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living environment > Digestive, Respiratory, and Circulatory Systems > Flashcards

Digestive, Respiratory, and Circulatory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

how many ways does the human digestive system have

A

1 way, mouth - anus

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the digestive system

A

to obtain + process nutrient

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3
Q

ingestion

A

taking nutrient in, when nutrient enters your mouth

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4
Q

digestion

A

breaking up nutrient into smaller pieces

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5
Q

egestion

A

removal of solid waste

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6
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physically breaking something up into smaller pieces (chewing)

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7
Q

chemical digestion

A

changing 1 thing into another

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8
Q

what is an example of chemical digestion

A

proteins - amino acids

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9
Q

what do you secrete to help chemical digestion

A

enzymes

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10
Q

what does a compound have to have to make it organic

A

oxygen AND carbon dioxide

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11
Q

what is an example of an inorganic compound

A

water

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12
Q

what is carbon dioxide used for

A

photosyntheis

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13
Q

how is glucose produced

A

photosynthesis

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14
Q

carbohydrates

A

main source of immediate energy

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15
Q

what are the simplest carbs

A

simple sugars/ glucose

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16
Q

what are the complex carbs

A

starches/ glycogon

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17
Q

what is glycogon

A

animal starch

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18
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

building a large compound by taking out a water molecule

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19
Q

hydrolysis

A

opposite of dehydration synthesis/ adds water to break things up

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20
Q

proteins

A

organic compound / makes up most of your body (hair,skin, etc)

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21
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins

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22
Q

lipids

A

organic compound/ make up the cell membrane

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23
Q

insulates nerves

A

lipids

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24
Q

building blocks of lipids

A

fatty acid + glycerol

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25
Q

enzymes

A

organic catalysts

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26
Q

where is the site of protein + enzyme synthesis

A

the ribosomes

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27
Q

what is an organic catalyst

A

starts/ speeds up a reaction but doesn’t become part of the product

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28
Q

subtrate

A

substance enzyme works on

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29
Q

active site

A

part of the enzyme that causes the reaction to occur

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30
Q

what enzyme and substrate produces animo acids

A

proteases + proteins

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31
Q

what enzyme and substrate produces fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipases + lipids

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32
Q

what enzyme and substrate produces sugars (glucose)

A

amylases + Carbohydrates

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33
Q

temp influence on rate of enzyme action

A

when temp increases so does the rate of enzyme action, when the optimal temp is reached its at its best, but when it gets too high the protein won’t work as well

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34
Q

what environment is the digestive system in your stomach most active in

A

acidic

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35
Q

what environment is the digestive enzyme in your small intestine most active in

A

basic

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36
Q

mouth

A

site of ingestion, where mechanical digestion happens

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37
Q

esophagus

A

carries food from the mouth to stomach using a muscle contraction called peristalsis

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38
Q

stomach

A

mechanical /chemical digestion, produces a PH of abt 2

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39
Q

small intestine

A

longest part of digestive system

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40
Q

what is the small intestine lined with

A

villi

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41
Q

what is the purpose of villi

A

to absorb + transport nutrient and to increase surface area of the intestine for better absorption of nutrients

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42
Q

what is the last structure that can absorb nutrients

A

villi

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43
Q

large intestine

A

known as the colon/ where you absorb water

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44
Q

diarreha

A

large intestine isn’t abosorbing enough water

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45
Q

rectum

A

end of large intestine, temperary storage for feces

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46
Q

anus

A

site of egestion/ removal of waste

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47
Q

appendix

A

useless organic/ only functioning on herbivores

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48
Q

liver

A

synthesizes bile, helps filter red blood cells out of ur body

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49
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile

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50
Q

pancreas

A

secretes the digestive enzymes

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51
Q

what digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce

A

proteases, lipase, amylse

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52
Q

homeostasis in digestive

A

maintained by the digestive system by obtaining + processing nutrients for the body + cell to use

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53
Q

disease

A

condition where the body cant mantain homeostasis

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54
Q

ulcer

A

open/bleeding sore

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55
Q

gall stones

A

hardened bile in gall bladder

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56
Q

constipation

A

tm water is being absorbed in the large intestine

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57
Q

respiratory system

A

to get oxygen in + out / exchange of respiratory gasses

58
Q

nasal cavity

A

lined w mucus membranes + blood vessels

59
Q

cilia

A

hair like structures in the nasal cavity, used to filter air

60
Q

trachea

A

rings of cartilage, transports air to the bronchi, lined w ciliated membranes

61
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage that covers the trachea when u swallow

62
Q

bronchi

A

takes air from trachea and puts them into the lung, rings of cartilage/ lined w mucus membranes

63
Q

bronchioles

A

extend from the bronchi to the air sacs, no rings of cartilage bcs they’re very small, carry air from bronchi to the air sacs (aveoli)

64
Q

air sacs

A

made up of aveoli

65
Q

where is the site of gas exchange

A

aveoli

66
Q

what are the air sacs surrounded by

A

blood cells (capillaries)

67
Q

the inside of the aveoli must be __ or the diffusion of respiratory gasses can’t happen

A

moist

68
Q

diaphragm

A

its movement causes breathing

69
Q

what is breathing rate controlled by

A

the brain

70
Q

what is breathing rate determined by

A

the amount of Carbon d in your blood

71
Q

the more _____ dissolved in blood, the faster the ____

A

carbon d, breathing

72
Q

a faster breathing rate will increase more ____

A

oxygen

73
Q

homeostasis in respiration

A

maintains oxy + carbon d levels in the blood so respiration can happen

74
Q

diseases

A

disruptions in homeostasis

75
Q

emphysema

A

disease in the lungs where the alveoli looses elacticity

76
Q

asthma

A

membranes in the brocile tubes swell, frequent result of allergies

77
Q

bronchitis

A

swelling of the bronchi

78
Q

pheumonia

A

fluids collect in/around the lungs

79
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled mitosis

80
Q

what is the transport system used for

A

to absorb/ distribute/ circulate materials

81
Q

what is the liquid part of the blood

A

plasma

82
Q

what is the solid part of the blood

A

red blood cells

83
Q

what is plasma mostly made of

A

water

84
Q

where or how are red blood cells produced

A

bone marrow

85
Q

do red blood cells remake themselves

A

yes and it takes about 120 days

86
Q

why do red blood cells remake themselves

A

bc they loose their nucleus

87
Q

what is the protein found in red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

88
Q

what does hemoglobin do

A

it bonds with oxygen and makes oxyhemoglobin

89
Q

what element is hemoglobin based on

A

iron

90
Q

what are white blood cells produced by

A

bone marrow

91
Q

do white blood cells reproduce/ have a limited life span

A

no bcs they don’t loose their nucleus

92
Q

what do phagocytes and lymphocytes do and where are they found

A

found in white blood cells, fight infections

93
Q

what are platelets produced by and what do they do

A

they are produced by bone marrow and break open and release a chemical that makes blood clot

94
Q

what is the purpose of the heart

A

to pump blood

95
Q

how many chambers of the heart is there

A

4

96
Q

which chamber of the heart gets low oxygen and why

A

the right one bcs its carrying blood from the body

97
Q

which chamber of the heart gets high oxygen and why

A

the let one bcs its carrying blood from the lungs

98
Q

what does the atrium (atria) do

A

pumps blood thru the A-V valves to the ventricles

99
Q

what do the A-V valves do

A

prevents back flow of blood

100
Q

what are ventricles

A

the bottom chamber of the heart

101
Q

what do blood vessels do

A

carry blood to parts of the body for diffusion of materials

102
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry blood away from the heart

103
Q

are the blood in the arteries under high or low pressure

A

high

104
Q

everytime the ventricles contract the aerteries ____, which is a _____

A

expand, pulse

105
Q

what artery doesn’t carry blood in high oxygen and why

A

pulmonary bcs its transporting blood to the lungs

106
Q

why aren’t veins as muscular as arteries

A

bcs theyre carrying blood to the heart

107
Q

what are the smallest blood vessels

A

capillaries

108
Q

why are capillaries only 1 cell layer thick

A

to help with the diffusion of materials

109
Q

where are capillaries found

A

wherever exchange of materials between blood + cells is happening

110
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

circulation of blood to and from the heart

111
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

circulation of blood to and from the body

112
Q

homeostasis in circulation

A

absorbs + circulates materials to and from cell organelles

113
Q

heart attack / coronary thrombosis

A

blood supplyed thru the heart stops

114
Q

high blood press

A

common form of cardiovascular disease

115
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

affects red blood cells the cells carry less oxygen and the cells transform, no cure/ genetic disorder you’re born w

116
Q

anemia

A

not producing enough red blood cells / hemoglobin

117
Q

Leukemia

A

affects white blood cells, over production of useless white blood cells / cancer of the blood

118
Q

hemophilia

A

affects what the platelets work w/ can’t stop bleeding

119
Q

what would happen if you didn’t get rid of waste

A

it could make your blood acidic and kill you

120
Q

homeostasis for excretory

A

removes toxic waste material from the body

121
Q

what does locomotion do

A

locomotion refers to your ability to move

122
Q

how many bones does the internal skeleton have

A

206

123
Q

what is found in joints and acts as coushin

A

cartilage

124
Q

can muscles pull or push

A

only pull

125
Q

what muscles do the heart have

A

cardiac

126
Q

what muscles are used for locomotion

A

skeletal

127
Q

inelastic connective tissue found between the muscle + bone

A

tendon

128
Q

elastic connective tissue that attached one bone to moveable joints

A

ligaments

129
Q

what is the purpose of the regulatory system

A

controls life activites

130
Q

what is the central nervous system made of

A

brain + nerve cord

131
Q

what happens in the cerebrum

A

thinking, where memory is stored, center for voluntary action

132
Q

cerebellum

A

under the cerebrum, used for balence and coordination

133
Q

medulla

A

vital life functions, tells the heart to beat/ cant survive without

134
Q

what does the nerve/ spinal cord do

A

relays information to and from the brain and is the center for reflex action

135
Q

the endocrine system

A

uses feedback as a way to monitor what’s in the body and make adjustments to maintain dynamic equilibrium and homeostasis

136
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel through the circulatory system and they’re a way to monitor what’s in your body and make adjustments

137
Q

negative feedback

A

when the level of one hormone goes up the other goes down to regulate blood sugar

138
Q

makes your blood sugar go up

A

glycogon

139
Q

makes your blood sugar go down

A

insulin

140
Q

releases insulin and glycogon

A

pancreas

141
Q

stroke

A

disruption of blood supply to a portion of the brain and that part of the brain becomes damaged

living environment (7 decks)

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