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pathology > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

the science that deals with the study of disease

A

pathology

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2
Q

when pathologist study the underlying cause of disease

A

etiology

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3
Q

when pathologist study the origin and development of a disease

A

pathogenesis

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4
Q

the division of pathology that deals with the specific features in relation to particular organs or organ systems

A

special pathology

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5
Q

the division of pathology that deals with the study of structural changes in the body caused by disease

A

pathological anatomy

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6
Q

a postmortem examination of the organs and tissues of a body to determine cause of death of pathological condition

A

autopsy

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7
Q

any injury or disease that produces a physiological derangement in the body that results in the death of an individual

A

cause of death

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8
Q

the division of pathology that deals with the study of changes in structure of the body that are readily seen with the unaided eye as a result of a disease

A

gross pathology

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9
Q

a circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue; an injury or wound

A

boils, moles, or tumors

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10
Q

identifies how the cause of death came about; reflected on death certificates as natural, homicide, suicide, or accident

A

manner of death

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11
Q

the division of pathology that deals with the study of microscopic changes that cells, tissues, and organs undergo as a result of disease

A

histopathology

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12
Q

the division of pathology that deals with the study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death

A

medicolegal (forensic) pathology

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13
Q

the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population

A

crude mortality rate

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14
Q

the term denoting the identification of a disease or syndrome; to recognize the nature of disease

A

diagnosis

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15
Q

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of disease and other factors relating to health

A

epidemiology

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16
Q

increase in severity of a disease

A

exacerbation

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17
Q

any injury or illness that occurs as a result of medical care

A

iatrogenic

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18
Q

disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown

A

idiopathic

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19
Q

number of deaths among children <1 year of age during a given time interval

A

infant mortality rate

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20
Q

number of deaths in a given time of place or population of deaths to a population

A

mortality rate

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21
Q

number of cases per year of certain diseases in relationship to the population in which they occur

A

morbidity rate

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22
Q

infection acquired in a healthcare setting

A

nosocomial

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23
Q

number of cases of disease present in a specific population at a given time

A

prevalence

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24
Q

prediction of the outcome of disease

A

prognosis

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25
Q

reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission

A

recurrent

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26
Q

abnormal protein produced in bone marrow; starch like protein that is deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleen, or other tissues in certain diseases

A

amyloid

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27
Q

embalmers will encounter this condition in the arteries; fine, white granules or clumps that feel like gritty deposits

A

calcification

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28
Q

acute reversible change resulting as a response to nonlethal injuries; occurs when cells are unable to maintain ionic and fluid stability

A

cellular swelling

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29
Q

the deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease of injury

A

degeneration

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30
Q

fatty degeneration is the accumulation of ___ in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells

A

triglycerides

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31
Q

common form of arthritis that causes swelling and pain in some of the body’s joints; usually in the big toe

A

gout

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32
Q

the passage and accumulation of a substance into cells, tissues, or organs

A

infiltration

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33
Q

commonly known as age pigment; yellowish brown pigment found in increased amounts of nerve, cardiac, and liver cells as they age

A

lipofuscin

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34
Q

normal or pathological coloration of skin or tissue

A

pigmentation

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35
Q

an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust, often in mines and from agriculture

A

pneumoconiosis

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36
Q

wasting away or decrease in the size of an organ or tissue; a shrinkage in the size of a cell by the loss of cell substance

A

atrophy

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37
Q

lysosomes within the cell breakdown cellular structures; self digestion of the cell

A

autolysis

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38
Q

caused by different infections in the body; form of cell death in which the tissue maintain a cheese like appearance

A

caseous

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39
Q

wet gangrene may have a crackling sound known as ___ when it is touched due to presence of gas in tissue

A

crepitation

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40
Q

tissue becomes dehydrated if the blood supply to the impacted area is reduced; tissue becomes black, dry, wrinkled, and greasy to touch; also known as ischemic gangrene

A

dry gangrene

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41
Q

abnormal development of tissue

A

dysplasia

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42
Q

the death of body tissue due to either lack of blood flow to impacted area or a serious bacterial infection

A

gangrene

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43
Q

bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene; usually caused by clostridium perfringens bacteria

A

gas gangrene

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44
Q

increase in the size of a tissue or organ; also increase in the number of cells present

A

hyperplasia

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45
Q

enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in the size of the cells

A

hypertrophy

46
Q

a form of cellular adaptation in which cells regenerate after injury; one cell type is replaced by another cell type that is more capable of withstanding a change in environment

A

metaplasia

47
Q

pathological death of cells, tissues, and organs while still a part of a living organism (a sequence of structural changes that follow cell death in living tissues)

A

necrosis

48
Q

replacement of damaged cells with identical cells

A

regeneration

49
Q

congenitally malformed feature with a fissure along the midline

A

cleft palate

50
Q

occurs when the diaphragm muscle fails to close during prenatal development, and the contents from the abdomen migrate into the chest through this opening

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

51
Q

when a defective gene causes body secretions to become sticky and thick (due to a salt imbalance) and plug up tubes, ducts and passageways in the lungs and pancreas

A

cystic fibrosis

52
Q

excessive amounts of cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the brain

A

hydrocephalus

53
Q

the decrease in the size of an organ due to the excessive but regulated decrease in the number of its cells

A

hypoplasia

54
Q

occurs in the groin region; almost all of them are congenital when they present in children

A

inguinal hernia

55
Q

when the immune system attacks the healthy cells in the body by mistake; these diseases have unknown causes and tend to run in families

A

autoimmune

56
Q

a disease having rapid and severe onset; usually fatal

A

fulminating

57
Q

having or showing the symptoms of fever

A

febrile

58
Q

a rare and heredity condition of total color blindness and sensitivity to light

A

achromatopsia

59
Q

rare disorder; congenital absence of one or more limbs

A

amelia

60
Q

the failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally

A

aplasia

61
Q

a type of spina bifida characterized by a protrusion of the meninges through a gap in the spine due to a congenital defect

A

meningocele

62
Q

most severe type of spina bifida; characterized by the protrusion from an opening in the spine fo both the malformed spinal cored and the meninges

A

myelomeningocele

63
Q

congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent

A

phocomelia

64
Q

having the presence of one or more extra fingers or toes; common birth defect

A

polydactylism

65
Q

a structural abnormality that results in the failure of the fetus spine to close properly during the first month of gestation

A

spina bifida

66
Q

the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old; also know as crib death

A

sudden infant death syndrome

67
Q

structural abnormality in which superficial blood vessels are enlarged; also known as a strawberry mark

A

vascular nevus

68
Q

genetic disorder caused by abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21

A

down syndrome

69
Q

increase flow of blood in an area of the body; can be active or passive

A

hyperemia

70
Q

a tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes loss of function

A

inflammation

71
Q

the passage of dark tarry stools containing decomposing blood; usually indicates bleeding in the upper part of the digestive tract

A

melena

72
Q

generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue

A

anasarca

73
Q

accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

A

ascites

74
Q

the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus (ex. when white blood cells move to an area of inflammation)

A

chemotaxis

75
Q

bluish discoloration of the fingernails, skin, or mucous membrane due to the lack of oxygen

A

cyanosis

76
Q

any fluid released from the body through blood vessels or an organ, and has a high concentration of protein, cells or solid debris; oozes through the tissues into a cavity

A

exudate

77
Q

escape of blood from the vascular system due to diseases of the blood, vascular disease, hypertension, or trauma

A

hemorrhage

78
Q

escape of blood from vessel due to the passage of blood cells through intact but functionally damaged blood vessel walls; classified according to the size of the hemorrhagic spot

A

hemorrhage per diapedesis

79
Q

escape of blood from vessel due to rupture or tearing; significant defect in the vascular wall; classified according to the amount and area in which it occurs

A

hemorrhage per rhexis

80
Q

obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue

A

infarction

81
Q

extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages or the skin; appear as pinpoint dots

A

petechiae

82
Q

when neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris

A

phagocytosis

83
Q

involving or relating to the production of pus

A

pyogenic

84
Q

clear, thin, and watery substance that is rich in protein; contains white blood cells; normal during the inflammatory stage of wound healing

A

serous

85
Q

superficial bleeding under the skin or a mucous membrane; a bruise

A

ecchymosis

86
Q

the sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris (ex. blood clots, plaque, bacteria, amniotic fluid); life threatening

A

embolism

87
Q

bleeding from the nose

A

epistaxis

88
Q

loss of blood to the point where life may no longer be sustained

A

exsanguination

89
Q

the formation of a blood clot; common due to damage to the endothelial lining of a blood vessel

A

thrombosis

90
Q

decrease in the diameter of a vessel to isolate contaminant and protect surrounding tissue

A

vasoconstriction

91
Q

leukopenia is a decrease in the number of ___; neutrophils are most frequently affected; drugs or bone marrow likely causes

A

white blood cells

92
Q

having a condition of a low blood platelet count; usually associated with leukemia or an immune system problem; can be a side effect of taking certain medications

A

thrombocytopenia

93
Q

pernicious anemia is a condition that occurs when a substance secreted by the stomach (hydrochloric acid) that enables the body to absorb ___ is absent main cause is gastric atrophy; prevalent in caucasians between the ages of 40-80 years old

A

vitamin B12

94
Q

a malignant tumor formed from glandular structure; most common type of lung cancer especially among women and nonsmokers

A

adenocarcinomas

95
Q

condition in which there is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells; the transport of oxygen is decreased; not a disease but a symptom of various diseases; two categories

A

anemia

96
Q

a cyst is a ___ sac or pouch with a definite wall that contains fluid, semi fluid, or slid material (pus or other material); within or on body surface; can contain air

A

closed

97
Q

rhabdomyomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors in fetus, neonate, and young child; result of excessive growth of muscles ___ within the muscular walls of the heart

A

elements

98
Q

cheese like material found under the skin formed from skin secretions; product of swollen hair follicles or trauma to skin; painless normally unless inflamed

A

sebaceous cysts

99
Q

chronic and heredity condition due to the presence of a large number of crescent red blood cells; hemoglobin A is replaced by hemoglobin S; prevalent almost exclusively among african americans, native africans, and mediterranean populations

A

sickle cell anemia

100
Q

second most common skin cancer; arises from the epidermis; may remain isolated in the epidermis; if not related, will penetrate underlying tissues

A

squamous cell carcinomas

101
Q

spontaneous or excessive bleeding; lack of plasma protein to aid in blood clotting; affects men, transmitted by women

A

hemophilia

102
Q

cancer of the white blood cells or tissues which synthesize white blood cells; white blood cell count is elevated 10 to 100 times the normal range; categorized by acute or chronic nature and by type of white blood cells affected

A

leukemia

103
Q

a birthmark or a mole on the skin, especially a birthmark in the form of a raised red patch

A

nevus

104
Q

an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood; associated with a reactive change in blood; generally caused by presence of infection

A

leukocytosis

105
Q

a tumor that invades surrounding tissues; usually capable of producing metastases; may recur after attempted removal; likely to be fatal if not adequately treated

A

malignant tumor

106
Q

the abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue

A

neoplasms

107
Q

idiopathic disorder; abnormal high red blood cell count; life shortening disorder involving bone marrow; viscosity of blood causing thrombi

A

polychythemia vera

108
Q

spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues associated with thrombocytopenia; common after chemotherapy or radiation therapy

A

purpura

109
Q

generally not harmful; not recurrent or progressive; remains localized; does not cause extensive tissue damage

A

benign tumor

110
Q

most common form of skin cancer; most common of all cancers; chronic exposure to sunlight is believed to be the cause of almost all cases of this cancer

A

basal cell carcinomas

pathology (14 decks)

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