Midterm :/

Question 1

How children were viewed in ancient Greek / Rome

Answer 1

disabled children were abandoned, scorned or put to death

Question 2

How children were viewed before the 18th century

Answer 2

children were treated harshly and greatly ignored

Question 3

How children were viewed by the end of the 18th century

Answer 3

interested in abnormal children began to surface

Question 4

How children were viewed in 17th century

Answer 4

believed children should be thoughtfully cared for and not neglected and treated harshly

Question 5

How children were viewed in 19th century

Answer 5

focused on caring, treating and training “mental defectives”

Question 6

How children were viewed in late 19th century

Answer 6

mental illness was viewed as biological problems

Question 7

How children were viewed in 20th century

Answer 7

reverted to believing that disorders could not be influenced by treatment or learning

Question 8

Developmental paths/lines

Answer 8

the sequence and timing of particular behaviours as well as the relationships between behaviours
over time

Question 9

Multifinality

Answer 9

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

Question 10

Equifinality

Answer 10

similar outcomes stem from different
early experiences and developmental pathways

Question 11

Bronfenbrenner’s model

Answer 11

environment is series of nested and interconnected structures with the child at the center

Question 12

Ethics in research and clinical practice

Answer 12

-voluntary participation
-confidentiality and anonymity
-non-harmful procedures

Question 13

Risk factors

Answer 13

a variable that precedes a negative
outcome of interest
-ex. parents divorce

Question 14

Protective factors

Answer 14

a personal or situational
variables that mitigates a child developing a disorder
-resilience

Question 15

Impact of genes and environmental

Answer 15

-genetics are possibly modified by the environment
-cognitive performance and social adjustment affected by disadvantaged backgrounds

Question 16

Research designs for working with children

Answer 16

-epidemiological research
-incidents rates
-prevalence rates

Question 17

Epidemiological Research

Answer 17

Study of incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence

Question 18

Incidence rates

Answer 18

Extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over time

Question 19

Prevalence rates

Answer 19

All cases (new and existing) observed during a time period

Question 20

Categorical classification systems

Answer 20

-mainly based on professional consesus
-pure categorical approach
- every diagnosis has a clear underlying cause
-each disorder is fundamentally different from other disorders

Question 21

Dimensional classification systems

Answer 21

Many independent dimensions exist

Question 22

DSM-5 limitations

Answer 22

-fails to capture the complex adaptations, transactions,
and setting influences
-gives less attention to disorders of infancy/childhood
-fails to capture the interrelationships and overlaps of disorders

Question 23

Assessment techniques (approaches and challenges)

Answer 23

developmental disorder defined by cognitive and behavioural deficits that hinders everyday functioning

Question 24

Intellectual Disability

Answer 24

-developmental disorder defined by cognitive and behavioural deficits that hinders everyday functioning
-limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour which begins before age 18

Question 25

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 25

a disorder characterized by abnormalities in social behaviour, language and communication
skills, and unusual behaviours and interests

Question 26

Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Answer 26

-onset before 18
-severe psychotic symptoms
-bizarre delusions
– hallucinations
– disordered thoughts
– grossly disorganized behaviour or catatonic behaviour
– extremely inappropriate or flattened affect
– significant deterioration or impairment in functioning

Question 27

Communication Disorders

Answer 27

– Language disorder
– Speech sound disorder
– Childhood-onset fluency disorder
– Social communication disorder

Question 28

Language disorder

Answer 28

-deficits in acquisition and use of language
-at least 12 month underdeveloped
-typically have delayed speech development, limited vocabulary, short sentences, simple grammatical structures

Question 29

Causes of language disorder

Answer 29

genetics, brain, recurrent middle ear infection, extreme case of abuse (rare)

Question 30

Speech sound disorder

Answer 30

-difficult with understanding or sound production
-problems with communication that interfere with life
-onset in early developmental period
- can attribute to cerebral palsy, cleft, plate, deafness, traumatic brain injury, medical or neurological conditions

Question 31

Childhood onset fluency disorder

Answer 31

(A) Disturbance in fluency and time patterning of speech
with marked occurrences of one or more of:
-Sound and syllable repetitions
– Sound prolongations of consonants or vowels
– Broken words
– Audible or silent blocking
– Circumlocutions (substitutions)
– Excess physical tension
– Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
(B) Disturbance causes anxiety about speaking
* (C) Onset is in the early developmental period

Question 32

Social communication disorder

Answer 32

-persistent difficulties in pragmatics
– use of communication for social purposes
– switching communication style to meet demands of situation
– carrying on conversations
– understanding nonverbal information in context

Question 33

Learning Disorders

Answer 33

–reading, writing, or mathematic skills remain constant
-impairments greatly affects academics and mental health

Question 34

Presentation characteristics for disorders

Answer 34

a group of individuals with something in common—symptoms,
etiology, problem severity, or likely outcome—that makes
them distinct from other groupings.

Question 35

Diagnostic characteristics for disorders

Question 36

Nature of impairments in disorders

Question 37

Prevalence of disorders

Question 38

Onset and course of disorders

Question 39

Comorbidities

Answer 39

-having more than one ilness at once
-ex. having depression and anxiety

Question 40

Treatment approaches

Answer 40

-eclectic approach
-psychodynamic treatment
-behavioural treatment
-cognitive treatment
-behavioural cognitive treatment

Question 41

Short-term prognoses

Answer 41

-likelihood or expected development of a disorder

Question 42

Long-term prognoses

Question 43

phonological
awareness

Answer 43

– recognition of the relationship between sounds and letters
– detection of rhyme and alliteration
– awareness that sounds can be manipulated within syllables

Question 44

regulation

Answer 44

emotional:
enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal

self:
balance between emotional reactivity and self-control

Question 45

executive function

Answer 45

-difficulties with higher-order planning and regulatory behaviours
–weak drive for central coherence
-focus on parts of stimulus rather than global understanding

Question 46

adaptive functioning

Answer 46

how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and
how capable they are of living independently