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Cog Psych > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Study of the mind

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2
Q

Choice reaction time

A

time to respond to one of two or more stimuli

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3
Q

Dichotic listening

A

presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear

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4
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlovs dogs

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6
Q

Reaction time

A

time it take to react to a stimulus

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7
Q

The likelihood principle

A

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the retinal image (e.g man face made out of random objects that you can only see via certain angle

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8
Q

Unconscious inference

A

Helmholtz: perception is a result of unconscious assumptions about the environment

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9
Q

Principle of closure

A

objects are perceived as whole even when not (WWF panda)

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10
Q

Bayesian Inference

A

the process of forming beliefs about the causes of sensory data (combination of prior beliefs and how these causes give rise to sensations)

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11
Q

Signal Detection theory

A

quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of some kind of noise

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12
Q

free

A

space

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13
Q

Bottom up processing

A

starts with information received by the receptors

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14
Q

Principle of good continuation

A

when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together and lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

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15
Q

Inverse projection problem

A

task of determining the object that causes a particular image on the retina –> a particular image could have been caused by an infinite number of objects

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16
Q

Landmark discrimination task

A

the task is to remember an object’s location and to choose that location after a delay

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17
Q

object discrimination task

A

a problem in which the tasks is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay

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18
Q

Oblique effect

A

finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations

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19
Q

Perception pathway

A

associated with perceiving or recognizing objects

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20
Q

Scene schema

A

A person’s knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene

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21
Q

top down processing

A

involves a perceiving things based on a person’s knowledge or expectations

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22
Q

Unconscious interference

A

Helmholtz - some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Higher cognitive functions: forming memories, emotions, impulse control, problem solving

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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A

processing and interpreting input –> inform us about objects in our external environment through touch and about position and movement of our body

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25
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual processing area –> visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, object and face recognition, and memory formation

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26
Q

Temporal lobe

A

helps you use you sense to understand and respond to the world - auditory stimuli, memory and emotion

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27
Q

Color constancy

A

objects appear the same color under different illuminations

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28
Q

Bayesian framwork

A

our assumptions are influenced by the prior (our past experiences)

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29
Q

Context shapes our..

A

perception

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30
Q

McGurk effect

A

integration of information across senses (video of guy saying ba)

31
Q

Visual deception effect

A

objects that are presented in a way that affords interaction are rated more favorably (button = push)

32
Q

Affordance

A

awareness of how to interact with objects

33
Q

Priming

A

exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a subsequent, related one

34
Q

Selective attention

A

what we want to pay attention to

35
Q

Divided attention

A

doing more than one thing at once

36
Q

Spatial cue are

A

hard to ignore (coglab with arrows)

37
Q

change blindness

A

difficulty detecting change in scenes when a) occurs slowly or b) interruption in perception

38
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice often large-scale events when your attention is engaged elsewhere

39
Q

The Stroop effect

A

attention can enhance processing of relevant stimuli and inhibit irrelevant simuli (difficulty naming color when the words spells something different)

40
Q

Automatic processing

A

processing that occurs automatically, without the person’s intending to it

41
Q

Binding problem

A

problem explaining how an object’s individual features become bound together

42
Q

Bottleneck model

A

proposes that incoming information is restricted at some point in processing, so only a portion of the information gets through to consciousness

43
Q

Cognitive load

A

the total amount of mental effort used in working memory

44
Q

early selection model

A

explains selective attention by early filtering out of the unattended message

45
Q

Endogenous cues

A

Always appear in the center of the screen and indicate where the participant can expect the target - top down

46
Q

Exogenous cues

A

Appear at one of the location where the subsequent target could appear (e.f left/right fixation) - bottom up

47
Q

Late selection models of attention

A

proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning

48
Q

Load theory of attention

A

the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying our (high-load tasks result in less distraction)

49
Q

perceptual load

A

related to difficulty of the task

50
Q

Spatial attention

A

a form of attention (visual) that involves directing attention to a certain location in space

51
Q

High load vs low load

A

high: higher amounts of processing capacity
low: lower amounts of processing capacity

52
Q

distraction increases during __ perceptual load and __ cognitive load

A

low; high

53
Q

Control processes

A

active processes that can be controlled by a person (rehearsal, attention..etc)

54
Q

Sensory memory is responsible for..

A

the persistence of vision (sparkler letters)

55
Q

Sensory memory

A

decays quickly, high capacity

56
Q

capacity and duration of Short term memory

A

4 items; 15-20s

57
Q

Chunking

A

binding together pieces of information ot be more easily remembered

58
Q

Proactive interference

A

information that was learned previously interferes with learning new information

59
Q

Visuospatial sketch pad

A

store for visual and spatial information

60
Q

Phonological loop

A

speech and sound related component of working memory and holds verbal and auditory information

61
Q

Prefrontal cortex is responsible for..

A

working memory, explicit memory recall, guiding behavior, changing tasks, emotional regulation

62
Q

Field dependent/ utilization behavior

A

utilizing objects just because they are there, even if it is not yours

63
Q

Donders pioneering experiment

A
  • first psychology experiment
  • measured how quickly participants could perceive a light and press a button
  • choice reaction time tasks also –> slower reaction times
64
Q

SOA

A

Stimulus onset asunchrony: measures the amount of time between the start of one stimulus and the start of another

65
Q

Central executive

A

part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad -
“traffic cop”

66
Q

Control processes

A

Atkinson and Shiffrins → active processes that can be controlled by the person and that may differ from one task to another (rehearsal)

67
Q

Echoic memory

A

brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished

68
Q

Iconic memory

A

brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished

69
Q

retroactive interference

A

when more recent learning interferes with memory for something that happened in the past

70
Q

working memory

A

a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoing

71
Q

The amount of information held in STM can be expanded by..

A

chuncking

72
Q

In new model who did what to STM memory?

A

Baddeley revised STM with working memory in order to deal with dynamic processes that unfold over time and that cannot be explained by a single short-term process

73
Q

Working memory consists of what three components?

A

phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and central executive

Cog Psych (5 decks)

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