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Human Anatomy🫀 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What structure/landmark is medial to costal cartilage?

A

The Sternum

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2
Q

Fossa definition

A

A space found in bones especially long bones
Allows them to move freely

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3
Q

Circumduction definition
What joint does it occur at?

A

Movement of the upper limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern

Occurs at the shoulder, wrist and hip

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4
Q

Carrying Angle definition and the bones involved

A

The acute angle made by median axis of arm and forearm in full extension and supination
Bones involved- humerus

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5
Q

Bursa definition
What does it do?

A

It is a fluid filled sac located between bone and surrounding soft tissue, bones or tendons
Reduces tension and wear + tear at point of friction

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6
Q

Pronation definition

A

Movement- palms facing downward
Joint it occurs at- proximal and distal radioulnar joints

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7
Q

Pisiform is located on which surface of the hand?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

Functions of Osseous bone tissue?

A

Protect from internal organs and store/release fat

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9
Q

What is the orientation of the calcaneous relative to the talus?

A

Calcaneous is oriented inferior and slightly posterior to the talus
Talus sits on top of the calcaneous

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10
Q

How is the foot similar to the hand in structure?

A

Bone structure- each has a set of phalanges, metacarpals, carpals and tarsal bones
Joint structure- bone have hinge joints

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11
Q

Why is the ankle the most stable in dorsiflexion?

A

Talus shape- when the foot is dorsiflexed, the shape of the talus locks the foot in place

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12
Q

Why is the knee considered a “modified” hinge joint?

A

Because of its unique structure and function
There are additional features that allow for more complex movements

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13
Q

How many carpals in the hand?
Name them

A

8
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

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14
Q

How many tarsal bones are in the foot? Name them

A

7
Calcaneous
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuniforms 1,2,3

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15
Q

What bones have a head as an anatomical landmark?

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula

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16
Q

Valgus vs. Varus

A

Valgus- lateral to medial (Medial collateral ligament)
Varus- Medial to lateral (Lateral collateral ligament)

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17
Q

What joints have collateral ligaments to provide support?

A

Lateral collateral ligament- knee
Medial collateral ligament- knee
All hinge joints

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18
Q

What joints are uni-axial?

A

Elbow and ankle

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19
Q

What joints are multi-axial?

A

Shoulder and hip

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20
Q

What joints are bi-axial?

A

Wrist and thumb

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21
Q

What part of the talus is the widest part of the bone?

A

The anterior part of the body, specifically the head of the talus

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22
Q

What movements are possible at the knee joint?

A

Flexion and extension

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23
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Synarthrosis- immovable joints (ex: sutures of the skull)

Amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable (ex: intervertebral discs)

Diarthrisis- full movement (ex: majority of joints)

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24
Q

Where is the sella turcica located?

A

Pituitary gland

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25
Q

The mastoid process is a landmark on which bone?

A

Temporal bone

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26
Q

What bone is referred to as the “keystone” of the skull?

A

Sphenoid

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27
Q

What suture separates the occipital bone from the parietal bone?

A

Lamboidal

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28
Q

What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Foramen magnum

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29
Q

What bone forms the prominence of the cheek?

A

Zygomatic bone

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30
Q

What bone is part of the neurocranium?

A

Frontal bone

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31
Q

What is the notch at the superior aspect of the manubrium called?

A

Suprasternal notch

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32
Q

Functional classification of the costovertebral joints?

A

Diarthrosis

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33
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with?

A

Vertebral bodies

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34
Q

What does the tubercle on a rib articulate with?

A

Transverse process

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35
Q

How many pairs of ribs do most people have?

A

12

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36
Q

Which ribs do NOT have an anterior attachment site?

A

Floating ribs

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37
Q

On what view can you see the entire subscapular fossa on a scapula?

A

Anterior

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38
Q

What articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

A

Glenoid Fossa

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39
Q

What joint is responsible for the first 30 degrees of shoulder abduction?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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40
Q

What type of synovial joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle

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41
Q

Where does the axial skeleton attach to the appendicular skeleton?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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42
Q

What is a typical carrying angle at the elbow?

A

15 degrees

43
Q

What joint may contain an articular disc to improve the fit of the bones?

A

Acromioclavicular joint

44
Q

What does the distal radius cross over the distal ulna?

A

Radio-ulnar pronation

45
Q

What type of joint is the intermediate radioulnar joint?

A

Fibrous

46
Q

Cranial bone that attaches to the supraorbital foramen

A

Frontal bone

47
Q

Kyphosis and Lordosis

A

Kyphosis- primary curvature
Lordosis- curve at cervical and lumbar regions

48
Q

What sits in the intervertebral foramina?

A

Nerve roots/spinal nerves

49
Q

Name 2 ligaments that would only be found in the cervical region

A

Ligamentum Nuchae and Transverse Atlanta’s Ligament

50
Q

Thoracic movements of inspiration to increase the size of the thoracic cavity

A

Pump handle
Bucket handle
Diaphragm

51
Q

Components of the ribs

A

Head
Neck
Tubercle
Body

52
Q

What suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bone?

A

Coronal suture

53
Q

Structural classification of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial

54
Q

What is the lining of the medullary cavity called?

A

Endosteum

55
Q

What forms an articulation with the superior articular processes of L1?

A

Inferior articular processes of T12

56
Q

What type of synovial joint is a facet joint?

A

Plane joint

57
Q

What is the name given to the normal adult curve in the thoracic region of the spine?

A

Kyphosis

58
Q

What is the large bony body prominence on the proximal lateral humerus?

A

Greater tuberosity

59
Q

What is the joint called where the costal cartilage attaches to the sternum?

A

Sternocostal joint

60
Q

Joints of the thorax (3)

A

Costovertebral- joints between ribs and vertebrae
Sternocostal- between sternum and costal cartilage
Costochondral- between ribs and costal cartilage

61
Q

Movements of the thorax

A

Inspiration/ expiration

62
Q

What is the movement called when the scapulae are drawn toward the vertebral column?

A

Scapular retraction

63
Q

During scapular upward rotation, the glenoid fossa turns to face _____________.

A

Superiorly

64
Q

Compare the pelvic and pectoral girdles in terms of stability and mobility

A

Stability- pectoral girdles is much less stable due to thinner capsule

Mobility- pectoral girdle is more mobile

65
Q

How can you differentiate the medial end of the clavicle from the lateral end?

A

Medial end is cone-shaped, lateral end is flattened

66
Q

Purpose of the glenoid labrum?

A

It deepens the glenohumeral socket for a better fit with the head of the humerus

67
Q

What structures protect the shoulder joint from dislocating?

A

Superiorly: Coracoacromial ligament

Anteriorly: Anterior glenohumeral ligament

Posteriorly: Posterior glenohumeral ligament

68
Q

What parts of the scapula can be palpated?

A

Superior angle, inferior angle, acromion process

69
Q

Main function of the interosseous membrane

A

It increases the surface area for muscle attachment and provides increased stability between 2 bones

70
Q

Movements of the thumb

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction

71
Q

Structures that articulate to form the wrist joint

A

Radius
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum

72
Q

Function of palmar plates

A

Restricts hyperextension of the fingers and keeps tendons from being pinched in the joints during flexion

73
Q

What structure receives the body’s weight when sitting?

A

Ischial Tuberosity

74
Q

What are the attachment points of the sacrospinous ligament?

A

Sacrum and Ischial spine

75
Q

What type of structure is between the 2 pubic bones?

A

Cartilaginous disc

76
Q

Structural classification of the superior tibiofibular joint?

A

Synovial

77
Q

Sharp ridge on the anterior surface of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial border

78
Q

What bones participate in the knee joint?

A

Tibia, femur and patella

79
Q

Screw Home mechanism definition

A

When the knee moves into terminal extension the lateral condyle runs out of articular surface while the medial side has extra articular surface left, allowing it to go further causing rotation.

80
Q

Why is the medial meniscus damaged more often than the lateral meniscus?

A

It’s attached to the medial collateral ligament

81
Q

What forms the most distal portion of the tibia?

A

Medial malleolus

82
Q

What ligament supports the head of the talus?

A

Spring ligament

83
Q

3 arches of the foot

A

Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse

84
Q

3 bones that the bifurcate ligament attaches to?

A

Calcaneous, cuboid and navicular

85
Q

What is the shape of the crural component of the ankle joint?

A

Concave

86
Q

What 3 bones does the deltoid ligament attach to?

A

Talus, calcaneous and navicular

87
Q

How many bones comprise 1 pelvis?

A

3

88
Q

What is the medial attachment point of the iliolumbar ligament?

A

Transverse process of L5

89
Q

What is the location of the obturator foramen?

A

On the inferior aspect of the innominate bone

90
Q

What bony landmark divides the greater and lesser sciatic notches?

A

Ischial spine

91
Q

Purpose of gluteal lines

A

Site of muscle attachment

92
Q

What is the orientation of the acetabulum on an innominate bone?

A

Lateral aspect

93
Q

What is the enlarged distal end of the tibia referred to as?

A

Medial malleolous

94
Q

What bursal sac provides protection to the superficial aspect of the patella?

A

Prepattelar

95
Q

Structural classification of the superior tibiofibular joint?

A

Synovial

96
Q

What makes the knee joint architecturally unstable?

A

Shape of the articulating bones

97
Q

Distal attachment point of the lateral collateral ligament of the knee?

A

Head of the fibula

98
Q

What tarsal bone receives the initial contact with the ground in normal walking?

A

Calcaneous

99
Q

Where are the sesamoid bones located in the foot?

A

Plantar side

100
Q

What are the 2 craniovertebral joints? Structural classification?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

Atlanto-axial joint, synovial

101
Q

6 ligaments in the vertebral column

A

Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Inter-transverse ligament

102
Q

3 parts that make the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

103
Q

Landmarks of the clavicle

A

Sternal end
Acromion end
Acromioclavicular joint
Conoid tubercle

104
Q

Transverse numeral ligament

A

Ligament that crosses bicipital groove, keeps deltoid tendon against the floor groove

Human Anatomy🫀 (4 decks)

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