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Human Anatomy🫀 > Final Class Exam > Flashcards

Final Class Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Tendons

A

They attach muscle to bone, connective tissue acts as a harness which allows muscle to “pull” on a bone

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2
Q

Agonist definition (prime mover)

A

Primary muscle creating a concentric movement

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3
Q

Antagonist

A

Inactive while the agonist is contracting

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4
Q

Fixators

A

Steadies the proximal part of limb throughout an isometric contraction

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5
Q

Synergists

A

Complements action of prime mover

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6
Q

Muscle shapes

A

Parallel- brachii
Convergent- pec major
Bipennate- rectus femoris

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7
Q

Relationship between pec major and minor

A

Pec major- has 2 heads
Pec minor- deeper

They have the same location and innervation

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8
Q

Serratus anterior ➡️ Winging scapula

A

Serratus Anterior is linked to the winged scapula, winged scapula is a condition that causes the scapula to protrude from the ribcage

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9
Q

Trapezius insertions and main actions (CLASP)

A

Insertions:
Upper- lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Middle- acromion process of scapula
Lower- scapular spine

Main actions: Scapular elevation, retraction and depression

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10
Q

Serratus Anterior origin and main action

A

Origin: external lateral surfaces of first 9 ribs

Main action: scapular protraction

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11
Q

Rhomboid major vs. Minor

A

Rhomboid minor- C7-T1 spinous processes
Rhomboid major- T2-T5 spinous processes

Same innervation, rhomboid minor is superior

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12
Q

Common attachment points of deltoid and trapezius

A

Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion process of scapula, and scapular spine

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13
Q

Rotator Cuff (SITS) and insertions

A

Posterior: all insert on the greater tubercle
Supraspinatus
Infraspinous
Teres Minor

Anterior: inserts on the lesser tubercle
Subscapularis

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14
Q

Teres Major vs. Minor

A

Teres Major: Bigger in size, sits inferior to minor

Both have similar location, insertion is different, both function differently because of the insertion

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15
Q

Superficial flexors of the forearm and common origin

A

Pronator Teres, Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus

Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus

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16
Q

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis vs. Profundus

A

Superficialis originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on digits 2-5

Profundus originates on the anterior ulna and inserts on the base of distal phalanges

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17
Q

Posterior superficial forearm layers

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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18
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Runs along the radial side, crosses the elbow joint.

Like drinking from a cup

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19
Q

Muscles that perform supination and pronation (4)

A

Pronator teres, Pronator Quadratus, brachioradialis, Supinator

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20
Q

What is a nerve root?

A

Paired branches that leave the spinal cord at each vertebral segment

Efferent: motor fibres
Afferent: sensory fibres

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21
Q

What is a Plexus?

A

A network of nerves or vessels in the body that have a web-like formation

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22
Q

Brachial Plexus Terminal nerves

A

Terminal:
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

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23
Q

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic muscles

A

Extrinsic: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids major and minor

Intrinsic: Erector spinal group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), Transversospinalis group

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24
Q

Function of erector spinae group

A

Helps to maintain a stable posture and stabilize the spine

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25
Q

Relationship between the 3 Erector spinae muscles (I like sandwiches)

A

Have the same origin, innervation and main actions but different insertions.

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26
Q

Psoas Major vs. Iliacus (iliopsoas)

A

Work together to move the hip joint, essential for posture, running and walking.

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27
Q

Quadratus Lumborum main actions

A

Side flexion of the lumbar spine and some extension of the lumbar spine

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28
Q

Linea Alba

A

From Xiphoid process to pubic symphysis, divides anterior core into 2 symmetrical halves

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29
Q

External vs. Internal Abdominal Obliques

A

External: Larger, originates on external surfaces of ribs 5-12

Internal: Originates on the lateral half inguinal ligament

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30
Q

Transverse Abdominis Main actions

A

Acts as a corset to stabilize the spine, and assists the diaphragm when exhaling forcefully

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31
Q

Rectus Abdominis - tendinous inscriptions

A

Tendinous inscriptions are what you would see on a 6 pack, they divide the rectus abdominis muscle into segments

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32
Q

What makes the diaphragm unique?

A

It inserts on the central tendon meaning it inserts on itself

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33
Q

Biceps Brachii vs. Brachialis

A

Biceps Brachii: has 2 heads (Long and short)

Brachialis: important stabilizer of the elbow joint

Both help flex the elbow and innervate on the musculocutaneus nerve

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34
Q

Common attachment points of the coracoid process

A

Pec major
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis

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35
Q

Triceps brachii vs. Anconeus

A

Aconeus assists triceps brachii in elbow extension. They work together to extend the elbow and stabalize the joint

36
Q

Thenar group vs. Hypothenar group

A

Thenar: radial side of the palm proximal to the thumb

Hypothenar: proximal to the 5th digit on the hand

37
Q

Muscles that control the hand and fingers

A

Lumbricals: worm-like muscles in the palm
Dorsal Interossei
Palmar interossei

38
Q

Compartments around tibia/fibula

A

Anterior, lateral and posterior

39
Q

Inversion ➡️ tibialis anterior and posterior

A

Both perform sub-talar inversion together

40
Q

Gastrocnemius and plantaris movements

A

Gastrocnemius: does ankle plantar flexion OR knee flexion (can’t do both at the same time)

Plantaris: plantar flexion OR knee flexion

Can only do 1 movement at a time

41
Q

Superficial posterior compartment relationship

A

All work as the achilles tendon and then to the calcaneus

42
Q

Deep posterior group ➡️ medial malleolus

A

The deep posterior compartment runs posterior to medial malleolus

43
Q

Popliteus origin and main actions

A

Origin: lateral femoral condyle

Main actions: lateral rotation of the femur, and helps unlock the locked position to flex the knee from screw home mechanism

44
Q

Peroneus longus ➡️ unique pathway to insertion

A

Insertion: 1st cuniform at the base of the first metatarsal ( on the PLANTAR aspect of the foot, cuboid)

45
Q

Intrinsic muscles ➡️ hand vs foot

A

The feet have fewer intrinsic muscles than the hand

46
Q

Compartments around femur ➡️ Intermuscular septum

A

Septum- connective tissue that extends from the superficial fascia deep into a muscle group to separate one muscle from another

47
Q

Why is Sartorius unique? Main actions

A

Largest muscle in the body, and it crosses the hip and knee

Main actions: “tailor sit”
- hip flexion
- hip abduction
- hip external rotation
- knee flexion

48
Q

Vastus Lateralis vs. Vastus Medialis

A

Vastus Lateralis- posterior lateral side

Vastus Medialis- posterior medial side

Both have the same insertion, innervation and main action

49
Q

3 Hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris- 2 heads (long and short) and inserts at the head of the fibula

Semimembranosus- inserts on the posteromedial tibial condyle, does medial rotation of a FLEXED knee

Semitendinosus- inserts on the medial surface of proximal tibia, does medial rotation of a FLEXED knee

All innervate on the sciatic nerve

50
Q

Role of hamstrings in knee rotation

A

Biceps femoris- lateral rotation of a FLEXED knee

Semimembranosus- medial rotation of a FLEXED knee

Semitendinosus- medial rotation of a FLEXED knee

51
Q

Popliteal Fossa

A

A hollowed out space on the back of your knee

52
Q

Relationship of 5 adductors
(Peanut butter leaves me gassy)

A

Pectineus- femoral nerve
Adductor brevis- obturator
Adductor longus- obturator
Adductor magnus- sciatic
Gracilis- obturator

53
Q

Femoral Triangle contents

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatic vessels

54
Q

Pes Anserine Group

A

Sartorius, Gracilis and Semitendinosus

55
Q

Temporalis insertion and main actions

A

It inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible, and does elevation and retraction of the mandible (clenching the jaw)

56
Q

Masseter origin and main actions

A

Zygomatic arch and maxilla, does Elevation and retraction

57
Q

Sternocleidomastoid unique main actions

A

It is dependant on whether both sides or one side is contracting:
Bi-laterally does neck flexion
Unilaterally does neck rotation and chin tilt upwards to the OPPOSITE side

58
Q

Scalenes ➡️ similarities and differences

A

Anterior scalene and Middle scalene: inserts on rib 1
Middle and Posterior: do neck lateral flexion, and originate on Transverse processes C5-C7

59
Q

Gluteus Maximus insertion and main actions

A

Insertion: 1/4 gluteal tuberosity, 3/4 to iliotibial band
Main actions: hip extension, lateral rotation of the extended hip

60
Q

Gluteus Medius Origin and main actions

A

Origin: External blade of ilium
Main actions: hip abduction

61
Q

Gluteus Minimus insertion and main actions

A

Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur

Main actions: hip abduction

62
Q

Iliotibial band

A

Runs from the iliac crest, sacrum and inguinal ligament, then crosses the knee and attaches to proximal tibia

Not a muscle, thick and ridgy

63
Q

Lateral rotators of the hip (6, PGOGOQ)

A

Piriformis
Superior Gemelli
Obturator internus
Inferior Gemelli
Obturator Externus
Quadratus femoris

All have the same insertion and main actions

Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
Main actions: lateral rotation of the hip

64
Q

What is the name given to the facial thickening that separates muscles within a compartment?

A

Intermuscular septum

65
Q

What muscle forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorius

66
Q

What is the common origin of the hamstring group?

A

Ischial tuberosity

67
Q

Which thigh muscle is a synergist to the main action of the iliopsoas group?

A

Rectus femoris

68
Q

The femoral nerve innervates which compartment of the thigh?

A

Interior compartment

69
Q

What plane does Vastus medialis produce movement in?

A

Sagittal plane

70
Q

Which adductor muscle is a synergist for knee flexion?

A

Gracilis

71
Q

What is the common insertion of 3 of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Greater tubercle

72
Q

Name a muscle that is a synergist with the middle trapezius to produce scapular retraction?

A

Rhomboids maj and minor

73
Q

Name a muscle that is able to perform scapular protraction?

A

Pec minor, serratus anterior

74
Q

What do lats and pec major have in common?

A

Same insertion- bicipital groove

75
Q

Common origin of the superficial forearm flexors

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

76
Q

What does the flexor reticulum of the wrist create?

A

Carpal tunnel

77
Q

Name one muscle that helps perform wrist adduction

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

78
Q

Name one terminal nerve of the brachial plexus

A

Ulnar, radial, medial, axillary

79
Q

What structure extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis?

A

Rectus abdominis, linea alba

80
Q

What divides rectus abdominis into 8 shorter segments?

A

Tendinous inscription

81
Q

Common insertion of iliacus and psoas major?

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

82
Q

What muscle is immediately superficial to the kidneys?

A

Quadratus Lumborum

83
Q

What muscle performs extension and external rotation of the hip?

A

Gluteus Maximus

84
Q

What muscle is the prime mover for hip abduction?

A

Gluteus medius

85
Q

What plane does piriformis produce movement in?

A

Transverse

86
Q

Muscles that are able to perform shoulder medial rotation:

A

Latissimus dorsi, teres major

87
Q

Identify this muscle:
Deep in the anterior forearm
Insertion- distal phalanx of the thumb
Innervation- median nerve

A

Flexor pollicis longus

Human Anatomy🫀 (5 decks)

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