final exam Flashcards
the ___ uses the same site for both arterial injection and blood drainage
one point
the drainage method where the arterial solution is never injected while the drainage is being taken
alternate
drainage serves several purposes; it removes ___ blood discolorations and it removes ___ that is present in the blood
intravascular and bacteria
there are 5-6 quarts of blood in the ___ system of the 160 lb body
vascular
after death, ___ of the blood is found in the capillaries, ___ in the veins, and ___ in the arteries
85%, 10%, 5%
embalming following a complete autopsy (cranial and trunk) is an example of ___
six point
arterial embalming has two primary functions: injection of ___ solution; and drainage of blood and other fluids from the blood ___ system
preservative, vascular
there are four distinct processes that actually occur simultaneously during arterial embalming: injection, ___, diffusion, and drainage
distribution
instant tissue fixation is an embalming technique that uses a very ___ arterial solution injected into a specific region using short bursts under high pressure
strong
the method of drainage where injection and drainage are allowed to proceed at the same time throughout the embalming
concurrent
the ___ is suitable when the embalmer anticipates uncomplicated distribution of embalming solution and favorable blood drainage
one point
the ___ artery is used with a restricted cervical injection
carotid
one of the advantages of multipoint injection is it increases the overall effectiveness of embalming through the use of
sectional embalming
the initial drainage is the most ___; however all drainage should be carefully controlled and ___ should be avoided
dangerous, splashing
supplements the primary injection site when arterial solution cannot reach a particular area or when the area is insufficiently preserved
multipoint
anticipating embalming challenges (ex. poor distribution of solution, incomplete blood drainage, increased probability of tissue distension, and lengthy postmortem delays) validates ___ embalming
six point
the drainage method where injection of embalming solution continues throughout the embalming and the drainage is shut off for selected short periods
intermittent
effectively controls the volume of arterial solution entering the head and the face; affords the greatest control over entry of arterial solution into the head
restricted
injection from two or more sites; suitable arteries are located closer to the area insufficiently embalmed
multipoint
restricted cervical injection prevent facial distension and dehydration when large volumes of strong solution are required to meet the preservative demands in the ___ of the body
trunk
pressure developed as the flow of embalming solution is established and the elastic arterial walls expand and then contract, resulting in filling of the capillary beds and development of pressure filtration
intravascular pressure
movement of ___ from an intravascular to extravascular location is called fluid diffusion
embalming solution
___ of the arterial solution from the embalming machine through the tubing and arterial tube into the artery is one of the functions of arterial embalming
delivery
extravascular resistance is pressure placed on the ___ of a blood vessel; sufficient to collapse or partially collapse the lumen of the vessel
outside
indicates the pressure of arterial solution leaving the delivery hose and entering the body; the machine is running, the rate of flow valve is open, and fluid is being delivered
actual pressure
responsible for the movement of embalming solution from within the capillaries to the tissues; energy need originates from non living mechanism
passive transport
the measured different between the potential and actual pressure readings; an indicator of the rate of flow (speed of delivery)
differential pressure
pressure filtration is the passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the ___ fluids by application of positive intravascular pressure; embalming solution passes from an intravascular to an extravascular position
interstitial
speed at which fluid is injected, measured in ounces per minute
rate of flow
rounding of fingertips, lips, and toes, drying of the tissues, and mottling of the tissues are sings of arterial solution ___
diffusion
veins on the backsides of the hands can be distended before arterial solution is injected as a result of ___ of the blood
gravitation
passage of solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
an embalmer can improve arterial solution distribution by relieving extreme abdominal extravascular pressures caused by abdominal edema (ascites) using a ___
trocar
____ of the arterial solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries is one of the functions of arterial embalming; also referred to as ___
distribution, perfusion
an embalmer can improve arterial solution distribution by injecting the arterial solution using ___
pulsation
a mechanism that moves material across the cell membrane; energy is produced by the living cell; does not function in the dead human body
active transport
indicates the pressure existing in the delivery hose only; the machine is running but the rate of flow valve is closed, and the fluid is not delivered
potential pressure
___ of the arterial solution from within the vascular system through the capillary walls and into the ___ spaces is one of the functions of arterial embalming
diffusion, tissue
the large colloid molecules, because of their large surface area, tend to ___ molecules
absorb
can be caused either by narrowing or obstruction of the lumen of a vessel
intravascular resistance
a ___ is a long hollow needle with a removable sharp point that is available in varying lengths and bores
trocar
the gallbladder is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region
right hypochondriac
surgical drainage openings may be closed by suture or trocar button ___ to ___ of the cavities
prior, aspiration
purge exiting the nose, ear, or eyelids in the form of gas, blood, or a creamy white semisolid matter comes from the ___
brain
cavity embalming is a two step process: ___ of the ___ and their contents, followed by the injection of a strong preservative/disinfectant chemical
aspiration, cavities
cavity embalming occurs ___ the arterial embalming
after
the ___ of the solid organs comprises the blood vessels, connective tissue, ducts, and nerves
stroma
to establish the four abdominopelvic regions of the quadrant method, a horizontal line is drawn from left to right through the ___
umbilicus
the stomach (including cardiac and pyloric openings) is located in the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region
epigastric
the ___ of the solid organ is the functional tissue that comprises the bulk of the organ
parenchyma
cavity embalming is not employed in the preparation of the body when it is bequeathed to a ___, badly burned, or badly decomposed
medical school
purge exiting the mouth or nose and bears a “frothy” appearance comes from the ___
lungs
large sized openings at the working end of the instrument lessen the chance of clogging with ___ material
aspirated
cavity embalming treats the 1) contents of the ___ viscera, 2) walls of the visceral ___ not embalmed by arterial injection, and 3) contents of the spaces between the visceral organs and the walls of the cavities
hollow, organs
the appendix is located ind the ___ region of the abdominopelvic region
right inguinal (iliac)
a suggested order of treatment during cavity embalming is to inject the ___ cavity first
thoracic
cavity fluid is not diluted during cavity embalming; it is used in ___ form
concentrated
internal organs enclosed within a body cavity
viscera
purge exiting the mouth or nose and bears a dark brown coffee ground appearance comes from the ___
stomach
two sutures are commonly used to close the trocar opening used for ___; the purse string suture and the reverse suture, also called the N or Z suture
aspiration
the ___ suture is used to temporarily close lengthy incisions. the exposed thread can draw or wick fluids; the thread will remain wet
continuous
___ embalming chemicals and compresses (packs) are applied to both external and internal body surfaces
surface
___ practices are carried out after the embalming process to comprehensively clean all of the preparation room surfaces
terminal disinfection
___ formulated for surface embalming include liquids (phenol cautery agents, cavity fluid), preservative formalin creams and gels (autopsy gel), preservative powders, and drying and hardening compounds
accessory chemicals
___ are applied to the unexposed surface tissues of the buccal cavity, beneath the eyelids, inside the nasal cavity, beneath the autopsied scalp, and to the interior walls of the autopsied trunk
inlays
when purge is present from the mouth or nose immediately following arterial injection and cavity treatment, it may be necessary to re aspirate and reinject ___
cavity fluid
the ___ suture is ideal for suturing the cranial autopsy incision and the smaller incisions used for arterial injection; may not be suitable for trunk autopsy incisions
inversion
this embalming method is used to treat both small localized body areas and larger areas, such as the trunk walls of the autopsied body, a limb that did not receive sufficient arterial fluid, or an area that cannot be arterially injected
hypodermic embalming
in pitting edema, excess moisture is present in the ___ spaces. in solid edema, the excess moisture is within the ___
tissue, cells
when treating visible areas in facial areas, where hypodermic needles would be used, most of the injections can be made from
inside the mouth
___ sutures temporarily align tissue margins and secure them in position until permanent sutures replace them
bridge
distension of facial tissues, the neck, or glandular tissues of the face or the tissues surrounding the eye orbit during embalming of the body can be caused by an excessive amount of ___ in these tissues
arterial solution
a side effect of removing ___ from the facial tissues or hands is that the skin may become very wrinkled
edema
the single intradermal or ___ suture is made entirely within the dermal layer, traversing the needle side to side within the incisions. the needle does not pass through the epidermal tissues
hidden
after suturing a colostomy bag with a purse string or reverse suture, seal the closure with glue to prevent ___
leakage
periodic monitoring and surveillance of the deceased and performance of the treatments necessary to maintain post embalming stability is ___
custodial care
when treating visible areas of the nose, if hypodermic treatment is used, expect some ___ from the injection sites
leakage
when treating visible areas, application of glue to the eyelids and lips reduces the effects of ___
dehydration
when treating larger areas of the body, certain conditions, such as arteriosclerosis, gangrene, and edema, require additional injection of the ___
legs
post embalming treatments are routinely carried out ___ completion of arterial and cavity embalming
after
the ___ are the spaces between the bones of the skull in the fetus and young infant
fontanelles
for deceased persons of advanced age experiencing arteriosclerosis, the artery most frequently affected by sclerosis is the ___ artery
femoral
when senile purpura is present over the hands and the arms, and often the base of the neck, the arterial solution should be ___
strengthened
the general age category for persons between the ages of 12 to 18 years of age
adolescent
anemia results from a lack of healthy red blood cells leading to reduced ___ flow to the body’s organs
oxygen
for deceased persons of advanced age experiencing atrophy of the maxilla and the mandible, this may prevent the use of the ___ method of mouth closure
needle injector
body water ratios and ___ content are higher in infants
fat
a majority of infants, children, and ___ are autopsied
young adults
for deceased persons of advanced age experiencing arthritic conditions and degenerative changes, the ___ artery would be the best site for injection
common carotid
severe weight loss caused by the tumor competing with the body for metabolites results in a wasting away of body tissues
cachexia
the ___ are used to secure tissues during suturing
gathering forceps
for deceased persons of advanced age, poor circulation causes ___ to develop in dependent tissues that receive prolonged contact pressure
decubitus ulcers
when providing decedent care to fetuses, ___ is likely impractical
arterial injection
excess sugar in the blood
hyperglycemia
acidosis characterized by the presence of ketones in the blood and the body tissues
ketosis
sugar in the urine
glycosuria
considering that infants are often held during memorial events, the embalming can recreate weight in the head by forming a ball with a small amount of ___, wrap tightly in cotton, and place into the cranial cavity
modeling clay
when suturing an infants head, begin suturing ___ of the cranium
on the right side
when considering the systemic effects of malignancy, if ___ tissues are emaciated, the recommended injection is restricted cervical
facial
when considering the systemic effects of malignancy, if localized edema is present in the arms or the legs, the embalmer should use ___ sites for injection
multiple
surgical removal of the entire globe (en bloc); surgical technique to remove an entire mass without preliminary cutting or dissecting
enucleation
when performing restorative treatments for facial trauma, leakage of embalming solution from damaged tissue areas will actually ___ tissue swelling
reduce
when working on eye donors, evaluate both eyes for ___; minor reinjection of one or both arteries may be necessary to achieve this
symmetry
the general age category for persons when death occurs before or during delivery
stillborn
___ vessels are often used as superficial dialysis shunts in patients requiring chronic treatment
femoral
when death is from pulmonary embolism, the pathologist may trace the origin of the ___ through the use of exploratory incisions on the lower legs
blood clot
donated saphenous veins restore ___ to the lower extremities impaired by peripheral vascular disease
circulation
at the completion of suturing, place a ___ in the thread; move it as close as possible to the surface of the skin
knot
___ is defined as a collection of similar cells that function together as a unit
tissue
during embalming, the calvarium and sternum can be soaked in ___ within a sealed bag or container
preservation solution
coagula can block smaller arteries and prevent the flow of solution. slow flow allows the solution to distribute ___ the coagula
overtop
when suturing the cranial cavity, the ___ suture is ideal when the scalp does not have hair. the incision is easily concealed with cosmetics and/or waxes
inversion
the standard point of trocar entry is located 2 inches to the ___ of and 2 inches ___ to the umbilicus
left, superior
many medicolegal autopsies remove the neck organs, the floor of the mouth, and the ___
tongue
senile purpura is an extravascular irregularly shaped blood discoloration that often appears on the arms and the back of the hands; brought about by fragile ___
capillaires
if general edema, tissue decomposition, or extensive burns are present, a ___ may be necessary to protect clothing and casket fabric from soiling
unionall
capillary walls are composed of endothelium, which lines the entire vascular system and are made up of flat, single layered cells called ___. these are thin walled cells that form the semipermeable membranes through which substances in the blood must pass to reach the body cells
squamous epithelium
when anal purge is present after embalming, force as much purge as possible from the ___ by firmly pressing on the lower abdominal area
rectum
for cranial aspiration, a small trocar is introduced into the nostril and pushed through the ___ of the ethmoid bones
cribriform plate
