Midterm Flashcards
Electronic device that receives, processes,
produces and stores data/information.
Computer
A data processing device
Computer
a programmable, multiuse machine that
accepts data (raw facts and figures) and
processes, or manipulates it into information
we can use
Computer
was originally a job title:
it was used to describe human beings
predominantly female whose job is to
Perform repetitive calculations
Computers
Was an early aid for
mathematical computations
Abacus
invented logarithms
which is a technology that allows
multiplication via addition.
John Napier(1617)
Logarithm values where carved
on ivory sticks which are now called
Napier’s Bones
Napier’s bones lead to the
Invention of
Slide ruler
First built in England in 1632
and was used by the NASA engineers
of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo
programs which landed men in the
moon
Slide ruler
built the
first working calculator
Wilhelm Shickard
built a mechanical calculator
which could add and subtract numbers up to
eight digits
Blaise Pascal
expanded Pascal’s design and built a
mechanical calculator that could also multiply
and divide
Gottfried Wilhelm von leibniz
invented
the first programmable loom in which
removable wooden punch cards were used to
represent patterns
Joseph Marie jacquard
incorporated punch cards in
his Difference engine, a steam-powered
mechanical calculator for solving
mathematical equations
Charles Babbage
envisioned a more powerful
computer called Analytical engine which is a
general-purpose, programmable computer
Charles Babbage
provided step-by-step
instructions or subrouteines for the Analytical
engine which led the computing industry to
recognize her as the world’s first programmer
Augusta ada byron
designed a machine to sort
and tabulate data for the 1890 U.S. census,
employing punch cards to encode census data
Herman Hollerith
a mechanical switch
that can be used to control the flow of
electricity through a wire, consists of a
magnet attached to a metal arm
Electromagnetic relay
constructed Mark I in 1944
Howard aiken
noted the “First actual
case of bug being found
Grace Murray hopper
invented by Lee de
Forest in 1906 replacing the use of
electromagnetic relays
Vacuum tubes
built the first electronic
computer, COLOSSUS, to decode encrypted
Nazi communications.
Alan turing
was designed by John Mauchly and
J. Presper Eckert to compute ballistics table
for the U.S. Army
ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
a
piece of silicon whose conductivity can be
turned on and off using an electric current.
Transistor
Inventor of transistor
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley
First transistorized computers
SperryRand’s LARC and IBM’s STRETCH
the first
high-level programming language,
Fortran
Inventor of Fortran
John Backus
invented the
integrated circuit or IC chip composed of
layers of transistors
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
the first microprocessor, where
introduced containing 2,300 transistors
Intel 4004
thousands of
transistors on a single IC chip
Large scale integration
used in the
development of UNIX and other operating
systems
C
C programming language was developed by
Dennis Ritchie
hundreds
of thousands and eventually millions of
transistors on an IC chip
Very large scale integration
founded
Apple Computers and began marketing Apple
II, the first preassembled personal computer.
Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak
wrote the first
commercial software for personal computers,
an interpreter for the BASIC programming
language.
Bill gates and Paul Allen
developed Smalltalk, the first
object-oriented language
Allan kay
developed C++, an object
oriented extension of the C language
Bjarne Stroustrup
developed at Sun Microsystems and
an offshoot of C++
Java
became the dominant
languages in commercial software
development
C++ and Java
refers to the integration of
multiple processors in a single computer
Parallel Processing
created in 1969 and considered as
the first large-scale computer network.
Arpanet
became known as the Internet and
grew at a slow but steady pace during 70’s to
80’s
Arpanet
a multimedia environment in
which documents can be seamlessly linked
together and accessed remotely, was
developed in the 1990’s due to the Internet’s
scope and popularity
World wide web
the area of
computer science focusing on creating
machines that can engage on behaviors that
humans consider intelligent
AI
Types of computer according to purpose
General Purpose
◦ Special Purpose
Types of computers according to capacity
Microcomputers
◦ Minicomputers
◦ Mainframe
◦ Supercomputers
have the capability of dealing w/ a variety of
different problems, and are able to act in
response to programs created to meet
different needs
General purpose computers
Designed to perform one specific task and the
program of instruction is built into, or permanently
stored in, the machine
Special purpose computers
least powerful, yet the most widely used and
fastest growing type of computer.
Microcomputers
small enough to fit on top of or alongside a
desk yet are too
Desktop
portable, lightweight, and fit into most
briefcases
Notebook
type of notebook computer that accepts
your handwriting
Tablet pc
smallest and are designed to fit into the
palm of one hand
Handheld computers
also known as midrange computers
Minicomputers
occupy specially wired, air conditioned
rooms
Mainframe computers
the most powerful type of computer
Supercomputers
Physical components of the computer
Hardware
