final exam Flashcards
most common form of skin cancer; most common of all cancers; chronic exposure to sunlight is believed to be the cause of almost all cases of this cancer
basal cell carcinomas
decrease in the diameter of a vessel to isolate contaminant and protect surrounding tissue
vasoconstriction
genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21
down syndrome
caused by different infections in the body; form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese like appearance
caseous
the science that deals with the study of disease
pathology
the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population
crude mortality rate
a malignant tumor formed from glandular structure; most common type of lung cancer especially among women and non smokers
adenocarcinomas
number of cases of disease present in a specific population at a given time
prevalence
an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust, often in mines and from agriculture
pneumoconiosis
the formation of a blood clot; common due to damage to the endothelial lining of a blood vessel
thrombosis
escape of blood from vessel due to rupture or tearing; significant defect in the vascular wall; classified according to the amount and area in which it occurs
hemorrhage per rhexis
a substance secreted by the stomach (hydrochloric acid) that enables the body to absorb vitamin B12 is absent; main cause is gastric atrophy; prevalent in caucasians between the ages fo 40-80 years old
pernicious anemia
when pathologist study the underlying cause of disease
etiology
generally not harmful; not recurrent or progressive; remains localized; does not cause extensive tissue damage
benign tumor
number of cases per year of certain disease in relationship to the population in which they occur
morbidity rate
a decrease in the number of white blood cells; neutrophils are most frequently affected; drugs or bone marrow likely causes:
leukopenia
normal or pathological coloration of skin or tissue
pigmentation
wet gangrene may have a crackling sound known as ___ when it is touched due to presence of gas in tissue
crepitation
structural abnormality in which superficial blood vessels are enlarged; also known as strawberry marks
vascular nevus
occurs in the groin region; almost all of them are congenital when they present in children
inguinal hernia
the passage of dark tarry stool containing decomposing blood; usually indicates bleeding in the upper part of the digestive tract
melena
condition in which there is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells; the transport of oxygen is decreased; not a disease but a symptom of various diseases; two categories
anemia
when pathologist study the origin and development of a disease
pathogenesis
a circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue; an injury or wound
boils, moles, or tumors
commonly known as age pigment; yellow brown pigment found in increased amounts of nerve, cardiac, and liver cells as they age
lipofuscin
tissue becomes dehydrated if blood supply to the impacted area is reduced; tissue becomes black, dry, wrinkled, and greasy to touch; also known as ischemic gangrene
dry gangrene
the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old; also known as crib death
sudden infant death syndrome
escape of blood from vessel due to the passage of blood cells through intact but functionally damaged blood vessel walls; classified according to the size of the hemorrhagic spot
hemorrhage per diapedesis
having a condition of a low blood platelet count; usually associated with leukemia or an immune system problem; can be a side effect of taking certain medications
thrombocytopenia
a closed sac or pouch with a definite wall that contains fluid, semi fluid, or solid material (pus or other material); within or on body surface; can contain air
cysts
occurs when the diaphragm muscle fails to close during prenatal development, and the contents from the abdomen migrate into the chest through this opening
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
loss of blood to the point where life may no longer be sustained
exsanguination
the division of pathology that deals with the specific features in relation to particular organs or organ systems
special pathology
number of deaths in a given time or place or population of deaths to a population
mortality rate
idiopathic disorder; abnormally high red blood cell count; life shortening disorder involving bone marrow; viscosity of blood causing thrombi
polycythemia vera
abnormal development of tissue
dysplasia
a structural abnormality that results in the failure of the fetus spine to close properly during the first month of gestation
spina bifida
most common primary cardiac tumors in fetus, neonate, and young children; result of excessive growth of muscle elements within the muscular walls of the heart
rhabdomyomas
bleeding from the nose
epistaxis
increase in severity of a disease
exacerbation
having the presence of one or more fingers or toes; common birth defect
polydactylism
common form of arthritis that causes swelling and pain in some of the body’s joints; usually the big toe
gout
a rare and heredity condition of total color blindness and sensitivity to light
achromatopsia
generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue
anasarca
cancer of the white blood cells or tissues which synthesize white blood cells; white blood cell count is elevated 10 to 100 times the normal range; categorized by acute or chronic nature and by type of white blood cells affected
leukemia
the sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris (ex. blood clots, plaque, bacteria, amniotic fluid); life threatening
embolism
the death of body tissue due to either a lack of blood flow to the impacted area or serious bacterial infection
gangrene
a postmortem examination of the organs and tissues of a body to determine cause of death or pathological condition
autopsy
spontaneous or excessive bleeding; lack of plasma protein to aid in blood clotting; affects men, transmitted by females
hemeophilia
second most common skin cancer; arises from the epidermis; may remain isolated in the epidermis; if not related, will penetrate underlying tissues
squamous cell carcinomas
the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution and possible control of disease and other factors relating to health
epidemiology
fatty degeneration is the accumulation of ___ in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells
triglycerides
bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene; usually caused by clostridium perfringens bacteria
gas gangrene
cheese like material found under the skin formed from skin secretions; product of swollen hair follicles or trauma to skin; painless normally unless inflamed
sebaceous cysts
the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus (ex. when white blood cells more to an area of inflammation)
chemotaxis
congenital condition in which the proximal portion of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
phocomelia
superficial bleeding under the skin or a mucous membrane; a bruise
ecchymosis
any injury or disease that produces a physiological derangement in the body that results in the death of an individual
cause of death
number of deaths among children <1 year of age during a given time interval
infant mortality rate
rare disorder; congenital absence of one of more limbs
amelia
the deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease of injury
degeneration
replacement of damaged cells with identical cells
regeneration
most severe type of spina bifida; characterized by the protrustion from an opening in the spine of both the malformed spinal cord and the meninges
myelomeningocele
a birthmark or a mole on the skin, especially a birthmark in the form of a raised red patch
nevus
accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
ascites
the division of pathology that deals with the study of changes in structure of the body that are readily seen with the unaided eye as a result of a disease
gross pathology
clear, thin, and water substance that is rich in protein; contains white blood cells; normal during the inflammatory stage of wound healing
serous
disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause in unknown
idiopathic
acute reversible change resulting as a response to nonlethal injuries; occurs when cells are unable to maintain ionic and fluid stability
cellular swelling
increase in the size of a tissue or organ; also increase in the number of cells present
hyperplasia
a tumor that invades surrounding tissues; usually capable of producing metastases; may recur after attempted removal; likely to be fatal if not adequately treated
malignant tumor
a type of spina bifida characterized by a protrusion of the meninges through a gap in the spine due to a congenital defect
meningocele
escape of blood from the vascular system due to disease of the blood, vascular disease, hypertension, or trauma
hemorrhage
any injury or illness that occurs as a result of medical care
iatrogenic
enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in the size of the cells composing it
hypertrophy
the failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally
aplasia
involving or relating to the production of pus
pyogenic
an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood; associated with the reactive change in blood; generally caused by presence of infection
leukocytosis
any fluid released from the body through blood vessels or an organ, and has a high concentration of protein, cells or solid debris; oozes through the tissues into a cavity
exudate
embalmers will encounter this condition in the arteries; fine, white granules or clumps that feel like gritty deposits
calcification
when neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris
phagocytosis
identifies how the cause of death came about; reflected on death certificates as natural, homicide, suicide, or accident
manner of death
a disease acquired in a healthcare setting
nosocomial
a disease having rapid and severe onset; usually fatal
fulminating
