Final exam weeks 5 and 6 Flashcards
long-term memory definition
lifetime storage of information → coordinates with working memory to help create our ongoing experience
peak-end-rule
most likely to refer to peak and end of an experience
primacy effect
memory is better for stimuli present at the beginning
- serial position
recency effect
memory is better for stimuli present at the end of the list because they’re still in short term memory (serial position)
explicit memory
Conscious recollections of events/facts from the past
implicit memory
Occurs when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering
- uncounscious recall
procedural memory
they are able to learn new skills, although they do not remember learning them
Clive wearing
- felt like he was waking up every 20 seconds
- unable to store new memories
binding problem
considers that features of an object need to be bound together by some neuronal mechanism across a population of neurons, so that the object can be perceived as a whole.
Hippocampus
encodes not storage
- ‘brain hub’
hippocampus is important for forming …?
new long term memories
Standard model of consolidation
memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but that after its complete, retrieval involves the cortex, and hippocampus is no longer involved
what is beneficial to memory?
sleep
multiple trace model of consolidation
hippocampus is involved both when memories are being established and during the retrieval of remote episodic memories
retrograde amnesia
can’t recall memories from the past
antrerograde amnesia
can’t form new memories but can still remember things from before you developed amnesia
episodic memory
from life events and experiences (when/where an event occurred and how it relates) - relies on hippocampus for at least some time (as they become semantic over time)
e.g - i remember going to get coffee yesterday at cafe with paul
what did Tulving state the defining property of the experience of episodic (not semantic) memory is ?
mental time travel (self-knowing or remembering)
semantic memory
factual and conceptual knowledge about the world
e.g - there is a coffee place down the road from the cafe
semanticization
episodic memories can lead to semantic memories
autobiographical memory
peoples memories for experiences from their own lives has both episodic (relieved events) and semantic (facts related to events)
coding definition
the way information is transformed into a format that can be stored and retrieved from memory
propaganda effect/illusion of truth effect
More likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true even if statements described as demonstrated to be false
- often used by politicians
cross sectional data
measurements taken at one particular time but for different age groups
declarative memories
memories that we are aware of and can talk about
longitudinal data
measurements taken over periods of time within the same group of individuals
encoding definition
Process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM
retrieval
transferring information from LTM into working memory
memory for an item depends on the ______ __ _________ it receives during encoding
depth of processing
shallow processing
involves little attention to meaning (e.g thinking about what the word sounds like, repetition…)
deep processing
focuses on meaning (e.g thinking about the meaning of the word, relating the word to something else..) → elaborative rehearsal
what are the 3 conditions encoding is based on? (the depths of processing)
physical features (written in caps); sound (does the word rhyme with..); and meaning (does the word fit in the sentence)
memories are stored in ____
networks
elaborative rehearsal
long-term recall of information through the use of associations, visual imagery and personalized organization of concepts
maintenance rehearsal
repetition of information in its original form and is less likely to result in effective long-term recall
- helps maintain information in STM
encoding specificity
we learn information together with its external context
- Context can serve as retrieval cues to aid memory recall
state dependent learning
we learn information together with its internal context (e.g mood)
transfer appropriate processing
matching the task or type of processing involved in encoding and retrieval aids memory recall
consolidation
process that transforms new memories from a fragile state into a more permanent state → facilitated by sleep
context reinstatement
where eyewitnesses are taken back (mentally or physically) to a scene or event they witnessed, to facilitate their memory retrieval
cued recall
when a participant is presented with cues (words or phrases) to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli
elaborative rehearsal
involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge
enactment effect
when you do something with an object, you will be more likely to remember it
generation effect
memory for material is better when a person generates the material themselves, rather than passively receiving it
graded amnesia
amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, remote events
reconsolidation
(Nader and others) occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated, and once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning
spacing effect
the advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying
what type of events are remembered more easily and vividly?
emotional events
flashbulb memories
how you heard of event (context)
- Memory for circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged important events (emotional)
-e.g 9/11
repeated recall
recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event
which type of memories are people more likely to have a larger belief in? (flashbulb or everyday)
flashbulb
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them (Neisser)
- e.g constant viewing of event (tv)
semantic networks
Concepts are arranged in networks that represent the way concepts are organized in the mind
Fake news warning only ____________ _______ people’s beliefs in accuracy of fake news
(grady et al 2021)
temporarily reduce
pragmatic inference
process of reaching a conclusion from known facts/evidence
- expect what is coming next
eating spider in sleep represents what?
people keep recalling things that they have been told is false but still believe it
inferences
Expectations about what is going to be said becomes bound up with what is actually said
priming
information we already have is going to prime new information
misinformation effect
inaccurate information presented after event influences memory of event
→ especially if there is misleading information
amygdala
structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events
