midterm Flashcards
1
Q
what are the steps of the scientific method
A
- State the Question
* 2. Research
* 3. Hypothesis
* 4. Experiment
* 5. Collect and Organize Data
* 6. Conclusion
* 7. Review
2
Q
Independent Variable
A
The cause of the changes
to the dependent / the factor being tested
3
Q
Dependent Variable
A
The measurable
results
4
Q
The Control
A
an element that remains unchanged or unaffected by other variables
5
Q
controlled experiment
A
a scientific test done under controlled conditions / usually has a placebo
6
Q
autorophic nutrition
A
when plants produce their own nutrition through photosynthesis
7
Q
heterotrophic nutrition
A
when you have to rely on other animals for your food
8
Q
what is synthesis
A
building large complex compounds from smaller less complex compounds
9
Q
what systems are needed for regulation
A
nervous and chemical control
10
Q
what is regulation
A
its the control and coordination of life activities that allows you to respond to changes in the environment
11
Q
feedback mechanism
A
way to monitor and regulate what’s going on in your body
12
Q
what are hormones
A
chemical messenger used for endocrine system
13
Q
what is a stimulus
A
anything an organism reacts to
14
Q
what is the only life function not needed for an individuals survival
A
reproduction
15
Q
Universal genetic code
A
(DNA & RNA)
16
Q
basic unit of structure / function
A
cells
17
Q
where do cells come from
A
preexisting cells
18
Q
types of microscopes
A
- Dissecting/Binocular Microscope
- Electron Microscope
19
Q
what is iodine used for
A
used on plant
cells (such as onion
cells)
20
Q
what is Methylene Blue used for
A
- used
on animal cells (such as
human cheek cells)
21
Q
what does the centrifuge do
A
The centrifuge
separates the
cell parts by
density
22
Q
how many micrometers is a millimeter
A
1000
23
Q
what is osmosis
A
the diffusion
24
Q
Diffusion/Passive Transport
A
- Does not require energy (ATP) / Materials move from an area
of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
25
Equilibrium
reached when the
concentration of a material is equal on both sides of a membrane. At this
point, diffusion stops
26
Dynamic equilibrium
some small
movement of particles going on but, the overall concentration stays balanced.
27
Active Transport
Requires the use of
energy (ATP) , materials move from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration.
28
Prokaryotic Cells
* No membrane bound organelles ,They are not used to form multicellular organisms
29
Eukaryotic Cells
* Have membrane bound organelles , larger than prokaryotes , Can be used to form multicellular
organisms
30
Cytoplasm
Between the
nucleus and the
cell membrane , Mostly water , Used for cell
transport (cyclosis)
31
Nucleus
the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center / houses the nucleolus
32
Nucleolus
the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center
33
where are the Ribosomes and what do they do
in the cytoplasm / the site of protein synthesis in the cell
34
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Involved in the synthesis of certain molecules and intracellular transport / 2 types smooth and rough
35
what do Lysosomes do
secrete digestive
enzymes to break up food
and organelles that no longer
function.
36
what are Vacuoles used for
storage structure of a cell / can hold food for later use or waste removal
37
what is the Contractile Vacuole specialized in
specialized
vacuoles found in
freshwater Protozoa / The contractile vacuoles pumps
water out
38
what does the Mitochondria do
Converts the energy in food molecules (glucose) into
usable energy (ATP) /
39
which cell has their own genetic material
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
40
The number of mitochondria within a cell is based on _____
the energy demands of the cell.
41
where are Chloroplasts found and what do they do
Found only in plant cells and Convert light energy
into chemical bond
energy
42
what contains the green pigment chlorophyll.
chloroplasts
43
where are Centrioles found and what do they do
Found in
animal cells.
Within the
centrosome.
* They assist in
cell division.
44
Cell/Plasma Membrane
membrane is
made up of a double lipid
layer with large proteins
floating in it.
45
Functions of the Cell Membrane
Separates the internal environment from the external environment , Provides a water resistant barrier , It allows for communication between cell through the use of receptor molecules.
46
Receptor Molecules
* They allow cells to communicate with each other,
47
what does the shape of the receptor molecules and the shape of the the chemical secreted determine
if the
message will be passed on.
48
how do you prevent a message from passing on
drugs that stop
the transmission of the message (beta blockers)
49
where is the cell wall found
* Found in plant cells
50
what is the cell wall made up of
Made up mostly of the
sugar cellulose ,
51
what does it mean when people say the cell wall is porous
allows materials to pass
through.
52
what does photosynthesis do
Photosynthesis converts light
energy into chemical bond
energy (glucose).
53
The inorganic reactants used for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water.
54
universal solvent
water.
55
This process is constantly
going on in living cells (24/7)
Cellular Respiration
56
where does cellular respiration take place
in the mitochondria
57
what does cellular respiration convert
It converts the chemical bond
energy in food (glucose) into
the energy compound ATP
58
what does atp stand for
(adenosine triphosphate)
59
what form of respiration produces the most ATP
per molecule of glucose
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
60
what are the compounds used for (reactants) for Aerobic Cellular Respiration
glucose and oxygen
61
what are the products produced from Aerobic Cellular Respiration
carbon dioxide,
water and ATP.
62
Mitosis
Form of asexual reproduction ,
63
what is the cause of cancer
uncontrolled mitosis
64
what does Meiosis produce
This process produces gametes (sex cells) ,
65
The male gamete is called the
sperm
66
the female gamete is
called the egg
ovum
67
what is a cell made up of
Organelle
68
what is the smallest level of cell organization
smallest level. Cell part
69
what are tissues made of
made up of cells
70
what are Organs made of
made up of many tissues,
71
what are Organ Systems made of
made up of organs
72
what are Multicellular Organisms made of
organic systems
73
describe viruses
They are not made
up of cells , They have their own
genetic material , and can reproduce
74
describe Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Not cells , have their own genetic material , can reproduce without the cell reproducing
75
Humans have a _____ way digestive system.
one
76
what is the purpose of the digestive system
to obtain and process
nutrients for cells to use
77
2 Types of Digestion
mechanical and chemical
78
what 2 compounds make something organic
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
79
Carbohydrates
Main source of immediate energy
(glucose - used for respiration)
80
The simplest carbohydrates
glucose
81
The more complex carbohydrates
glycogen (animal
starch
82
* Dehydration Synthesis
occurs when two molecules or compounds are joined to form a larger molecule following the removal of water
83
Hydrolysis
a process of breaking down a chemical compound that involves splitting a bond and adding the elements of water
84
Proteins
major component of
hair, skin, muscles, most internal
organs, hormones
85
Lipids
Source of stored energy, they make up part of the cell membrane, and insulate nerves.
86
Types of lipids
Fats, Oils, and Waxes
87
The building blocks of lipids
fatty acid and glycerol
88
Characteristics of Enzymes
* They are organic catalysts
89
when are enzyme-substrate complexes is formed.
* When an enzyme is reacting, in
physical contact with, a substrate,
90
Temperatures Influence on
Rate of Enzyme Action
As temperatures increases so does the rate of enzyme action, until the optimum temperature is reached
91
Optimum Temperature
- the temperature at
which the enzyme is working at its highest rate.
92
what takes place in the Mouth
Mechanical digestion will
take place here / site of ingestion
93
Esophagus
Carries food
from the mouth
to the stomach
94
what muscle contraptions are used to carry food from the mouth to the stomach
peristalsis
95
Small Intestine
longest part of the digestive system
96
where Is all digestion completed
Small Intestine
97
what is the small intestine lined with and why
villi, to increase surface area for better absorption of nutrition
98
Large Intestine / colon
Reabsorption
of water takes
place here
99
Rectum
Used for the temporary storage of solid waste (feces)
100
Anus
site of egestion
101
what is the point of the liver
synthesizes bile
102
what is the point of the gall bladder
stores bile
103
what is the point of the pancreas
secretes the digestive
enzymes protease, lipase, and
amylase.
104
what is the point of homeostasis in the digestive system
helps to maintain homeostasis by obtaining and processing nutrients for the body and cells to use
105
how does a disease happen
a condition in which the
body is unable to maintain
homeostasis
106
The function of the respiratory system
to assist in the exchange of the respiratory gases O2 and CO2
107
what is the nasal cavity lined with
mucus membranes
and blood vessels
108
what is the hair in the nasal cavity called
cilia
109
Trachea
Large diameter
tube that transports air to
the bronchi + has rings of cartilage + lined w mucus membranes
110
Epiglottis
This is a flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea when you swallow food or liquid + It helps prevent food or liquid from entering the air passage way
111
Bronchi
Two large diameter
tubes that branch
off of the trachea and has rings of cartliage + lined w mucus membranes
112
Bronchioles
Extend from the bronchi to
the air sacs +They do not
have rings of cartilage
113
what are air sacs made up of
alveoli
114
* Functional units of the respiratory system.
Alveoli
115
Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
116
The alveoli are surrounded
capillaries / blood vessels
117
The inside wall of the alveoli must be ______, otherwise diffusion of respiratory gases
cannot occur
moist
118
Diaphragm
It’s movement causes breathing (inhalation and exhalation) / Sheet of muscle that extends across the body cavity.
119
Breathing Rate
Determined by the amount of CO2 dissolved in the blood
120
what is breathing rate determined by
the amount of CO2
dissolved in the blood
121
The more ______ dissolved in the blood the faster the breathing rate becomes.
CO2
122
how does the respiratory system maintain homeostasis
maintains oxygen and
carbon dioxide levels
within the blood so that
aerobic respiration can
take place.
123
what does it mean when a disease ends in itis
inflammation/swelling of
124
Emphysema
a type of lung disease that causes breathlessness
125
Pneumonia
an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs
126
generally what is homeostasis
a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
127
what Is the transport system used for
used to absorb and distribute (circulate) materials
128
what materials are transported by the circulatory system
oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, hormones, and antibodies
129
what is the liquid portion of the blood
plasma / Made up
mostly of water
130
what is the solid portion of the blood
blood cells
131
where are red and white blood cells produced
the bone
marrow
132
why do red blood cells have a limited life span and how long is the lifespan
because they loose their nucleus, and about 120 days
133
what element is hemoglobin based on
iron
134
are white blood cell's lifespans limited and why
no bcs they don't loose their nucleus
135
what fights infections
phagocytes and lymphocytes
136
Platelets
cell fragments without a nucleus , At the site of an injury, they break open and release a chemical that causes the blood to clot
137
Atrium (Atria)
2 Top chambers of the heart / Pump blood through the A - V valves to the ventricles.
138
what blood does the left atrium receive
receives high oxygen blood
from the lungs
139
what blood does the right atrium receive
receives low oxygen blood
from the body
140
A - V Valves
Separate the atria from
the ventricles , Prevent the back flow of blood
141
Ventricles
Bottom chambers of the heart
142
what does the right ventricle receive
receives low oxygen blood from the right atrium and pumps it to
the lungs
143
what does the left ventricle receive
high oxygen blood from the left atrium and pumps it to all parts of the body, except for the lungs.
144
Blood Vessels
Carry the blood to the various parts of the body so that diffusion of materials may occur.
145
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart + carry blood high in oxygen
146
why doesn't the pulmonary artery carry blood in high oxygen
it is transporting blood to the lungs
147
what is a pulse
Every time the ventricles contract the arteries expand and contract
148
Veins
carry blood to the heart / carry blood low in oxygen
149
why do the pulmonary veins carry blood in high oxygen
they are carrying blood from the lungs
150
Capillaries
the smallest blood vessels
151
where are capillaries found
wherever exchange of materials between the blood and cells takes place
152
* Pulmonary Circulation -
circulation of blood to and from the lungs
153
* Systemic Circulation
circulation of blood to and from the body, except for the lungs.
154
Sickle-Cell Anemia
disease that causes red blood cells to break down
155
anemia
a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells
156
Leukemia
cancers of the blood cells
157
Hemophilia
inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly
158
urea
Liver removes dead and worn out red blood cells, converts the toxic nitrogen compound ammonia into something less toxic called urea
159
Kidneys
Made up of filtering units called nephrons / Help maintain blood pressure by removing water from the blood
160
(the functional unit of the urinary system
Kidneys
161
where do materials not absorbed by the kidney go
the ureter
162
Kidney Stones
stones passed through the ureter and bladder
163
Gout
a type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in your joints
164
Advantages to Locomotion
* Find Food, Shelter, a Mate
165
Your endoskeleton
(internal skeleton) is
made up of ____ bones
206
166
function of the skeletal system
provides shape, support
167
Cartilage
It is found between joints and acts as a cushion.
168
It makes up most of an infants
skeleton, which eventually will be replaced by bone
Cartilage
169
where are Cardiac Muscle found
Found in the heart, they are also
involuntary
170
Muscles used for locomotion + voluntary
Skeletal/Striated Muscle
171
Tendons
inelastic connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
172
Ligaments
tough, fibrous, elastic
connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at movable joints. They help the joint open and close
173
Functions of the Regulatory
System
Respond to changes in the
environment.
174
cerebellum
balance control
175
cerebrum
part of brain that controls thinking
176
medulla
helps control vital processes
177
Nerve/Spinal Cord
Relays information to
and from the brain
178
center for reflex action
Nerve/Spinal Cord
179
Hormones
These are chemical
messengers
180
Negative Feedback
If the level of one hormone increases, it causes the
level of another hormone to decrease
181
example of negative feedback
as insulin goes up glucagon goes down
182
what hormones does the pancreas release
Insulin and glucagon
183
Polio
a viral disease that disrupts motor function.
184
Meningitis
a bacterial/viral disease that results in inflamed membranes around the brain/nerve cord
185
Stroke
a disruption of blood supply to a
portion of the brain. That part of the brain becomes damaged
186
Cerebral Palsy
a problem with the
cerebrum that controls voluntary motor
function
187
Goiter
an enlarged thyroid that results in a change in metabolic rate. This results from iodine deficiency
188
Diabetes
a problem with the pancreas. The person is unable to control blood sugar levels.
189
Antigens
These are proteins
found on most things
The immune system
attacks antigens that
are foreign (not you)
190
Phagocytes
Born with these.
* They engulf foreign
antigen
* General infection
fighters
191
Lymphocytes
These must be developed over time by either being exposed to the pathogen or by
vaccination , Produce antibodies which will destroy or
mark for destruction things with foreign antigens
192
_______ are used to help develop lymphocytes.
Vaccines
193
how are vaccinations created
A dead or weakened pathogen is used
194
AIDS
The result is a person that cannot protect themselves from pathogens that a healthy
immune system can easily defeat
195
Antihistamines
chemicals that are found in
allergy medicines. They destroy histamines or prevent the release of histamines
196
when does the body attack itself
Transplanted organs have different antigens.
* The immune system will attack the organ, because
of the different antigens.
197
Lupus
autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy cells.
198
Immunosuppressant Drugs
Reduce the effectiveness of the immune system so
that the organ will not be attached (rejected).
199
Asexual Reproduction
This method of reproduction is usually a quick way to increase the number of organisms in the
population
200
Sexual reproduction requires the production of specialized cells called
gametes (sperm
and egg)
201
what is sexual reproduction the union of
union of the sperm and egg called fertilization
202
It produces cells that are exactly alike. (They have
exactly the same genetic material)
mitosis
203
1st stage of mitosis
Interphase - * A nondividing stage.
204
2nd stage of mitosis
prophase + * This is the longest stage + * Chromosomes become tightly coiled and can now be seen.
205
3rd stage of mitosis
Metaphase + Double stranded
chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell, the equator.
* Spindle fiber become attached
to centromeres
206
4th stage of mitosis
anaphase , Cytokinesis begins
207
Meiosis
process that is involved in
producing gametes.
208
Homologous Chromosomes
This is a pair of
chromosomes that
carry genes for the
same trait
209
Somatic Cell
these are body cells , Any cell that is not a sex cell (sperm or egg).
210
zygote
this is the cell formed from the union of two gametes. The zygote develops into the offspring
211
Diploid (2n)
having two complete sets of homologous chromosomes.
212
Monoploid (n)
having only one set of homologous chromosomes.
213
Disjunction
separation of homologous chromosomes
214
Nondisjunction
when homologous chromosomes fail
to separate.
215
Gametogenesis
* This term means “the creation of gametes”.
216
spermatogenesis
the creation of sperm cells
217
oogenesis
the creation of egg cells (ova).
