- bone have hinge joints
Why is the ankle the most stable in dorsiflexion?
Talus shape- when the foot is dorsiflexed, the shape of the talus locks the foot in place
Why is the knee considered a “modified” hinge joint?
Because of its unique structure and function
There are additional features that allow for more complex movements
How many carpals in the hand?
Name them
8
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
How many tarsal bones are in the foot? Name them
7
Calcaneous
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuniforms 1,2,3
What bones have a head as an anatomical landmark?
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Valgus vs. Varus
Valgus- lateral to medial (Medial collateral ligament)
Varus- Medial to lateral (Lateral collateral ligament)
What joints have collateral ligaments to provide support?
Lateral collateral ligament- knee
Medial collateral ligament- knee
All hinge joints
What joints are uni-axial?
Elbow and ankle
What joints are multi-axial?
Shoulder and hip
What joints are bi-axial?
Wrist and thumb
What part of the talus is the widest part of the bone?
The anterior part of the body, specifically the head of the talus
What movements are possible at the knee joint?
Flexion and extension
Functional classification of joints
Synarthrosis- immovable joints (ex: sutures of the skull)
Amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable (ex: intervertebral discs)
Diarthrisis- full movement (ex: majority of joints)
Where is the sella turcica located?
Pituitary gland
The mastoid process is a landmark on which bone?
Temporal bone
What bone is referred to as the “keystone” of the skull?
Sphenoid
What suture separates the occipital bone from the parietal bone?
Lamboidal
What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?
Foramen magnum
What bone forms the prominence of the cheek?
Zygomatic bone
What bone is part of the neurocranium?
Frontal bone
What is the notch at the superior aspect of the manubrium called?
Suprasternal notch
Functional classification of the costovertebral joints?
Diarthrosis
What does the head of the rib articulate with?
Vertebral bodies
What does the tubercle on a rib articulate with?
Transverse process
How many pairs of ribs do most people have?
12
Which ribs do NOT have an anterior attachment site?
Floating ribs
On what view can you see the entire subscapular fossa on a scapula?
Anterior
What articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
Glenoid Fossa
What joint is responsible for the first 30 degrees of shoulder abduction?
Glenohumeral joint
What type of synovial joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle
Where does the axial skeleton attach to the appendicular skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint
What is a typical carrying angle at the elbow?
15 degrees
What joint may contain an articular disc to improve the fit of the bones?
Acromioclavicular joint
What does the distal radius cross over the distal ulna?
Radio-ulnar pronation
What type of joint is the intermediate radioulnar joint?
Fibrous
Cranial bone that attaches to the supraorbital foramen
Frontal bone
Kyphosis and Lordosis
Kyphosis- primary curvature
Lordosis- curve at cervical and lumbar regions
What sits in the intervertebral foramina?
Nerve roots/spinal nerves
Name 2 ligaments that would only be found in the cervical region
Ligamentum Nuchae and Transverse Atlanta’s Ligament
Thoracic movements of inspiration to increase the size of the thoracic cavity
Pump handle
Bucket handle
Diaphragm
Components of the ribs
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Body
What suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bone?
Coronal suture
Structural classification of the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial
What is the lining of the medullary cavity called?
Endosteum
What forms an articulation with the superior articular processes of L1?
Inferior articular processes of T12
What type of synovial joint is a facet joint?
Plane joint
What is the name given to the normal adult curve in the thoracic region of the spine?
Kyphosis
What is the large bony body prominence on the proximal lateral humerus?
Greater tuberosity
What is the joint called where the costal cartilage attaches to the sternum?
Sternocostal joint
Joints of the thorax (3)
Costovertebral- joints between ribs and vertebrae
Sternocostal- between sternum and costal cartilage
Costochondral- between ribs and costal cartilage
Movements of the thorax
Inspiration/ expiration
What is the movement called when the scapulae are drawn toward the vertebral column?
Scapular retraction
During scapular upward rotation, the glenoid fossa turns to face _____________.
Superiorly
Compare the pelvic and pectoral girdles in terms of stability and mobility
Stability- pectoral girdles is much less stable due to thinner capsule
Mobility- pectoral girdle is more mobile
How can you differentiate the medial end of the clavicle from the lateral end?
Medial end is cone-shaped, lateral end is flattened
Purpose of the glenoid labrum?
It deepens the glenohumeral socket for a better fit with the head of the humerus
What structures protect the shoulder joint from dislocating?
Superiorly: Coracoacromial ligament
Anteriorly: Anterior glenohumeral ligament
Posteriorly: Posterior glenohumeral ligament
What parts of the scapula can be palpated?
Superior angle, inferior angle, acromion process
Main function of the interosseous membrane
It increases the surface area for muscle attachment and provides increased stability between 2 bones
Movements of the thumb
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Structures that articulate to form the wrist joint
Radius
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Function of palmar plates
Restricts hyperextension of the fingers and keeps tendons from being pinched in the joints during flexion
What structure receives the body’s weight when sitting?
Ischial Tuberosity
What are the attachment points of the sacrospinous ligament?
Sacrum and Ischial spine
What type of structure is between the 2 pubic bones?
Cartilaginous disc
Structural classification of the superior tibiofibular joint?
Synovial
Sharp ridge on the anterior surface of the leg?
Anterior tibial border
What bones participate in the knee joint?
Tibia, femur and patella
Screw Home mechanism definition
When the knee moves into terminal extension the lateral condyle runs out of articular surface while the medial side has extra articular surface left, allowing it to go further causing rotation.
Why is the medial meniscus damaged more often than the lateral meniscus?
It’s attached to the medial collateral ligament
What forms the most distal portion of the tibia?
Medial malleolus
What ligament supports the head of the talus?
Spring ligament
3 arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse
3 bones that the bifurcate ligament attaches to?
Calcaneous, cuboid and navicular
What is the shape of the crural component of the ankle joint?
Concave
What 3 bones does the deltoid ligament attach to?
Talus, calcaneous and navicular
How many bones comprise 1 pelvis?
3
What is the medial attachment point of the iliolumbar ligament?
Transverse process of L5
What is the location of the obturator foramen?
On the inferior aspect of the innominate bone
What bony landmark divides the greater and lesser sciatic notches?
Ischial spine
Purpose of gluteal lines
Site of muscle attachment
What is the orientation of the acetabulum on an innominate bone?
Lateral aspect
What is the enlarged distal end of the tibia referred to as?
Medial malleolous
What bursal sac provides protection to the superficial aspect of the patella?
Prepattelar
Structural classification of the superior tibiofibular joint?
Synovial
What makes the knee joint architecturally unstable?
Shape of the articulating bones
Distal attachment point of the lateral collateral ligament of the knee?
Head of the fibula
What tarsal bone receives the initial contact with the ground in normal walking?
Calcaneous
Where are the sesamoid bones located in the foot?
Plantar side
What are the 2 craniovertebral joints? Structural classification?
Atlanto-occipital joint
Atlanto-axial joint, synovial
6 ligaments in the vertebral column
Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Inter-transverse ligament
3 parts that make the sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Landmarks of the clavicle
Sternal end
Acromion end
Acromioclavicular joint
Conoid tubercle
Transverse numeral ligament
Ligament that crosses bicipital groove, keeps deltoid tendon against the floor groove
