Final Class Exam Flashcards
Tendons
They attach muscle to bone, connective tissue acts as a harness which allows muscle to “pull” on a bone
Agonist definition (prime mover)
Primary muscle creating a concentric movement
Antagonist
Inactive while the agonist is contracting
Fixators
Steadies the proximal part of limb throughout an isometric contraction
Synergists
Complements action of prime mover
Muscle shapes
Parallel- brachii
Convergent- pec major
Bipennate- rectus femoris
Relationship between pec major and minor
Pec major- has 2 heads
Pec minor- deeper
They have the same location and innervation
Serratus anterior ➡️ Winging scapula
Serratus Anterior is linked to the winged scapula, winged scapula is a condition that causes the scapula to protrude from the ribcage
Trapezius insertions and main actions (CLASP)
Insertions:
Upper- lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Middle- acromion process of scapula
Lower- scapular spine
Main actions: Scapular elevation, retraction and depression
Serratus Anterior origin and main action
Origin: external lateral surfaces of first 9 ribs
Main action: scapular protraction
Rhomboid major vs. Minor
Rhomboid minor- C7-T1 spinous processes
Rhomboid major- T2-T5 spinous processes
Same innervation, rhomboid minor is superior
Common attachment points of deltoid and trapezius
Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion process of scapula, and scapular spine
Rotator Cuff (SITS) and insertions
Posterior: all insert on the greater tubercle
Supraspinatus
Infraspinous
Teres Minor
Anterior: inserts on the lesser tubercle
Subscapularis
Teres Major vs. Minor
Teres Major: Bigger in size, sits inferior to minor
Both have similar location, insertion is different, both function differently because of the insertion
Superficial flexors of the forearm and common origin
Pronator Teres, Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis vs. Profundus
Superficialis originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on digits 2-5
Profundus originates on the anterior ulna and inserts on the base of distal phalanges
Posterior superficial forearm layers
Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Brachioradialis
Runs along the radial side, crosses the elbow joint.
Like drinking from a cup
Muscles that perform supination and pronation (4)
Pronator teres, Pronator Quadratus, brachioradialis, Supinator
What is a nerve root?
Paired branches that leave the spinal cord at each vertebral segment
Efferent: motor fibres
Afferent: sensory fibres
What is a Plexus?
A network of nerves or vessels in the body that have a web-like formation
Brachial Plexus Terminal nerves
Terminal:
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids major and minor
Intrinsic: Erector spinal group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), Transversospinalis group
Function of erector spinae group
Helps to maintain a stable posture and stabilize the spine
Relationship between the 3 Erector spinae muscles (I like sandwiches)
Have the same origin, innervation and main actions but different insertions.
Psoas Major vs. Iliacus (iliopsoas)
Work together to move the hip joint, essential for posture, running and walking.
Quadratus Lumborum main actions
Side flexion of the lumbar spine and some extension of the lumbar spine
Linea Alba
From Xiphoid process to pubic symphysis, divides anterior core into 2 symmetrical halves
External vs. Internal Abdominal Obliques
External: Larger, originates on external surfaces of ribs 5-12
Internal: Originates on the lateral half inguinal ligament
Transverse Abdominis Main actions
Acts as a corset to stabilize the spine, and assists the diaphragm when exhaling forcefully
Rectus Abdominis - tendinous inscriptions
Tendinous inscriptions are what you would see on a 6 pack, they divide the rectus abdominis muscle into segments
What makes the diaphragm unique?
It inserts on the central tendon meaning it inserts on itself
Biceps Brachii vs. Brachialis
Biceps Brachii: has 2 heads (Long and short)
Brachialis: important stabilizer of the elbow joint
Both help flex the elbow and innervate on the musculocutaneus nerve
Common attachment points of the coracoid process
Pec major
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii vs. Anconeus
Aconeus assists triceps brachii in elbow extension. They work together to extend the elbow and stabalize the joint
Thenar group vs. Hypothenar group
Thenar: radial side of the palm proximal to the thumb
Hypothenar: proximal to the 5th digit on the hand
Muscles that control the hand and fingers
Lumbricals: worm-like muscles in the palm
Dorsal Interossei
Palmar interossei
Compartments around tibia/fibula
Anterior, lateral and posterior
Inversion ➡️ tibialis anterior and posterior
Both perform sub-talar inversion together
Gastrocnemius and plantaris movements
Gastrocnemius: does ankle plantar flexion OR knee flexion (can’t do both at the same time)
Plantaris: plantar flexion OR knee flexion
Can only do 1 movement at a time
Superficial posterior compartment relationship
All work as the achilles tendon and then to the calcaneus
Deep posterior group ➡️ medial malleolus
The deep posterior compartment runs posterior to medial malleolus
Popliteus origin and main actions
Origin: lateral femoral condyle
Main actions: lateral rotation of the femur, and helps unlock the locked position to flex the knee from screw home mechanism
Peroneus longus ➡️ unique pathway to insertion
Insertion: 1st cuniform at the base of the first metatarsal ( on the PLANTAR aspect of the foot, cuboid)
Intrinsic muscles ➡️ hand vs foot
The feet have fewer intrinsic muscles than the hand
Compartments around femur ➡️ Intermuscular septum
Septum- connective tissue that extends from the superficial fascia deep into a muscle group to separate one muscle from another
Why is Sartorius unique? Main actions
Largest muscle in the body, and it crosses the hip and knee
Main actions: “tailor sit”
- hip flexion
- hip abduction
- hip external rotation
- knee flexion
Vastus Lateralis vs. Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis- posterior lateral side
Vastus Medialis- posterior medial side
Both have the same insertion, innervation and main action
3 Hamstrings
Biceps femoris- 2 heads (long and short) and inserts at the head of the fibula
Semimembranosus- inserts on the posteromedial tibial condyle, does medial rotation of a FLEXED knee
Semitendinosus- inserts on the medial surface of proximal tibia, does medial rotation of a FLEXED knee
All innervate on the sciatic nerve
Role of hamstrings in knee rotation
Biceps femoris- lateral rotation of a FLEXED knee
Semimembranosus- medial rotation of a FLEXED knee
Semitendinosus- medial rotation of a FLEXED knee
Popliteal Fossa
A hollowed out space on the back of your knee
Relationship of 5 adductors
(Peanut butter leaves me gassy)
Pectineus- femoral nerve
Adductor brevis- obturator
Adductor longus- obturator
Adductor magnus- sciatic
Gracilis- obturator
Femoral Triangle contents
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatic vessels
Pes Anserine Group
Sartorius, Gracilis and Semitendinosus
Temporalis insertion and main actions
It inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible, and does elevation and retraction of the mandible (clenching the jaw)
Masseter origin and main actions
Zygomatic arch and maxilla, does Elevation and retraction
Sternocleidomastoid unique main actions
It is dependant on whether both sides or one side is contracting:
Bi-laterally does neck flexion
Unilaterally does neck rotation and chin tilt upwards to the OPPOSITE side
Scalenes ➡️ similarities and differences
Anterior scalene and Middle scalene: inserts on rib 1
Middle and Posterior: do neck lateral flexion, and originate on Transverse processes C5-C7
Gluteus Maximus insertion and main actions
Insertion: 1/4 gluteal tuberosity, 3/4 to iliotibial band
Main actions: hip extension, lateral rotation of the extended hip
Gluteus Medius Origin and main actions
Origin: External blade of ilium
Main actions: hip abduction
Gluteus Minimus insertion and main actions
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Main actions: hip abduction
Iliotibial band
Runs from the iliac crest, sacrum and inguinal ligament, then crosses the knee and attaches to proximal tibia
Not a muscle, thick and ridgy
Lateral rotators of the hip (6, PGOGOQ)
Piriformis
Superior Gemelli
Obturator internus
Inferior Gemelli
Obturator Externus
Quadratus femoris
All have the same insertion and main actions
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
Main actions: lateral rotation of the hip
What is the name given to the facial thickening that separates muscles within a compartment?
Intermuscular septum
What muscle forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?
Sartorius
What is the common origin of the hamstring group?
Ischial tuberosity
Which thigh muscle is a synergist to the main action of the iliopsoas group?
Rectus femoris
The femoral nerve innervates which compartment of the thigh?
Interior compartment
What plane does Vastus medialis produce movement in?
Sagittal plane
Which adductor muscle is a synergist for knee flexion?
Gracilis
What is the common insertion of 3 of the rotator cuff muscles?
Greater tubercle
Name a muscle that is a synergist with the middle trapezius to produce scapular retraction?
Rhomboids maj and minor
Name a muscle that is able to perform scapular protraction?
Pec minor, serratus anterior
What do lats and pec major have in common?
Same insertion- bicipital groove
Common origin of the superficial forearm flexors
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
What does the flexor reticulum of the wrist create?
Carpal tunnel
Name one muscle that helps perform wrist adduction
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Name one terminal nerve of the brachial plexus
Ulnar, radial, medial, axillary
What structure extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis?
Rectus abdominis, linea alba
What divides rectus abdominis into 8 shorter segments?
Tendinous inscription
Common insertion of iliacus and psoas major?
Lesser trochanter of femur
What muscle is immediately superficial to the kidneys?
Quadratus Lumborum
What muscle performs extension and external rotation of the hip?
Gluteus Maximus
What muscle is the prime mover for hip abduction?
Gluteus medius
What plane does piriformis produce movement in?
Transverse
Muscles that are able to perform shoulder medial rotation:
Latissimus dorsi, teres major
Identify this muscle:
Deep in the anterior forearm
Insertion- distal phalanx of the thumb
Innervation- median nerve
Flexor pollicis longus
