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living environment > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps of the scientific method

A
  1. State the Question
    * 2. Research
    * 3. Hypothesis
    * 4. Experiment
    * 5. Collect and Organize Data
    * 6. Conclusion
    * 7. Review
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2
Q

Independent Variable

A

The cause of the changes
to the dependent / the factor being tested

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3
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The measurable
results

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4
Q

The Control

A

an element that remains unchanged or unaffected by other variables

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5
Q

controlled experiment

A

a scientific test done under controlled conditions / usually has a placebo

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6
Q

autorophic nutrition

A

when plants produce their own nutrition through photosynthesis

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7
Q

heterotrophic nutrition

A

when you have to rely on other animals for your food

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8
Q

what is synthesis

A

building large complex compounds from smaller less complex compounds

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9
Q

what systems are needed for regulation

A

nervous and chemical control

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10
Q

what is regulation

A

its the control and coordination of life activities that allows you to respond to changes in the environment

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11
Q

feedback mechanism

A

way to monitor and regulate what’s going on in your body

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12
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messenger used for endocrine system

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13
Q

what is a stimulus

A

anything an organism reacts to

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14
Q

what is the only life function not needed for an individuals survival

A

reproduction

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15
Q

Universal genetic code

A

(DNA & RNA)

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16
Q

basic unit of structure / function

A

cells

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17
Q

where do cells come from

A

preexisting cells

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18
Q

types of microscopes

A
  • Dissecting/Binocular Microscope
  • Electron Microscope
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19
Q

what is iodine used for

A

used on plant
cells (such as onion
cells)

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20
Q

what is Methylene Blue used for

A
  • used
    on animal cells (such as
    human cheek cells)
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21
Q

what does the centrifuge do

A

The centrifuge
separates the
cell parts by
density

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22
Q

how many micrometers is a millimeter

A

1000

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23
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion

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24
Q

Diffusion/Passive Transport

A
  • Does not require energy (ATP) / Materials move from an area
    of high concentration to an
    area of low concentration
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25
Q

Equilibrium

A

reached when the
concentration of a material is equal on both sides of a membrane. At this
point, diffusion stops

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26
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

some small
movement of particles going on but, the overall concentration stays balanced.

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27
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires the use of
energy (ATP) , materials move from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration.

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28
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • No membrane bound organelles ,They are not used to form multicellular organisms
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29
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Have membrane bound organelles , larger than prokaryotes , Can be used to form multicellular
    organisms
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30
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Between the
nucleus and the
cell membrane , Mostly water , Used for cell
transport (cyclosis)

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31
Q

Nucleus

A

the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center / houses the nucleolus

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32
Q

Nucleolus

A

the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center

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33
Q

where are the Ribosomes and what do they do

A

in the cytoplasm / the site of protein synthesis in the cell

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34
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Involved in the synthesis of certain molecules and intracellular transport / 2 types smooth and rough

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35
Q

what do Lysosomes do

A

secrete digestive
enzymes to break up food
and organelles that no longer
function.

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36
Q

what are Vacuoles used for

A

storage structure of a cell / can hold food for later use or waste removal

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37
Q

what is the Contractile Vacuole specialized in

A

specialized
vacuoles found in
freshwater Protozoa / The contractile vacuoles pumps
water out

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38
Q

what does the Mitochondria do

A

Converts the energy in food molecules (glucose) into
usable energy (ATP) /

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39
Q

which cell has their own genetic material

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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40
Q

The number of mitochondria within a cell is based on _____

A

the energy demands of the cell.

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41
Q

where are Chloroplasts found and what do they do

A

Found only in plant cells and Convert light energy
into chemical bond
energy

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42
Q

what contains the green pigment chlorophyll.

A

chloroplasts

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43
Q

where are Centrioles found and what do they do

A

Found in
animal cells.
Within the
centrosome.

  • They assist in
    cell division.
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44
Q

Cell/Plasma Membrane

A

membrane is
made up of a double lipid
layer with large proteins
floating in it.

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45
Q

Functions of the Cell Membrane

A

Separates the internal environment from the external environment , Provides a water resistant barrier , It allows for communication between cell through the use of receptor molecules.

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46
Q

Receptor Molecules

A
  • They allow cells to communicate with each other,
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47
Q

what does the shape of the receptor molecules and the shape of the the chemical secreted determine

A

if the
message will be passed on.

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48
Q

how do you prevent a message from passing on

A

drugs that stop
the transmission of the message (beta blockers)

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49
Q

where is the cell wall found

A
  • Found in plant cells
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50
Q

what is the cell wall made up of

A

Made up mostly of the
sugar cellulose ,

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51
Q

what does it mean when people say the cell wall is porous

A

allows materials to pass
through.

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52
Q

what does photosynthesis do

A

Photosynthesis converts light
energy into chemical bond
energy (glucose).

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53
Q

The inorganic reactants used for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide and water.

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54
Q

universal solvent

A

water.

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55
Q

This process is constantly
going on in living cells (24/7)

A

Cellular Respiration

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56
Q

where does cellular respiration take place

A

in the mitochondria

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57
Q

what does cellular respiration convert

A

It converts the chemical bond
energy in food (glucose) into
the energy compound ATP

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58
Q

what does atp stand for

A

(adenosine triphosphate)

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59
Q

what form of respiration produces the most ATP
per molecule of glucose

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

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60
Q

what are the compounds used for (reactants) for Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A

glucose and oxygen

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61
Q

what are the products produced from Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A

carbon dioxide,
water and ATP.

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62
Q

Mitosis

A

Form of asexual reproduction ,

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63
Q

what is the cause of cancer

A

uncontrolled mitosis

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64
Q

what does Meiosis produce

A

This process produces gametes (sex cells) ,

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65
Q

The male gamete is called the

A

sperm

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66
Q

the female gamete is
called the egg

A

ovum

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67
Q

what is a cell made up of

A

Organelle

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68
Q

what is the smallest level of cell organization

A

smallest level. Cell part

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69
Q

what are tissues made of

A

made up of cells

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70
Q

what are Organs made of

A

made up of many tissues,

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71
Q

what are Organ Systems made of

A

made up of organs

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72
Q

what are Multicellular Organisms made of

A

organic systems

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73
Q

describe viruses

A

They are not made
up of cells , They have their own
genetic material , and can reproduce

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74
Q

describe Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

A

Not cells , have their own genetic material , can reproduce without the cell reproducing

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75
Q

Humans have a _____ way digestive system.

A

one

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76
Q

what is the purpose of the digestive system

A

to obtain and process
nutrients for cells to use

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77
Q

2 Types of Digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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78
Q

what 2 compounds make something organic

A

Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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79
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Main source of immediate energy
(glucose - used for respiration)

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80
Q

The simplest carbohydrates

A

glucose

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81
Q

The more complex carbohydrates

A

glycogen (animal
starch

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82
Q
  • Dehydration Synthesis
A

occurs when two molecules or compounds are joined to form a larger molecule following the removal of water

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83
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a process of breaking down a chemical compound that involves splitting a bond and adding the elements of water

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84
Q

Proteins

A

major component of
hair, skin, muscles, most internal
organs, hormones

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85
Q

Lipids

A

Source of stored energy, they make up part of the cell membrane, and insulate nerves.

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86
Q

Types of lipids

A

Fats, Oils, and Waxes

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87
Q

The building blocks of lipids

A

fatty acid and glycerol

88
Q

Characteristics of Enzymes

A
  • They are organic catalysts
89
Q

when are enzyme-substrate complexes is formed.

A
  • When an enzyme is reacting, in
    physical contact with, a substrate,
90
Q

Temperatures Influence on
Rate of Enzyme Action

A

As temperatures increases so does the rate of enzyme action, until the optimum temperature is reached

91
Q

Optimum Temperature

A
  • the temperature at
    which the enzyme is working at its highest rate.
92
Q

what takes place in the Mouth

A

Mechanical digestion will
take place here / site of ingestion

93
Q

Esophagus

A

Carries food
from the mouth
to the stomach

94
Q

what muscle contraptions are used to carry food from the mouth to the stomach

A

peristalsis

95
Q

Small Intestine

A

longest part of the digestive system

96
Q

where Is all digestion completed

A

Small Intestine

97
Q

what is the small intestine lined with and why

A

villi, to increase surface area for better absorption of nutrition

98
Q

Large Intestine / colon

A

Reabsorption
of water takes
place here

99
Q

Rectum

A

Used for the temporary storage of solid waste (feces)

100
Q

Anus

A

site of egestion

101
Q

what is the point of the liver

A

synthesizes bile

102
Q

what is the point of the gall bladder

A

stores bile

103
Q

what is the point of the pancreas

A

secretes the digestive
enzymes protease, lipase, and
amylase.

104
Q

what is the point of homeostasis in the digestive system

A

helps to maintain homeostasis by obtaining and processing nutrients for the body and cells to use

105
Q

how does a disease happen

A

a condition in which the
body is unable to maintain
homeostasis

106
Q

The function of the respiratory system

A

to assist in the exchange of the respiratory gases O2 and CO2

107
Q

what is the nasal cavity lined with

A

mucus membranes
and blood vessels

108
Q

what is the hair in the nasal cavity called

A

cilia

109
Q

Trachea

A

Large diameter
tube that transports air to
the bronchi + has rings of cartilage + lined w mucus membranes

110
Q

Epiglottis

A

This is a flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea when you swallow food or liquid + It helps prevent food or liquid from entering the air passage way

111
Q

Bronchi

A

Two large diameter
tubes that branch
off of the trachea and has rings of cartliage + lined w mucus membranes

112
Q

Bronchioles

A

Extend from the bronchi to
the air sacs +They do not
have rings of cartilage

113
Q

what are air sacs made up of

A

alveoli

114
Q
  • Functional units of the respiratory system.
A

Alveoli

115
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

116
Q

The alveoli are surrounded

A

capillaries / blood vessels

117
Q

The inside wall of the alveoli must be ______, otherwise diffusion of respiratory gases
cannot occur

A

moist

118
Q

Diaphragm

A

It’s movement causes breathing (inhalation and exhalation) / Sheet of muscle that extends across the body cavity.

119
Q

Breathing Rate

A

Determined by the amount of CO2 dissolved in the blood

120
Q

what is breathing rate determined by

A

the amount of CO2
dissolved in the blood

121
Q

The more ______ dissolved in the blood the faster the breathing rate becomes.

A

CO2

122
Q

how does the respiratory system maintain homeostasis

A

maintains oxygen and
carbon dioxide levels
within the blood so that
aerobic respiration can
take place.

123
Q

what does it mean when a disease ends in itis

A

inflammation/swelling of

124
Q

Emphysema

A

a type of lung disease that causes breathlessness

125
Q

Pneumonia

A

an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs

126
Q

generally what is homeostasis

A

a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.

127
Q

what Is the transport system used for

A

used to absorb and distribute (circulate) materials

128
Q

what materials are transported by the circulatory system

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, hormones, and antibodies

129
Q

what is the liquid portion of the blood

A

plasma / Made up
mostly of water

130
Q

what is the solid portion of the blood

A

blood cells

131
Q

where are red and white blood cells produced

A

the bone
marrow

132
Q

why do red blood cells have a limited life span and how long is the lifespan

A

because they loose their nucleus, and about 120 days

133
Q

what element is hemoglobin based on

A

iron

134
Q

are white blood cell’s lifespans limited and why

A

no bcs they don’t loose their nucleus

135
Q

what fights infections

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

136
Q

Platelets

A

cell fragments without a nucleus , At the site of an injury, they break open and release a chemical that causes the blood to clot

137
Q

Atrium (Atria)

A

2 Top chambers of the heart / Pump blood through the A - V valves to the ventricles.

138
Q

what blood does the left atrium receive

A

receives high oxygen blood
from the lungs

139
Q

what blood does the right atrium receive

A

receives low oxygen blood
from the body

140
Q

A - V Valves

A

Separate the atria from
the ventricles , Prevent the back flow of blood

141
Q

Ventricles

A

Bottom chambers of the heart

142
Q

what does the right ventricle receive

A

receives low oxygen blood from the right atrium and pumps it to
the lungs

143
Q

what does the left ventricle receive

A

high oxygen blood from the left atrium and pumps it to all parts of the body, except for the lungs.

144
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Carry the blood to the various parts of the body so that diffusion of materials may occur.

145
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart + carry blood high in oxygen

146
Q

why doesn’t the pulmonary artery carry blood in high oxygen

A

it is transporting blood to the lungs

147
Q

what is a pulse

A

Every time the ventricles contract the arteries expand and contract

148
Q

Veins

A

carry blood to the heart / carry blood low in oxygen

149
Q

why do the pulmonary veins carry blood in high oxygen

A

they are carrying blood from the lungs

150
Q

Capillaries

A

the smallest blood vessels

151
Q

where are capillaries found

A

wherever exchange of materials between the blood and cells takes place

152
Q
  • Pulmonary Circulation -
A

circulation of blood to and from the lungs

153
Q
  • Systemic Circulation
A

circulation of blood to and from the body, except for the lungs.

154
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia

A

disease that causes red blood cells to break down

155
Q

anemia

A

a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells

156
Q

Leukemia

A

cancers of the blood cells

157
Q

Hemophilia

A

inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

158
Q

urea

A

Liver removes dead and worn out red blood cells, converts the toxic nitrogen compound ammonia into something less toxic called urea

159
Q

Kidneys

A

Made up of filtering units called nephrons / Help maintain blood pressure by removing water from the blood

160
Q

(the functional unit of the urinary system

A

Kidneys

161
Q

where do materials not absorbed by the kidney go

A

the ureter

162
Q

Kidney Stones

A

stones passed through the ureter and bladder

163
Q

Gout

A

a type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in your joints

164
Q

Advantages to Locomotion

A
  • Find Food, Shelter, a Mate
165
Q

Your endoskeleton
(internal skeleton) is
made up of ____ bones

A

206

166
Q

function of the skeletal system

A

provides shape, support

167
Q

Cartilage

A

It is found between joints and acts as a cushion.

168
Q

It makes up most of an infants
skeleton, which eventually will be replaced by bone

A

Cartilage

169
Q

where are Cardiac Muscle found

A

Found in the heart, they are also
involuntary

170
Q

Muscles used for locomotion + voluntary

A

Skeletal/Striated Muscle

171
Q

Tendons

A

inelastic connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones

172
Q

Ligaments

A

tough, fibrous, elastic
connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at movable joints. They help the joint open and close

173
Q

Functions of the Regulatory
System

A

Respond to changes in the
environment.

174
Q

cerebellum

A

balance control

175
Q

cerebrum

A

part of brain that controls thinking

176
Q

medulla

A

helps control vital processes

177
Q

Nerve/Spinal Cord

A

Relays information to
and from the brain

178
Q

center for reflex action

A

Nerve/Spinal Cord

179
Q

Hormones

A

These are chemical
messengers

180
Q

Negative Feedback

A

If the level of one hormone increases, it causes the
level of another hormone to decrease

181
Q

example of negative feedback

A

as insulin goes up glucagon goes down

182
Q

what hormones does the pancreas release

A

Insulin and glucagon

183
Q

Polio

A

a viral disease that disrupts motor function.

184
Q

Meningitis

A

a bacterial/viral disease that results in inflamed membranes around the brain/nerve cord

185
Q

Stroke

A

a disruption of blood supply to a
portion of the brain. That part of the brain becomes damaged

186
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

a problem with the
cerebrum that controls voluntary motor
function

187
Q

Goiter

A

an enlarged thyroid that results in a change in metabolic rate. This results from iodine deficiency

188
Q

Diabetes

A

a problem with the pancreas. The person is unable to control blood sugar levels.

189
Q

Antigens

A

These are proteins
found on most things
The immune system
attacks antigens that
are foreign (not you)

190
Q

Phagocytes

A

Born with these.
* They engulf foreign
antigen
* General infection
fighters

191
Q

Lymphocytes

A

These must be developed over time by either being exposed to the pathogen or by
vaccination , Produce antibodies which will destroy or
mark for destruction things with foreign antigens

192
Q

_______ are used to help develop lymphocytes.

A

Vaccines

193
Q

how are vaccinations created

A

A dead or weakened pathogen is used

194
Q

AIDS

A

The result is a person that cannot protect themselves from pathogens that a healthy
immune system can easily defeat

195
Q

Antihistamines

A

chemicals that are found in
allergy medicines. They destroy histamines or prevent the release of histamines

196
Q

when does the body attack itself

A

Transplanted organs have different antigens.
* The immune system will attack the organ, because
of the different antigens.

197
Q

Lupus

A

autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy cells.

198
Q

Immunosuppressant Drugs

A

Reduce the effectiveness of the immune system so
that the organ will not be attached (rejected).

199
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

This method of reproduction is usually a quick way to increase the number of organisms in the
population

200
Q

Sexual reproduction requires the production of specialized cells called

A

gametes (sperm
and egg)

201
Q

what is sexual reproduction the union of

A

union of the sperm and egg called fertilization

202
Q

It produces cells that are exactly alike. (They have
exactly the same genetic material)

A

mitosis

203
Q

1st stage of mitosis

A

Interphase - * A nondividing stage.

204
Q

2nd stage of mitosis

A

prophase + * This is the longest stage + * Chromosomes become tightly coiled and can now be seen.

205
Q

3rd stage of mitosis

A

Metaphase + Double stranded
chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell, the equator.
* Spindle fiber become attached
to centromeres

206
Q

4th stage of mitosis

A

anaphase , Cytokinesis begins

207
Q

Meiosis

A

process that is involved in
producing gametes.

208
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

This is a pair of
chromosomes that
carry genes for the
same trait

209
Q

Somatic Cell

A

these are body cells , Any cell that is not a sex cell (sperm or egg).

210
Q

zygote

A

this is the cell formed from the union of two gametes. The zygote develops into the offspring

211
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

having two complete sets of homologous chromosomes.

212
Q

Monoploid (n)

A

having only one set of homologous chromosomes.

213
Q

Disjunction

A

separation of homologous chromosomes

214
Q

Nondisjunction

A

when homologous chromosomes fail
to separate.

215
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • This term means “the creation of gametes”.
216
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the creation of sperm cells

217
Q

oogenesis

A

the creation of egg cells (ova).

living environment (7 decks)

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