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Cog Psych > Final exam weeks 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Final exam weeks 5 and 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

long-term memory definition

A

lifetime storage of information → coordinates with working memory to help create our ongoing experience

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2
Q

peak-end-rule

A

most likely to refer to peak and end of an experience

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3
Q

primacy effect

A

memory is better for stimuli present at the beginning
- serial position

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4
Q

recency effect

A

memory is better for stimuli present at the end of the list because they’re still in short term memory (serial position)

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5
Q

explicit memory

A

Conscious recollections of events/facts from the past

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6
Q

implicit memory

A

Occurs when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering
- uncounscious recall

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7
Q

procedural memory

A

they are able to learn new skills, although they do not remember learning them

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8
Q

Clive wearing

A
  • felt like he was waking up every 20 seconds
  • unable to store new memories
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9
Q

binding problem

A

considers that features of an object need to be bound together by some neuronal mechanism across a population of neurons, so that the object can be perceived as a whole.

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10
Q

Hippocampus

A

encodes not storage
- ‘brain hub’

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11
Q

hippocampus is important for forming …?

A

new long term memories

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12
Q

Standard model of consolidation

A

memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but that after its complete, retrieval involves the cortex, and hippocampus is no longer involved

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13
Q

what is beneficial to memory?

A

sleep

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14
Q

multiple trace model of consolidation

A

hippocampus is involved both when memories are being established and during the retrieval of remote episodic memories

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15
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t recall memories from the past

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16
Q

antrerograde amnesia

A

can’t form new memories but can still remember things from before you developed amnesia

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17
Q

episodic memory

A

from life events and experiences (when/where an event occurred and how it relates) - relies on hippocampus for at least some time (as they become semantic over time)
e.g - i remember going to get coffee yesterday at cafe with paul

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18
Q

what did Tulving state the defining property of the experience of episodic (not semantic) memory is ?

A

mental time travel (self-knowing or remembering)

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19
Q

semantic memory

A

factual and conceptual knowledge about the world
e.g - there is a coffee place down the road from the cafe

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20
Q

semanticization

A

episodic memories can lead to semantic memories

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21
Q

autobiographical memory

A

peoples memories for experiences from their own lives has both episodic (relieved events) and semantic (facts related to events)

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22
Q

coding definition

A

the way information is transformed into a format that can be stored and retrieved from memory

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23
Q

propaganda effect/illusion of truth effect

A

More likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true even if statements described as demonstrated to be false
- often used by politicians

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24
Q

cross sectional data

A

measurements taken at one particular time but for different age groups

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25
Q

declarative memories

A

memories that we are aware of and can talk about

26
Q

longitudinal data

A

measurements taken over periods of time within the same group of individuals

27
Q

encoding definition

A

Process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM

28
Q

retrieval

A

transferring information from LTM into working memory

29
Q

memory for an item depends on the ______ __ _________ it receives during encoding

A

depth of processing

30
Q

shallow processing

A

involves little attention to meaning (e.g thinking about what the word sounds like, repetition…)

31
Q

deep processing

A

focuses on meaning (e.g thinking about the meaning of the word, relating the word to something else..) → elaborative rehearsal

32
Q

what are the 3 conditions encoding is based on? (the depths of processing)

A

physical features (written in caps); sound (does the word rhyme with..); and meaning (does the word fit in the sentence)

33
Q

memories are stored in ____

A

networks

34
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

long-term recall of information through the use of associations, visual imagery and personalized organization of concepts

35
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repetition of information in its original form and is less likely to result in effective long-term recall
- helps maintain information in STM

36
Q

encoding specificity

A

we learn information together with its external context
- Context can serve as retrieval cues to aid memory recall

37
Q

state dependent learning

A

we learn information together with its internal context (e.g mood)

38
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

matching the task or type of processing involved in encoding and retrieval aids memory recall

39
Q

consolidation

A

process that transforms new memories from a fragile state into a more permanent state → facilitated by sleep

40
Q

context reinstatement

A

where eyewitnesses are taken back (mentally or physically) to a scene or event they witnessed, to facilitate their memory retrieval

41
Q

cued recall

A

when a participant is presented with cues (words or phrases) to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli

42
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge

43
Q

enactment effect

A

when you do something with an object, you will be more likely to remember it

44
Q

generation effect

A

memory for material is better when a person generates the material themselves, rather than passively receiving it

45
Q

graded amnesia

A

amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, remote events

46
Q

reconsolidation

A

(Nader and others) occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated, and once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning

47
Q

spacing effect

A

the advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying

48
Q

what type of events are remembered more easily and vividly?

A

emotional events

49
Q

flashbulb memories

A

how you heard of event (context)
- Memory for circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged important events (emotional)
-e.g 9/11

50
Q

repeated recall

A

recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event

51
Q

which type of memories are people more likely to have a larger belief in? (flashbulb or everyday)

A

flashbulb

52
Q

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

A

idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them (Neisser)
- e.g constant viewing of event (tv)

53
Q

semantic networks

A

Concepts are arranged in networks that represent the way concepts are organized in the mind

54
Q

Fake news warning only ____________ _______ people’s beliefs in accuracy of fake news
(grady et al 2021)

A

temporarily reduce

55
Q

pragmatic inference

A

process of reaching a conclusion from known facts/evidence
- expect what is coming next

56
Q

eating spider in sleep represents what?

A

people keep recalling things that they have been told is false but still believe it

57
Q

inferences

A

Expectations about what is going to be said becomes bound up with what is actually said

58
Q

priming

A

information we already have is going to prime new information

59
Q

misinformation effect

A

inaccurate information presented after event influences memory of event
→ especially if there is misleading information

60
Q

amygdala

A

structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events

Cog Psych (5 decks)

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