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NURS 127 > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

CHNC’s belief of health

A

Health is a human right

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2
Q

CNA belief that health status results from

A

Health status results from combined influence of complex interaction in social physical and emotional

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3
Q

WHO Definition of Health

A

State of comele physical mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease

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4
Q

Challenges to defining health

A

Difficult to measure
Idealistic
Hard to implement in a busy environment
No consensus abt the meaning of wellbeing

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5
Q

Disease

A

Objectibr malfuctioning of the body

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6
Q

Illnesss

A

Subjective state of being unwell and unable to function

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7
Q

Ill health

A

A state or poor health when there is some disease or impairment but not serious enough to stop all activities

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8
Q

Wellbeing

A

Positive feeling that accompanies a lack of ill health assciated with achieving goals and feeling good

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9
Q

Six Phases in the Evolution of Primary Care

A

1830s (Health protection era)
- Culturual spiritual, traditional (ideas of quarantine)
1840-1870 (Sanitary control era)
- Following industrial rev., filthy working conditions, unsafe water supply
- Developed epedemiological methods to track the spread
1880-1930 (Contagion control era)
- The germ theory
1940-1960 (Preventative medicine era) - vaccines
1970-1980 (Primary healthcare era)
- Economic promotion, strengthening interaction with public
The 1990s (Health promotion era)

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10
Q

Primary Health Care

A

Essential Health Care made universally accessible
- At a cost that the community can maintain
- Social justice and equity

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11
Q

Primary Care

A

First contact bw individuals and the healthcare system

  • Curative treatment of disease + rehab and some preventative medicine
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12
Q

Population health

A

Aims to maintain/improve the health status of the entire population, targeted population or individual within the community
- Strives to reduce inequalities bw population groups
-Aims to improve ROOT causes of health issues (Upstream)

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13
Q

Self-determination

A

Right/responsibility to decide/direct one’s choices

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14
Q

Core competencies of trained health promotion workforce

A
  • Catalyze change and empower individuals and communities
  • Provide leadership in developing public health policy
  • Assess needs. + Assets of communities
  • Develop Goals and identify interventions
  • Carry out efficient, culturally sensitive strategies
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion policies
  • Advocate on behalf of individuals and communities while building their capacity
  • Work collaboratively among various disciplines to promote health (providing bike lanes, transportation etc.)
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15
Q

Canadian Lalonde Report (1974)

A
  • Brought term “health promotion” into prominence
  • Introduced health field concept
  • Advocated for prevention care as important (UPSTREAM)
    Encouraged find. and orgs to accept responsibility for health
  • Used by WHO as rational for expanding the definition of health promotion
  • Source of the best-known definition of health promotion

*** Helped to shift the approach to healthcare from a medical to a behavioural approach

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16
Q

Initial determinants of health (Lalond Report)

A

Biology
Environment
Lifestyle
Health care Organization

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17
Q

Who were those who could originally make the lifestyle changes?

A

The wealthy and well off Canadians

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18
Q

How was the Lalond health field concept expanded?

A

To include the social context of people’s health

Economic/social needs shape health

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19
Q

WHO decleration of Alta.. led to

A

Ottawa charter

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20
Q

What is the Ottawa Charter (1986)

A

Identified prerequisites for health
- Broader definition for contributors to health
Advocated for health promotion
- Attention given to equity
- Concept of well-being
- Requires action by governments

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21
Q

What did the Ottawa Charter say health promotion was

A

The process of enabling people to take control over the determinants to take control of their health

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22
Q

Epp Report (1986)

A

Canadian Document
Achieving “health for all 2000”
Advocated for:
- Reducing inequalities
Increasing prevention
Enhancing individuals coping skills
- Foster public involvement in policy-making
- Stop blaming the victim

Emphasized personal AND social responsibility

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23
Q

Basic Strategies for health promotion Ottawa Charter

A

Advocate
(Promote conditions to favour health)
Enable
(Empower individuals to control determinants controlling their life)
Mediate
(success depends on all members of government and outside organizations)

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24
Q

Jakarta Declaration (important part)

A

Declared povertey to be the greatest threat to health

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25
Q

Bangkok Charter

A

Health affirmed as human right
-Spiritual and emotional is ephasised

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26
Q

Toronto Charter

A

Economical and social conditions important in health

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27
Q

Three important models in health promotion

A

Biomedical Approach
- Get rid of disease
- Report morbidity/premature mortality
- Target whole populations and high-risk groups
- Challenge: Dependency on medical professionals and patient must comply
- Some prevention
Behavioural Approach

Socioenvironmental Approach

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28
Q

The big theme in tertiary prevention?

A

Focus on QOL

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29
Q

Primordial prevention

A

Preventing risk factors from ever existing

i.e. sanitization so that pathogens cannot spread

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30
Q

Primary prevention

A

Risk factors may occur, but intervention occurs before injury or illness is present.

Identify specific risk factors in population and deal with those (i.e high cholesterol but no heart problems)

  • Promoting proper car seats
  • Offering smoke cessation programs
  • Public education to stop spread of STDs
  • Safe housing
  • Sanitation
  • Childhood immunizations
  • Airbags
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31
Q

Secondary

A

Activities that promote early detection of disease
(screening, change in behaviour)

Disrupts chain before the manifestation of SS noticed by individual

Halt disease and cure before progression or at least slow progression

  • Blood tests for diabetes
  • Self testicular exam, breast exam
  • Pap smear
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32
Q

Tertiary

A

Limit disability/complications

Rehabilitate person to maximum possible life

  • Rehab for stroke
  • Counselling for rape victim
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33
Q

Quaternary prevention

A

Help identify people at risk of overmedicalization and protect them from untested treatment

  • Consulting with natural disaster victims to minimize overexposure to population health assessments or research on their experience
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34
Q

Behavioural Approach (educational approach)

A

Lalonde Report Responsible for this shift (medical to behavioural)

Emphasis on lifestyle

Encouraged to adopt healthy behaviours

Responsible for own health

Provide Education, knowledge and skills

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35
Q

What can stigmas in health promotion cause?

A

Decreased access to healthcare?

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36
Q

Socio-Environmental Approach

A

Upstream thinking (The environment u live/work/play affecting your health)

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37
Q

3 Approaches to care

A

Medical, behavioural, and socioenvironmental

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38
Q

Initial Determinants of health

A

Genetic and bio factors
Lifestyle factors and health behaviours
Environmental factors
Availability of healthcare

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39
Q

What is structure

A

Invisible Limiters that determine health

40
Q

How much does your life, healthcare, your biology and your environment affect your life?

A

Life: 50%
Healthcare: 25%
Your Biology: 15%
Your environment: 10%

41
Q

How does location matter?

A

More relevant to health than genetics

42
Q

Downstream thinking

A

Short term
Individual based solutions
Chronic disease not prevented

43
Q

Empowerment

A

ensuring individuals and
communities are able to
assume the power to
which they are entitled

Mechanism that people and organizations gain mastery over their lives

44
Q

Health literacy

A

The degree that people can access, understand, and communicate info to engage with demands of different health contexts in order to promote and maintain good health across the life course

45
Q

QOL

A

The degree to which a
person enjoys the
important possibilities of
his or her life

46
Q

Vulnerable population VS at risk popualtion

A
47
Q

Labonte says the health of a population is closely tied to

A

The social structure of society

48
Q

4 Themes of SDoH

A

Income security and employment
Education
Food and shelter
Social Exclusion

49
Q

How much does healthcare affect health?

A
50
Q

Genders

A

Roles and expectations for a given individual

Differs across culture, country and time

51
Q

Cisgender

A

Gender and sex lineup

Privileges

52
Q

SDoH and Indigenous communities

A

Challenges are stacked on top of each other

53
Q

Health inequities

A

Avoidable, unjust and UNFAIR differences in health status bw groups of people

54
Q

Inequalities

A

Differences bw groups that are largely inequitable

55
Q

Health Equity

A

Everyone has opportunity to attain full health potential

56
Q

medical approach

A

Western thinking for most of the 20th century

Health problems = physiological risk factors

view of health that included psychological and social elements in theory, but only practiced pathology

Focus on health concerns, treatment, and cure

Accessible Quality healthcare will improve health of Canada

57
Q

Which approach to healthcare criticized the Lalonde report

A

Socio-environmental approach

58
Q

Health Field Concept

A

Introduced by the Lalonde Report

Broadly defined health determinants as
- Biological
- Environmental
- Lifestyle
- the organization of Health care

59
Q

What brought about knowledge that government played a role in determining Canadian health

A

Lalonde report and the behavioural approach

60
Q

Criticism of Lalonde Report

A

Lifestyle was assumed to be in one’s control with health risks being self imposed

Victim blaming

It was suggested that health could not be seperated from people’s social context

61
Q

What was the result of a health promotion conference held to address critiques of the Lalonde Report?

A

Ottawa Charter

62
Q

Prereqs for health as identified by the Ottawa Charter

A

Peace, shelter, education, food, income etc.

63
Q

5 strats of the Ottawa charter for promoting health

A

Building healthy public policy
Creating supportive environments,
Developing personal skills
Strengthening community action
Reorienting health services

64
Q

What document followed the Ottawa charter with the goal of achieving health for all ?

A

The Epp Report

65
Q

What report identified disparities in health as critical determinants of health

A

Epp Report

66
Q

What did the Epp report identify as the three major challenges and three ways to address major health challenges?

A

Self care, mutual aid, and promotion of healthy environments

67
Q

What is medicare

A

An interlocking provincial insurance scheme that pays for essential health services

68
Q

Trauma informed care

A

An approach recognizing possibility that people mawy have had past traumatic experiences with health care and they can be retraumatized when control is take from them

69
Q

Harm reduction

A

Offers alternatives to reduces risk behaviour consequences

70
Q

Epp Report: Challenges, Promotion, and implemtation of strategies

A

Reducing Inequalities
- Self Care
- Fostering public participation

Increasing Prevention
- Mutual Aid
- Strengthening Community Health Services

Enhancing Coping
- Healthy Environments
- Coordinating healthy public policy

71
Q

Aim and method of Socio-environmental approach

A

Focus at policy or environmental level to bring abt change

approach: to make health choices realistic for people

72
Q

At risk population

A

A term referring to a population with a higher statistic of negative health outcome or mortality, and which often leads to sterotypical assumptions and victim blaming

73
Q

Harm reduction

A

Protect the health of and reduce secondary harm for individuals who participate with risky activity

  • No behaviour modification, but decreases immediate harms related to this behaviour
74
Q

Canada Health Act (5 points)

A

Publicly administered
Comprehensive
Universal
Portable
Accessible

75
Q

ethics

A

values norms and principals that guide humant conduct

76
Q

Bioethics

A

The study of ethical issues related to health care

77
Q

Social jusice

A

The view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities, including to health

the fair sharing of resources in society based on specific population sub-groups in relation to one another

78
Q

Everday ethics is fueled by the principals of

A

Empowering and advocacy

78
Q

CHN vs PHN

A

Community health nurses typically work directly with individuals, families, and groups to achieve better health outcomes. Public health nurses usually take a broader approach to patient populations.

79
Q

What did the Toronto charter identify as a SDoH unique from HPM

A

Aboriginal identity

80
Q

Determinants of Indigenous health

A

Proximal
No access to housing
No access to clean water
Addiction
Violence against Indigenous women

Intermediate (core)
Residential schools
60s scoop
intergenerational trauma
Healthcare systems

Distal (Root)
Colonialism
Political decisionmaking
Indian act

81
Q

Difference bw at risk and vulnerable populations

A

At risk: Greater exposure to risks (all individuals of population are at risk)

Vulnerable: Subgroup that Bc of shared social characteristics, is at higher risk

82
Q

5 strats for promoting health as identified in the Ottawa charter

A

Building healthy public policy
Creating supportive environments
Stregthening community action
Devloping personal skills
Reorienting health services

83
Q

What is an equity lens

A

Causes us to ask questions

Have we determined if there are barriers existing in a group

How will we deal with these barriers

How will we measure the results of the action

84
Q

At what level is action directed in population health promotion

A

at the community level

85
Q

Community

A

Group of people who live, learn, play, and worship in an environment at a given time

Share common interests/characteristics

Function as a part of a larger social system

86
Q

Aggregate

A

A subgroup of a community defined by demographic, interests, heritage, socionomic or education levels

87
Q

Capacity building

A

stregthen ability of individual or group to develop and initiate health promotion activities that are sustainable

88
Q

Steps of Community Health Promotion Model

A

Assessment
Analysis
Planning
Intervention
Evaluation

89
Q

A group

A

Two or more people

90
Q

Population

A

People residing within boundaries of a community

91
Q

population at risk

A

People with high probability of developing illnesss

92
Q

Vulnerable population

A

People who are disadvantaged or vulnerable to health inequality, injury or disease are called vulnerable population

93
Q

Community asset mapping

A

identifying the stregths of the commuinty and resources for program planning

94
Q

What is FNHA for?

A

does not replace the role or services of the Ministry of Health and Regional Health Authorities. The First Nations Health Authority will collaborate, coordinate, and integrate our respective health programs and services to achieve better health outcomes for BC First Nations.​​

NURS 127 (4 decks)

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