Digestive, Respiratory, and Circulatory Systems Flashcards
1
Q
how many ways does the human digestive system have
A
1 way, mouth - anus
2
Q
what is the purpose of the digestive system
A
to obtain + process nutrient
3
Q
ingestion
A
taking nutrient in, when nutrient enters your mouth
4
Q
digestion
A
breaking up nutrient into smaller pieces
5
Q
egestion
A
removal of solid waste
6
Q
mechanical digestion
A
physically breaking something up into smaller pieces (chewing)
7
Q
chemical digestion
A
changing 1 thing into another
8
Q
what is an example of chemical digestion
A
proteins - amino acids
9
Q
what do you secrete to help chemical digestion
A
enzymes
10
Q
what does a compound have to have to make it organic
A
oxygen AND carbon dioxide
11
Q
what is an example of an inorganic compound
A
water
12
Q
what is carbon dioxide used for
A
photosyntheis
13
Q
how is glucose produced
A
photosynthesis
14
Q
carbohydrates
A
main source of immediate energy
15
Q
what are the simplest carbs
A
simple sugars/ glucose
16
Q
what are the complex carbs
A
starches/ glycogon
17
Q
what is glycogon
A
animal starch
18
Q
dehydration synthesis
A
building a large compound by taking out a water molecule
19
Q
hydrolysis
A
opposite of dehydration synthesis/ adds water to break things up
20
Q
proteins
A
organic compound / makes up most of your body (hair,skin, etc)
21
Q
amino acids
A
building blocks of proteins
22
Q
lipids
A
organic compound/ make up the cell membrane
23
Q
insulates nerves
A
lipids
24
Q
building blocks of lipids
A
fatty acid + glycerol
25
enzymes
organic catalysts
26
where is the site of protein + enzyme synthesis
the ribosomes
27
what is an organic catalyst
starts/ speeds up a reaction but doesn't become part of the product
28
subtrate
substance enzyme works on
29
active site
part of the enzyme that causes the reaction to occur
30
what enzyme and substrate produces animo acids
proteases + proteins
31
what enzyme and substrate produces fatty acids and glycerol
lipases + lipids
32
what enzyme and substrate produces sugars (glucose)
amylases + Carbohydrates
33
temp influence on rate of enzyme action
when temp increases so does the rate of enzyme action, when the optimal temp is reached its at its best, but when it gets too high the protein won't work as well
34
what environment is the digestive system in your stomach most active in
acidic
35
what environment is the digestive enzyme in your small intestine most active in
basic
36
mouth
site of ingestion, where mechanical digestion happens
37
esophagus
carries food from the mouth to stomach using a muscle contraction called peristalsis
38
stomach
mechanical /chemical digestion, produces a PH of abt 2
39
small intestine
longest part of digestive system
40
what is the small intestine lined with
villi
41
what is the purpose of villi
to absorb + transport nutrient and to increase surface area of the intestine for better absorption of nutrients
42
what is the last structure that can absorb nutrients
villi
43
large intestine
known as the colon/ where you absorb water
44
diarreha
large intestine isn't abosorbing enough water
45
rectum
end of large intestine, temperary storage for feces
46
anus
site of egestion/ removal of waste
47
appendix
useless organic/ only functioning on herbivores
48
liver
synthesizes bile, helps filter red blood cells out of ur body
49
gall bladder
stores bile
50
pancreas
secretes the digestive enzymes
51
what digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce
proteases, lipase, amylse
52
homeostasis in digestive
maintained by the digestive system by obtaining + processing nutrients for the body + cell to use
53
disease
condition where the body cant mantain homeostasis
54
ulcer
open/bleeding sore
55
gall stones
hardened bile in gall bladder
56
constipation
tm water is being absorbed in the large intestine
57
respiratory system
to get oxygen in + out / exchange of respiratory gasses
58
nasal cavity
lined w mucus membranes + blood vessels
59
cilia
hair like structures in the nasal cavity, used to filter air
60
trachea
rings of cartilage, transports air to the bronchi, lined w ciliated membranes
61
epiglottis
flap of cartilage that covers the trachea when u swallow
62
bronchi
takes air from trachea and puts them into the lung, rings of cartilage/ lined w mucus membranes
63
bronchioles
extend from the bronchi to the air sacs, no rings of cartilage bcs they're very small, carry air from bronchi to the air sacs (aveoli)
64
air sacs
made up of aveoli
65
where is the site of gas exchange
aveoli
66
what are the air sacs surrounded by
blood cells (capillaries)
67
the inside of the aveoli must be __ or the diffusion of respiratory gasses can't happen
moist
68
diaphragm
its movement causes breathing
69
what is breathing rate controlled by
the brain
70
what is breathing rate determined by
the amount of Carbon d in your blood
71
the more _____ dissolved in blood, the faster the ____
carbon d, breathing
72
a faster breathing rate will increase more ____
oxygen
73
homeostasis in respiration
maintains oxy + carbon d levels in the blood so respiration can happen
74
diseases
disruptions in homeostasis
75
emphysema
disease in the lungs where the alveoli looses elacticity
76
asthma
membranes in the brocile tubes swell, frequent result of allergies
77
bronchitis
swelling of the bronchi
78
pheumonia
fluids collect in/around the lungs
79
cancer
uncontrolled mitosis
80
what is the transport system used for
to absorb/ distribute/ circulate materials
81
what is the liquid part of the blood
plasma
82
what is the solid part of the blood
red blood cells
83
what is plasma mostly made of
water
84
where or how are red blood cells produced
bone marrow
85
do red blood cells remake themselves
yes and it takes about 120 days
86
why do red blood cells remake themselves
bc they loose their nucleus
87
what is the protein found in red blood cells
hemoglobin
88
what does hemoglobin do
it bonds with oxygen and makes oxyhemoglobin
89
what element is hemoglobin based on
iron
90
what are white blood cells produced by
bone marrow
91
do white blood cells reproduce/ have a limited life span
no bcs they don't loose their nucleus
92
what do phagocytes and lymphocytes do and where are they found
found in white blood cells, fight infections
93
what are platelets produced by and what do they do
they are produced by bone marrow and break open and release a chemical that makes blood clot
94
what is the purpose of the heart
to pump blood
95
how many chambers of the heart is there
4
96
which chamber of the heart gets low oxygen and why
the right one bcs its carrying blood from the body
97
which chamber of the heart gets high oxygen and why
the let one bcs its carrying blood from the lungs
98
what does the atrium (atria) do
pumps blood thru the A-V valves to the ventricles
99
what do the A-V valves do
prevents back flow of blood
100
what are ventricles
the bottom chamber of the heart
101
what do blood vessels do
carry blood to parts of the body for diffusion of materials
102
what do arteries do
carry blood away from the heart
103
are the blood in the arteries under high or low pressure
high
104
everytime the ventricles contract the aerteries ____, which is a _____
expand, pulse
105
what artery doesn't carry blood in high oxygen and why
pulmonary bcs its transporting blood to the lungs
106
why aren't veins as muscular as arteries
bcs theyre carrying blood to the heart
107
what are the smallest blood vessels
capillaries
108
why are capillaries only 1 cell layer thick
to help with the diffusion of materials
109
where are capillaries found
wherever exchange of materials between blood + cells is happening
110
what is pulmonary circulation
circulation of blood to and from the heart
111
what is systemic circulation
circulation of blood to and from the body
112
homeostasis in circulation
absorbs + circulates materials to and from cell organelles
113
heart attack / coronary thrombosis
blood supplyed thru the heart stops
114
high blood press
common form of cardiovascular disease
115
sickle cell anemia
affects red blood cells the cells carry less oxygen and the cells transform, no cure/ genetic disorder you're born w
116
anemia
not producing enough red blood cells / hemoglobin
117
Leukemia
affects white blood cells, over production of useless white blood cells / cancer of the blood
118
hemophilia
affects what the platelets work w/ can't stop bleeding
119
what would happen if you didn't get rid of waste
it could make your blood acidic and kill you
120
homeostasis for excretory
removes toxic waste material from the body
121
what does locomotion do
locomotion refers to your ability to move
122
how many bones does the internal skeleton have
206
123
what is found in joints and acts as coushin
cartilage
124
can muscles pull or push
only pull
125
what muscles do the heart have
cardiac
126
what muscles are used for locomotion
skeletal
127
inelastic connective tissue found between the muscle + bone
tendon
128
elastic connective tissue that attached one bone to moveable joints
ligaments
129
what is the purpose of the regulatory system
controls life activites
130
what is the central nervous system made of
brain + nerve cord
131
what happens in the cerebrum
thinking, where memory is stored, center for voluntary action
132
cerebellum
under the cerebrum, used for balence and coordination
133
medulla
vital life functions, tells the heart to beat/ cant survive without
134
what does the nerve/ spinal cord do
relays information to and from the brain and is the center for reflex action
135
the endocrine system
uses feedback as a way to monitor what's in the body and make adjustments to maintain dynamic equilibrium and homeostasis
136
what are hormones
chemical messengers that travel through the circulatory system and they're a way to monitor what's in your body and make adjustments
137
negative feedback
when the level of one hormone goes up the other goes down to regulate blood sugar
138
makes your blood sugar go up
glycogon
139
makes your blood sugar go down
insulin
140
releases insulin and glycogon
pancreas
141
stroke
disruption of blood supply to a portion of the brain and that part of the brain becomes damaged
