midterm Flashcards
the ___ uses the same site for both arterial injection and blood drainage
one point
the drainage method where the arterial solution is never injected while drainage is being taken
alternate
drainage serves several purposes; it removes ___ blood discolorations and it removes ___ that is present in the blood
intravascular and bacteria
the contents of drainage are blood and blood clots, interstitial and ___ fluid, and embalming ___
lymphatic and solution
there are 5 to 6 ___ of blood in the vascular system of the 160 pound body
quarts
after death, ___ of the blood is found in the capillaries, ___ in the veins, and ___ in the arteries
85%, 10%, 5%
embalming following a complete autopsy (cranial and trunk) is an example of ___
six point
arterial embalming has 2 primary functions: injection of ___ solution; and drainage of blood and other fluids from the blood ___ system
preservative and vascular
there are 4 distinct processes that actually occur simultaneously during arterial embalming: injection, ___, diffusion, and drainage
distribution
instant tissue fixation is an embalming technique that uses a very ___ arterial solution injected into a specific region using short bursts under high pressure
strong
the method of drainage where injection and drainage are allowed to proceed at the same time throughout the embalming
concurrent
the ___ is suitable when the embalmer anticipates uncomplicated distribution of embalming solution and favorable blood drainage
one point
___ is the result of inadequate preservation of the deeper tissues
shell embalming
short circuiting of arterial solution can be decreased by restricting ___ to create intravascular pressure
drainage
the ___ artery is used with a restricted cervical injection
carotid
one of the advantages of multipoint injection is it increases the overall effectiveness of embalming through the use of
sectional embalming
___ regulations require the use of multiple sites for long term preservation
military
the initial drainage is the most ___; however, all drainage should be carefully controlled and ___ should be avoided
dangerous and splashing
supplements the primary injection site when arterial solution cannot reach a particular area or when the area is insufficiently preserved
multipoint
anticipating embalming challenges (ex. poor distribution of solution, incomplete blood drainage, increased probability of tissue distension, and lengthy postmortem delays) validates ___ embalming
six point
the drainage method where injection of embalming solution continues throughout the embalming and the drainage is shut off for selected short periods
intermittent
the left side of the face is injected before the right side of the face to allow the embalmer to make adjustments prior to injecting the most visible side of the face. the order of injection is based upon ___
professional judgment
effectively controls the volume of arterial solution entering the head and the face; affords the greatest control over entry of arterial solution into the head
restricted
injection from two or more site; suitable arteries are located closer to the area insufficiently embalmed
multipoint
prevents facial distension and and dehydration when large volumes of strong solution are required to meet the preservative demand in the trunk of the body
restricted
pressure developed as the flow of embalming solution is established and the elastic arterial walls expand and then contract, resulting in the filling of the capillary beds and development of pressure filtration
intravascular pressure
movement of ___ from an intravascular location is called fluid diffusion
embalming solution
capillary walls are composed of endothelium, which lines the entire vascular system and are made up of flat, single layered cells called ___. these are thin walled cells that form the semipermeable membranes through which substances in the blood must pass to reach the body cells
squamos epithelium
___ of the arterial solution from the embalming machine through the tubing and arterial tube into the artery is one of the functions of arterial embalming
delivery
pressure placed on the outside of a blood vessel; sufficient to collapse or partially collapse the lumen of the vessel
extravascular resistance
indicates the pressure of arterial solution leaving the delivery hose and entering the body; the machine is running, the rate of flow valve is open, and fluid is being delivered
actual pressure
responsible for the movement of embalming solution from within the capillaries to the tissues; energy need originates from a non living mechanism
passive transport
the measured difference between potential and actual pressure readings; an indicator of the rate of flow (speed of delivery)
differential pressure
passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids by application of positive intravascular pressure; embalming solution passes from an intravascular to an extravascular position
pressure filtration
speed at which fluid is injected, measured in ounces per minute
rate of flow
rounding of fingertips, lips, and toes, drying of the tissues, and mottling of the tissues are signs of arterial solution ___
diffusion
signs of arterial solution distribution are: dye evident in the tissues, ___ of superficial blood vessels, blood drainage, and clearing of intravascular blood ___
distension and discolorations
attempt should be made to relieve rigor prior to injection. this is not always possible in ___ limbs
arthritic
veins on the backside of the hands can be distended before arterial solution is injected as a result of ___ of the blood
gravitation
passage of solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
an embalmer can improve arterial solution distribution by relieving extreme abdominal extravascular pressures caused by abdominal edema (ascites) using a ___
trocar
amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within (intravascular) or upon (extravascular) the vascular system (arterial or venous)
injection pressure
___ of the arterial solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries is one of the functions of arterial embalming; also referred to as ___
distribution and perfusion
an embalmer can improve arterial solution distribution by injecting the arterial solution using ___
pulsation
a mechanism that moves material across the cell membrane; energy is produced by the living cell; does not function in the dead human body
active transport
indicates the pressure existing in the delivery hose only; the machine is running but the rate of flow valve is closed, the fluid is not delivered
potential pressure
___ of the arterial solution from within the vascular system through the capillary walls and into the ___ spaces is one of the functions of arterial embalming
diffusion and tissue
the large colloid molecules, because of their large surface area, tend to ___ molecules
absorb
can be caused by either narrowing or obstruction of the lumen of a vessel
intravascular resistance
the embalming solution that passes through the pores or walls of the capillaries and eventually embalms the cells is the ___
retained arterial solution
a ___ is a long hollow needle with a removable sharp point that is available in varying lengths and bores
trocar
the gallbladder is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region
right hypochondriac
surgical drainage openings may be closed by suture or trocar button ___ to ___ of the cavities
prior and aspiration
purge exiting the nose, ear, or eyelids in the form of gas, blood, or a creamy white semisolid matter comes from the ___
brain
for cranial aspiration, a small trocar is introduced into the nostril and pushed through the ___. of the ethmoid bones
cribriform plate
cavity embalming is a two step process: ___ of the ___ and their contents, followed by the injection of a strong preservative/disinfectant chemical
aspiration and cavities
the standard point of trocar entry is located 2 inches to the ___ of the 2 inches ___ to the umbilicus
left and superior
cavity embalming occurs ___ the arterial embalming
after
the ___ of the solid organs comprises the blood vessles, connective tissue, ducts, and nerves
stroma
to establish the four abdominopelivic regions of the quadrant method, a horizontal line is drawn from left to right through the ___
umbilicus
the stomach (including cardia and pyloraic openings) is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region
epigastric
the ___ of the solid organs is the functional tissue that comprises the bulk of the organ
parenchyma
cavity embalming is not employed in the preparation of the body when it is bequeathed to a ___, badly burned, or badly decomposed
medical school
purge exiting the mouth or nose and bears a “frothy” appearance comes from the ___
lungs
the small diameter holes in the tip of this instrument can readily clog when thickened material is aspirated
nasal tube aspirator
large sized openings at the working end of the instrument lessen the chance of clogging with aspirated material
autopsy aspirator
cavity embalming treats the 1. contents of the ___ viscera, 2. walls of the visceral ___ not embalmed by arterial injection, and 3. contents of the spaces between the visceral organs and the walls of the cavities
hollow and organs
the appendix is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region
right inguinal (iliac)
a suggested order of treatment during cavity embalming is to inject the ___ cavity first
thoracic
cavity fluid is not diluted during cavity embalming; it is used in ___ form
concentrated
the sigmoid colon is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region
left inguinal (iliac)
internal organs enclosed within a body cavity
viscera
purge exiting the mouth or nose and bears a dark brown “coffee ground” appearance comes from the ___
stomach
two sutures are commonly used to close the trocar opening used for aspiration: the ___ suture and the reverse suture, also called the N or Z suture
purse string
the main trocar guides reach the stomach, cecum, urinary bladder, and ___
heart
the ___ suture is used to temporarily close lengthy incisions. the exposed thread can draw or wick body fluids; the thread will remain wet
continuous
___ embalming chemicals and compresses (packs) are applied to both external and internal body surfaces
surface
___ practices are carried out after the embalming process to comprehensively clean all of the preparation room surfaces
terminal disinfection
___ formulated for surface embalming include liquids (phenol cautery agents, cavity fluid), preservative formalin creams and gels (autopsy gel), preservative powders, and drying and hardening compounds
accessory chemicals
___ are applied to the unexposed surface tissues of the buccal cavity, beneath the eyelids, inside the nasal cavity, beneath the autopsied scalp, and to the interior walls of the autopsied trunk
inlays
when purge is present from the mouth or nose immediately following arterial injection and cavity treatment, it may be necessary to re aspirate and reinject ___
cavity fluid
the ___ suture is ideal for suturing the cranial autopsy incision and the smaller incisions used for arterial injection; may not be suitable for trunk autopsy incisions
inversion
this embalming method is used to treat both small and localized body areas and larger areas, such as the trunk walls of the autopsied body, a limb that did not receive sufficient arterial fluid, or an area that cannot be arterially injected
hypodermic embalming
in pitting edema, excess moisture is present in the ___ spaces. in solid edema, the excess moisture is within the ___
tissue and cells
when treating visible areas in facial areas, where hypodermic needles would be used, most of the injections can be made from
inside the mouth
___ sutures temporarily align tissue margins and secure them in position until permanent sutures replace them
bridge
distension of facial tissues, the neck, or glandular tissues of the face or the tissues surrounding the eye orbit during embalming of the body can be caused by an excessive amount of ___ in these tissues
arterial solution
a side effect of removing edema from the facial tissues or hands is that the skin may become very ___
wrinkled
the single intradermal or ___ suture is made entirely within the dermal layer, traversing the needle side to side within the incisions. the needle does not pass through the epidermal tissues
hidden
after suturing a colostomy bag with a purse string or reverse suture, seal the closure with ___ to prevent leakage
glue
periodic monitoring and surveillance of the deceased and performance of the treatments necessary to maintain post embalming stability is ___
custodial care
when treating visible areas of the nose, if hypodermic treatment is used, expect some ___ from the injection sites
leakage
when treating visible areas, application of glue to the eyelids and lips reduces the effects of ___
dehydration
when treating larger areas of the body, certain conditions, such as arteriosclerosis, gangrene, and edema, require additional injection of the ___
legs
post embalming treatments are routinely carried out ___ completion of arterial and cavity embalming
after
the ___ suture is the most commonly used suture to close incisions. it is considered the most secure and leakproof
baseball
a colostomy is the opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the skin surface; with the ___ being the exposed portion of the bowel
stoma
when anal purge is present after embalming, force as much purge as possible from the ___ by firmly pressing on the lower abdominal area
rectum
if general edema, tissue decomposition, or extensive burns are present, an ___ may be necessary to protect clothing and casket fabric from soiling
unionall
at the completion of suturing, place a ___ in the thread; move it as close as possible to the surface of the skin
knot
the ___ are the spaces between the bones of the skull in the fetus and young infants
fontanelles
for deceased persons of advanced age experiencing arteriosclerosis, the artery most frequently affected by sclerosis is the ___ artery
femoral
when senile purpura is present over the hands and the arms, and often the base of the neck, the arterial solution should be ___
strengthened
the general age category for persons between the ages of 12 to 18 years of age…
adolescent
results from lack of healthy red blood cells leading to reduced oxygen flow to the body’s organs
anemia
coagula can block smaller arteries and prevent the flow of solution. slow flow allows the solution to distribute ___ the coagula
overtop
for deceased persons of advanced age experiencing atrophy for the maxilla and the mandible, this may prevent the use of the ___ method of mouth closure
needle injector
body water ratios and ___ content are higher in infants
fat
a majority of infants, children, and ___ are autopsied
young adults
senile purpura is an extravascular irregularly shaped blood discoloration that often appears on the arms and the back of the hands; bought about by fragile ___
capillaires
for deceased persons of advanced age expereincing arthritic conditions and degenerative changes, the ___ artery would be the best site for injection
common carotid
severe weight loss caused by the tumor competing with the body for metabolites results in a wasting away of body tissues
cachexia
the ___ are used to secure tissues during suturing
gathering forceps
for deceased persons of advanced age, poor circulation causes ___ to develop in dependent tissues that receive prolonged contact pressure
decubitus ulcers
the general age category for persons when death occurs before or during delivery
stillborn
when providing decedent care to fetuses, ___ is likely impractical
arterial injection
excess sugar in the blood
hyperglycemia
acidosis characterized by the presence of ketones in the blood and they body tissues
ketosis
sugar in the urine
glycosuria
considering that infants are often held during memorial events, the embalmer can recreate weight in the head by forming a ball with a small amount of ___, wrap tightly in cotton, and place into the cranial cavity
modeling clay
when suturing an infant’s head, ,begin suturing ___ of the cranium
on the right side
when selecting the abdominal aorta or ascending aorta to embalm a non autopsied infant, the embalmer will need to make an external incision that resembles an ___
autopsy
metabolic disturbances and renal and respiratory failure often accompany malignancy; resulting in a buildup of metabolic wastes in the ___
tissues
when considering the systemic effects of malignancy, if facial tissues are emaciated, the recommended injection is
restricted cervical
when considering the systemic effects of malignancy, if localized edema is present in the arms or legs, the embalmer should use ___ sites for injection
multiple
when death is from overdose, postmortem examination may involve tissue excision of ___ scars formed from repeated use of hypodermic needles in the same tissue area
keloid
when performing restorative treatments for facial trauma, ___ loose skin to expose undamaged tissue
debride
when performing supplemental hypodermic injection, it is important that all tissues be ___; the trunk walls (anterior, lateral, posterior), with special emphasis on injection of the buttocks, breasts, shoulder, and neck regions
channeled
when injecting the upper extremities, as a general rule, the embalmer should always use the artery closest to the ___
center of circulation
autopsy is the ___ examination of the dead human body
post mortem
reasons for a ___ autopsy ordered by a coroner or medical examiner include provision of factual and objective information for legal authorities
forensic
during an autopsy, a standard ___ is used to examine the torso, or trunk of the body
y incision
the ___ autopsy involves full physical examination, tissue and fluid sampling, and removal of both cranial and visceral organs for examination
complete
time delays associated with preparing autopsied bodies often necessitate the use of stronger than average ___
arterial solutions
one best practice to consider when preparing autopsied bodies is to clamp ___ arteries and small veins to avoid excessive loss of embalming solution and to improve solution distribution during arterial injection
leaking
when suturing the cranial cavity, begin sutures on the right side of the head (viewing side) and complete them on the left side to ensure that any ___ that may occur from the slipping of the scalp tissues will occur on the left side
puckering
which arteries would an embalmer locate and ligate for sectional arterial injection
right and left external iliac
when injecting the arms and legs of an autopsied case, inject each extremity separately using a ___
y tube
when injecting the lower extremities, it is important to remember that the autopsy technician may completely cut through the ___ directly beneath the inguinal ligament
external iliac
the common carotid bifurcates at the level of the superior border of the
thyroid cartilage
when treating the viscera of an autopsied case, ___ hollow organs to release any gases
incise
medical or hospital autopsies can confirm or verify a ___
diagnosis
when closing the cavities, the area closest to the ___ is the most dependent area and most likely to leak
shoulder
when closing the cavities, apply ___ as you suture to prevent leakage
incision seal powder
when suturing the cranial cavity, avoid ___ as they have a tendency to pull through the scalp tissues
knots
many medicolegal autopsies remove the neck organs, the floor of the mouth, and the ___
tongue
when suturing the cranial cavity, the ___ suture is ideal when the scalp does not have hair. the incision is easily concealed with cosmetics and/or waxes
inversion
during embalming, the calvarium and sternum can be soaked in ___ within a sealed bag or container
preservation solution
when death is from pulmonary embolism, the pathologist may trace the origin of the ___ through the use of exploratory incisions on the lower legs
blood clot
when performing restorative treatments for facial trauma, leakage of embalming solution from damaged tissue areas will actually ___ tissue swelling
reduce
the revised ___ is adopted in all 50 states to allow any person 18 years or older, upon their death, to donate their organs and/or tissues for medical purposes
UAGA
long bone recovery is time and labor intensive for both the procurement team and the ___
embalmer
partial or split thickness skin recovery from tissue donors is achieved using a surgical instrument called ___
dermatome
instant tissue fixation is a high pressure injection method designed to maximize preservation and minimize
swelling
fluid choice for eye donors should meet preservative demand and also achieve tissue pliability to maintain natural facial ___
contour
the ___ of the eye is the highest prominence
center
feet not affected by recovery are best embalmed through ___ injection
hypodermic
after full thickness skin and long bone recovery or the legs, a thin length of tissue is left intact deliberately, connecting torso to feet to maintain the integrity and the ___ of the donor
height
an embalming best practice for tissue donors is roll the donor to one side and treat the recovery site with a ___ based liquid or gel
phenol
an ___ is defined as any part of the body exercising a specific function, such as respiration, secretion, and digestion
organ
a best embalming best practice for tissue donors is select a higher index arterial fluid and mix in a moderate to strong concentrated solution for desired ___ of tissues
drying
the ___ cooperates with organ procurement organizations throughout the country to place organs at the local, regional, and national level
UNOS
the embalming process for an organ or tissue donor begins with removing temporary sutures binding the incision at the ___
recovery site
an embalming best practice for eye donors is to establish proper eye ___
closure
___ exposes only the skin that is intended for recovery
surgical draping
the upper eye lid represents ___ and lower lid ___ of the closed eye
2/3 and 1/3
hospitals must report all deaths to the ___ in a timely manner
OPO
face and hand transplants are examples of a vascular composite ___
allograft
supportive care kits usually contain
topical preservative gel
the ___ surgical procedure is used to preserve continuity with adjacent tissues and vessels for better outcomes
en bloc
___ is defined as a collection of similar cells that function together as a unit
tissue
donated saphenous veins restore ___ to the lower extremities impaired by peripheral vascular disease
circulation
___ vessels are often used as superficial dialysis shunts in patients requiring chronic treatment
femoral
when working on eye donors, evaluate both eyes for ___; minor re injection of one or both arteries may be necessary to achieve this
symmetry
surgical removal of the entire eye globe (en bloc); surgical technique to remove an entire mass without preliminary cutting or dissecting
enucleation
