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embalming theory 2 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

the ___ uses the same site for both arterial injection and blood drainage

A

one point

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2
Q

the drainage method where the arterial solution is never injected while drainage is being taken

A

alternate

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3
Q

drainage serves several purposes; it removes ___ blood discolorations and it removes ___ that is present in the blood

A

intravascular and bacteria

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4
Q

the contents of drainage are blood and blood clots, interstitial and ___ fluid, and embalming ___

A

lymphatic and solution

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5
Q

there are 5 to 6 ___ of blood in the vascular system of the 160 pound body

A

quarts

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6
Q

after death, ___ of the blood is found in the capillaries, ___ in the veins, and ___ in the arteries

A

85%, 10%, 5%

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7
Q

embalming following a complete autopsy (cranial and trunk) is an example of ___

A

six point

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8
Q

arterial embalming has 2 primary functions: injection of ___ solution; and drainage of blood and other fluids from the blood ___ system

A

preservative and vascular

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9
Q

there are 4 distinct processes that actually occur simultaneously during arterial embalming: injection, ___, diffusion, and drainage

A

distribution

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10
Q

instant tissue fixation is an embalming technique that uses a very ___ arterial solution injected into a specific region using short bursts under high pressure

A

strong

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11
Q

the method of drainage where injection and drainage are allowed to proceed at the same time throughout the embalming

A

concurrent

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12
Q

the ___ is suitable when the embalmer anticipates uncomplicated distribution of embalming solution and favorable blood drainage

A

one point

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13
Q

___ is the result of inadequate preservation of the deeper tissues

A

shell embalming

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14
Q

short circuiting of arterial solution can be decreased by restricting ___ to create intravascular pressure

A

drainage

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15
Q

the ___ artery is used with a restricted cervical injection

A

carotid

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16
Q

one of the advantages of multipoint injection is it increases the overall effectiveness of embalming through the use of

A

sectional embalming

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17
Q

___ regulations require the use of multiple sites for long term preservation

A

military

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18
Q

the initial drainage is the most ___; however, all drainage should be carefully controlled and ___ should be avoided

A

dangerous and splashing

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19
Q

supplements the primary injection site when arterial solution cannot reach a particular area or when the area is insufficiently preserved

A

multipoint

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20
Q

anticipating embalming challenges (ex. poor distribution of solution, incomplete blood drainage, increased probability of tissue distension, and lengthy postmortem delays) validates ___ embalming

A

six point

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21
Q

the drainage method where injection of embalming solution continues throughout the embalming and the drainage is shut off for selected short periods

A

intermittent

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22
Q

the left side of the face is injected before the right side of the face to allow the embalmer to make adjustments prior to injecting the most visible side of the face. the order of injection is based upon ___

A

professional judgment

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23
Q

effectively controls the volume of arterial solution entering the head and the face; affords the greatest control over entry of arterial solution into the head

A

restricted

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24
Q

injection from two or more site; suitable arteries are located closer to the area insufficiently embalmed

A

multipoint

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25
Q

prevents facial distension and and dehydration when large volumes of strong solution are required to meet the preservative demand in the trunk of the body

A

restricted

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26
Q

pressure developed as the flow of embalming solution is established and the elastic arterial walls expand and then contract, resulting in the filling of the capillary beds and development of pressure filtration

A

intravascular pressure

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27
Q

movement of ___ from an intravascular location is called fluid diffusion

A

embalming solution

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28
Q

capillary walls are composed of endothelium, which lines the entire vascular system and are made up of flat, single layered cells called ___. these are thin walled cells that form the semipermeable membranes through which substances in the blood must pass to reach the body cells

A

squamos epithelium

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29
Q

___ of the arterial solution from the embalming machine through the tubing and arterial tube into the artery is one of the functions of arterial embalming

A

delivery

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30
Q

pressure placed on the outside of a blood vessel; sufficient to collapse or partially collapse the lumen of the vessel

A

extravascular resistance

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31
Q

indicates the pressure of arterial solution leaving the delivery hose and entering the body; the machine is running, the rate of flow valve is open, and fluid is being delivered

A

actual pressure

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32
Q

responsible for the movement of embalming solution from within the capillaries to the tissues; energy need originates from a non living mechanism

A

passive transport

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33
Q

the measured difference between potential and actual pressure readings; an indicator of the rate of flow (speed of delivery)

A

differential pressure

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34
Q

passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids by application of positive intravascular pressure; embalming solution passes from an intravascular to an extravascular position

A

pressure filtration

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35
Q

speed at which fluid is injected, measured in ounces per minute

A

rate of flow

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36
Q

rounding of fingertips, lips, and toes, drying of the tissues, and mottling of the tissues are signs of arterial solution ___

A

diffusion

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37
Q

signs of arterial solution distribution are: dye evident in the tissues, ___ of superficial blood vessels, blood drainage, and clearing of intravascular blood ___

A

distension and discolorations

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38
Q

attempt should be made to relieve rigor prior to injection. this is not always possible in ___ limbs

A

arthritic

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39
Q

veins on the backside of the hands can be distended before arterial solution is injected as a result of ___ of the blood

A

gravitation

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40
Q

passage of solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

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41
Q

an embalmer can improve arterial solution distribution by relieving extreme abdominal extravascular pressures caused by abdominal edema (ascites) using a ___

A

trocar

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42
Q

amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within (intravascular) or upon (extravascular) the vascular system (arterial or venous)

A

injection pressure

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43
Q

___ of the arterial solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries is one of the functions of arterial embalming; also referred to as ___

A

distribution and perfusion

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44
Q

an embalmer can improve arterial solution distribution by injecting the arterial solution using ___

A

pulsation

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45
Q

a mechanism that moves material across the cell membrane; energy is produced by the living cell; does not function in the dead human body

A

active transport

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46
Q

indicates the pressure existing in the delivery hose only; the machine is running but the rate of flow valve is closed, the fluid is not delivered

A

potential pressure

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47
Q

___ of the arterial solution from within the vascular system through the capillary walls and into the ___ spaces is one of the functions of arterial embalming

A

diffusion and tissue

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48
Q

the large colloid molecules, because of their large surface area, tend to ___ molecules

A

absorb

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49
Q

can be caused by either narrowing or obstruction of the lumen of a vessel

A

intravascular resistance

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50
Q

the embalming solution that passes through the pores or walls of the capillaries and eventually embalms the cells is the ___

A

retained arterial solution

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51
Q

a ___ is a long hollow needle with a removable sharp point that is available in varying lengths and bores

A

trocar

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52
Q

the gallbladder is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region

A

right hypochondriac

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53
Q

surgical drainage openings may be closed by suture or trocar button ___ to ___ of the cavities

A

prior and aspiration

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54
Q

purge exiting the nose, ear, or eyelids in the form of gas, blood, or a creamy white semisolid matter comes from the ___

A

brain

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55
Q

for cranial aspiration, a small trocar is introduced into the nostril and pushed through the ___. of the ethmoid bones

A

cribriform plate

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56
Q

cavity embalming is a two step process: ___ of the ___ and their contents, followed by the injection of a strong preservative/disinfectant chemical

A

aspiration and cavities

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57
Q

the standard point of trocar entry is located 2 inches to the ___ of the 2 inches ___ to the umbilicus

A

left and superior

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58
Q

cavity embalming occurs ___ the arterial embalming

A

after

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59
Q

the ___ of the solid organs comprises the blood vessles, connective tissue, ducts, and nerves

A

stroma

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60
Q

to establish the four abdominopelivic regions of the quadrant method, a horizontal line is drawn from left to right through the ___

A

umbilicus

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61
Q

the stomach (including cardia and pyloraic openings) is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region

A

epigastric

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62
Q

the ___ of the solid organs is the functional tissue that comprises the bulk of the organ

A

parenchyma

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63
Q

cavity embalming is not employed in the preparation of the body when it is bequeathed to a ___, badly burned, or badly decomposed

A

medical school

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64
Q

purge exiting the mouth or nose and bears a “frothy” appearance comes from the ___

A

lungs

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65
Q

the small diameter holes in the tip of this instrument can readily clog when thickened material is aspirated

A

nasal tube aspirator

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66
Q

large sized openings at the working end of the instrument lessen the chance of clogging with aspirated material

A

autopsy aspirator

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67
Q

cavity embalming treats the 1. contents of the ___ viscera, 2. walls of the visceral ___ not embalmed by arterial injection, and 3. contents of the spaces between the visceral organs and the walls of the cavities

A

hollow and organs

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68
Q

the appendix is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region

A

right inguinal (iliac)

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69
Q

a suggested order of treatment during cavity embalming is to inject the ___ cavity first

A

thoracic

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70
Q

cavity fluid is not diluted during cavity embalming; it is used in ___ form

A

concentrated

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71
Q

the sigmoid colon is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region

A

left inguinal (iliac)

72
Q

internal organs enclosed within a body cavity

A

viscera

73
Q

purge exiting the mouth or nose and bears a dark brown “coffee ground” appearance comes from the ___

A

stomach

74
Q

two sutures are commonly used to close the trocar opening used for aspiration: the ___ suture and the reverse suture, also called the N or Z suture

A

purse string

75
Q

the main trocar guides reach the stomach, cecum, urinary bladder, and ___

A

heart

76
Q

the ___ suture is used to temporarily close lengthy incisions. the exposed thread can draw or wick body fluids; the thread will remain wet

A

continuous

77
Q

___ embalming chemicals and compresses (packs) are applied to both external and internal body surfaces

A

surface

78
Q

___ practices are carried out after the embalming process to comprehensively clean all of the preparation room surfaces

A

terminal disinfection

79
Q

___ formulated for surface embalming include liquids (phenol cautery agents, cavity fluid), preservative formalin creams and gels (autopsy gel), preservative powders, and drying and hardening compounds

A

accessory chemicals

80
Q

___ are applied to the unexposed surface tissues of the buccal cavity, beneath the eyelids, inside the nasal cavity, beneath the autopsied scalp, and to the interior walls of the autopsied trunk

A

inlays

81
Q

when purge is present from the mouth or nose immediately following arterial injection and cavity treatment, it may be necessary to re aspirate and reinject ___

A

cavity fluid

82
Q

the ___ suture is ideal for suturing the cranial autopsy incision and the smaller incisions used for arterial injection; may not be suitable for trunk autopsy incisions

A

inversion

83
Q

this embalming method is used to treat both small and localized body areas and larger areas, such as the trunk walls of the autopsied body, a limb that did not receive sufficient arterial fluid, or an area that cannot be arterially injected

A

hypodermic embalming

84
Q

in pitting edema, excess moisture is present in the ___ spaces. in solid edema, the excess moisture is within the ___

A

tissue and cells

85
Q

when treating visible areas in facial areas, where hypodermic needles would be used, most of the injections can be made from

A

inside the mouth

86
Q

___ sutures temporarily align tissue margins and secure them in position until permanent sutures replace them

A

bridge

87
Q

distension of facial tissues, the neck, or glandular tissues of the face or the tissues surrounding the eye orbit during embalming of the body can be caused by an excessive amount of ___ in these tissues

A

arterial solution

88
Q

a side effect of removing edema from the facial tissues or hands is that the skin may become very ___

A

wrinkled

89
Q

the single intradermal or ___ suture is made entirely within the dermal layer, traversing the needle side to side within the incisions. the needle does not pass through the epidermal tissues

A

hidden

90
Q

after suturing a colostomy bag with a purse string or reverse suture, seal the closure with ___ to prevent leakage

A

glue

91
Q

periodic monitoring and surveillance of the deceased and performance of the treatments necessary to maintain post embalming stability is ___

A

custodial care

92
Q

when treating visible areas of the nose, if hypodermic treatment is used, expect some ___ from the injection sites

A

leakage

93
Q

when treating visible areas, application of glue to the eyelids and lips reduces the effects of ___

A

dehydration

94
Q

when treating larger areas of the body, certain conditions, such as arteriosclerosis, gangrene, and edema, require additional injection of the ___

A

legs

95
Q

post embalming treatments are routinely carried out ___ completion of arterial and cavity embalming

A

after

96
Q

the ___ suture is the most commonly used suture to close incisions. it is considered the most secure and leakproof

A

baseball

97
Q

a colostomy is the opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the skin surface; with the ___ being the exposed portion of the bowel

A

stoma

98
Q

when anal purge is present after embalming, force as much purge as possible from the ___ by firmly pressing on the lower abdominal area

A

rectum

99
Q

if general edema, tissue decomposition, or extensive burns are present, an ___ may be necessary to protect clothing and casket fabric from soiling

A

unionall

100
Q

at the completion of suturing, place a ___ in the thread; move it as close as possible to the surface of the skin

A

knot

101
Q

the ___ are the spaces between the bones of the skull in the fetus and young infants

A

fontanelles

102
Q

for deceased persons of advanced age experiencing arteriosclerosis, the artery most frequently affected by sclerosis is the ___ artery

A

femoral

103
Q

when senile purpura is present over the hands and the arms, and often the base of the neck, the arterial solution should be ___

A

strengthened

104
Q

the general age category for persons between the ages of 12 to 18 years of age…

A

adolescent

105
Q

results from lack of healthy red blood cells leading to reduced oxygen flow to the body’s organs

A

anemia

106
Q

coagula can block smaller arteries and prevent the flow of solution. slow flow allows the solution to distribute ___ the coagula

A

overtop

107
Q

for deceased persons of advanced age experiencing atrophy for the maxilla and the mandible, this may prevent the use of the ___ method of mouth closure

A

needle injector

108
Q

body water ratios and ___ content are higher in infants

A

fat

109
Q

a majority of infants, children, and ___ are autopsied

A

young adults

110
Q

senile purpura is an extravascular irregularly shaped blood discoloration that often appears on the arms and the back of the hands; bought about by fragile ___

A

capillaires

111
Q

for deceased persons of advanced age expereincing arthritic conditions and degenerative changes, the ___ artery would be the best site for injection

A

common carotid

112
Q

severe weight loss caused by the tumor competing with the body for metabolites results in a wasting away of body tissues

A

cachexia

113
Q

the ___ are used to secure tissues during suturing

A

gathering forceps

114
Q

for deceased persons of advanced age, poor circulation causes ___ to develop in dependent tissues that receive prolonged contact pressure

A

decubitus ulcers

115
Q

the general age category for persons when death occurs before or during delivery

A

stillborn

116
Q

when providing decedent care to fetuses, ___ is likely impractical

A

arterial injection

117
Q

excess sugar in the blood

A

hyperglycemia

118
Q

acidosis characterized by the presence of ketones in the blood and they body tissues

A

ketosis

119
Q

sugar in the urine

A

glycosuria

120
Q

considering that infants are often held during memorial events, the embalmer can recreate weight in the head by forming a ball with a small amount of ___, wrap tightly in cotton, and place into the cranial cavity

A

modeling clay

121
Q

when suturing an infant’s head, ,begin suturing ___ of the cranium

A

on the right side

122
Q

when selecting the abdominal aorta or ascending aorta to embalm a non autopsied infant, the embalmer will need to make an external incision that resembles an ___

A

autopsy

123
Q

metabolic disturbances and renal and respiratory failure often accompany malignancy; resulting in a buildup of metabolic wastes in the ___

A

tissues

124
Q

when considering the systemic effects of malignancy, if facial tissues are emaciated, the recommended injection is

A

restricted cervical

125
Q

when considering the systemic effects of malignancy, if localized edema is present in the arms or legs, the embalmer should use ___ sites for injection

A

multiple

126
Q

when death is from overdose, postmortem examination may involve tissue excision of ___ scars formed from repeated use of hypodermic needles in the same tissue area

A

keloid

127
Q

when performing restorative treatments for facial trauma, ___ loose skin to expose undamaged tissue

A

debride

128
Q

when performing supplemental hypodermic injection, it is important that all tissues be ___; the trunk walls (anterior, lateral, posterior), with special emphasis on injection of the buttocks, breasts, shoulder, and neck regions

A

channeled

129
Q

when injecting the upper extremities, as a general rule, the embalmer should always use the artery closest to the ___

A

center of circulation

130
Q

autopsy is the ___ examination of the dead human body

A

post mortem

131
Q

reasons for a ___ autopsy ordered by a coroner or medical examiner include provision of factual and objective information for legal authorities

A

forensic

132
Q

during an autopsy, a standard ___ is used to examine the torso, or trunk of the body

A

y incision

133
Q

the ___ autopsy involves full physical examination, tissue and fluid sampling, and removal of both cranial and visceral organs for examination

A

complete

134
Q

time delays associated with preparing autopsied bodies often necessitate the use of stronger than average ___

A

arterial solutions

135
Q

one best practice to consider when preparing autopsied bodies is to clamp ___ arteries and small veins to avoid excessive loss of embalming solution and to improve solution distribution during arterial injection

A

leaking

136
Q

when suturing the cranial cavity, begin sutures on the right side of the head (viewing side) and complete them on the left side to ensure that any ___ that may occur from the slipping of the scalp tissues will occur on the left side

A

puckering

137
Q

which arteries would an embalmer locate and ligate for sectional arterial injection

A

right and left external iliac

138
Q

when injecting the arms and legs of an autopsied case, inject each extremity separately using a ___

A

y tube

139
Q

when injecting the lower extremities, it is important to remember that the autopsy technician may completely cut through the ___ directly beneath the inguinal ligament

A

external iliac

140
Q

the common carotid bifurcates at the level of the superior border of the

A

thyroid cartilage

141
Q

when treating the viscera of an autopsied case, ___ hollow organs to release any gases

A

incise

142
Q

medical or hospital autopsies can confirm or verify a ___

A

diagnosis

143
Q

when closing the cavities, the area closest to the ___ is the most dependent area and most likely to leak

A

shoulder

144
Q

when closing the cavities, apply ___ as you suture to prevent leakage

A

incision seal powder

145
Q

when suturing the cranial cavity, avoid ___ as they have a tendency to pull through the scalp tissues

A

knots

146
Q

many medicolegal autopsies remove the neck organs, the floor of the mouth, and the ___

A

tongue

147
Q

when suturing the cranial cavity, the ___ suture is ideal when the scalp does not have hair. the incision is easily concealed with cosmetics and/or waxes

A

inversion

148
Q

during embalming, the calvarium and sternum can be soaked in ___ within a sealed bag or container

A

preservation solution

149
Q

when death is from pulmonary embolism, the pathologist may trace the origin of the ___ through the use of exploratory incisions on the lower legs

A

blood clot

150
Q

when performing restorative treatments for facial trauma, leakage of embalming solution from damaged tissue areas will actually ___ tissue swelling

A

reduce

151
Q

the revised ___ is adopted in all 50 states to allow any person 18 years or older, upon their death, to donate their organs and/or tissues for medical purposes

A

UAGA

152
Q

long bone recovery is time and labor intensive for both the procurement team and the ___

A

embalmer

153
Q

partial or split thickness skin recovery from tissue donors is achieved using a surgical instrument called ___

A

dermatome

154
Q

instant tissue fixation is a high pressure injection method designed to maximize preservation and minimize

A

swelling

155
Q

fluid choice for eye donors should meet preservative demand and also achieve tissue pliability to maintain natural facial ___

A

contour

156
Q

the ___ of the eye is the highest prominence

A

center

157
Q

feet not affected by recovery are best embalmed through ___ injection

A

hypodermic

158
Q

after full thickness skin and long bone recovery or the legs, a thin length of tissue is left intact deliberately, connecting torso to feet to maintain the integrity and the ___ of the donor

A

height

159
Q

an embalming best practice for tissue donors is roll the donor to one side and treat the recovery site with a ___ based liquid or gel

A

phenol

160
Q

an ___ is defined as any part of the body exercising a specific function, such as respiration, secretion, and digestion

A

organ

161
Q

a best embalming best practice for tissue donors is select a higher index arterial fluid and mix in a moderate to strong concentrated solution for desired ___ of tissues

A

drying

162
Q

the ___ cooperates with organ procurement organizations throughout the country to place organs at the local, regional, and national level

A

UNOS

163
Q

the embalming process for an organ or tissue donor begins with removing temporary sutures binding the incision at the ___

A

recovery site

164
Q

an embalming best practice for eye donors is to establish proper eye ___

A

closure

165
Q

___ exposes only the skin that is intended for recovery

A

surgical draping

166
Q

the upper eye lid represents ___ and lower lid ___ of the closed eye

A

2/3 and 1/3

167
Q

hospitals must report all deaths to the ___ in a timely manner

A

OPO

168
Q

face and hand transplants are examples of a vascular composite ___

A

allograft

169
Q

supportive care kits usually contain

A

topical preservative gel

170
Q

the ___ surgical procedure is used to preserve continuity with adjacent tissues and vessels for better outcomes

A

en bloc

171
Q

___ is defined as a collection of similar cells that function together as a unit

A

tissue

172
Q

donated saphenous veins restore ___ to the lower extremities impaired by peripheral vascular disease

A

circulation

173
Q

___ vessels are often used as superficial dialysis shunts in patients requiring chronic treatment

A

femoral

174
Q

when working on eye donors, evaluate both eyes for ___; minor re injection of one or both arteries may be necessary to achieve this

A

symmetry

175
Q

surgical removal of the entire eye globe (en bloc); surgical technique to remove an entire mass without preliminary cutting or dissecting

A

enucleation

embalming theory 2 (12 decks)

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