Midterm Flashcards by Jordan Ware

What is the classification system in order?

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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What are the 3 domains?

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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What are the 4 characteristics that define a prokaryote?

DNA not organized in a nucleus
DNA is circular
Lack of membrane bound organelles
Most cell walls contain peptidoglycan

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What are the 3 main prokarya cell shapes? And what do they look like?

Coccus (spherical)
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Spirillum (Spiral)

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How can you tell if an organism is a cyanobacteria?

Unicellular and generally in a colony
Have chlorophyll but no plastids
Reproduce by binary fission
They are autotrophic

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How can you tell the difference between bacteria and cyanobacteria?

Bacteria are unicellular and not in a colony like cyanobacteria, and bacteria is heterotrophic and cyanobacteria are autotrophic

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How do you define gleocapsa?

found in colonies surrounded by individual sheaths

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How do you define Microcystis?

Found in large colonies with one common sheath and is an indicator for polluted water

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How do you define Oscillatoria?

Disk shaped cells which glide back and forth (look like scratches

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How do you define spirulina?

Spiral shaped used for herbal medicine and high protein foods

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How do you define anabaena?

It is coccus shaped and forms long strands with no sheath

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What are the 3 types of cells in anabaena?

Typical anabaena
heterocysts
Akinetes

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What are their functions? (typical anabaena, heterocysts, akinetes)

Typical anabaena (just nothing kinda chillin)
Heterocysts (nitrogen fixation)
Akinetes (house spores)

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What is the difference between obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes?

Obligate (CAN survive and multiply without oxygen)
Facultative anaerobes (CAN survive without oxygen BUT do better WITH oxygen)

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What are the 3 Domains

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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What conditions can Obligate anaerobes only survive in?

Can only survive and multiply in the absence of free oxygen

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What conditions Facultative anaerobes only survive?

Can survive without oxygen but grow better with oxygen

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What are the 3 sexual life cycles?

Zygotic
Gametic
Sporic

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Define the zygotic sexual life cycle and what organism typically uses this life cycle

cells are haploid, two cells fuse to fertilize and form gamete which divides to form four haploid cells (spores) (Fungus and most algae)

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Define the gametic sexual life cycle and what organism typically uses this life cycle

cells are diploid, some go through meiosis to produce haploid gametes (Some algae)

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Define the sporic sexual life cycle and what organism typically uses this life cycle

(alternation of generations) - alternates between diploid and haploid cells (Plants)

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what is the fungi kingdom suffix?

mycota

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What is the protista kingdom suffix?

phyta

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What are some Fungi Characteristics?

-All are heterotrophic
*Parasites (feed on living matter) *Saprobes (feed on non-living matter)
-Chitin Cell Walls -Absorptive Nutrition -Important Decomposers -Most use spores to reproduce

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What are some protista characteristics?

*Eukaryotes *Simple/primitive, yet very adaptable *Can be heterotrophic and/or autotrophic *Asexual and Sexual reproduction present *Do not have a Sterile Jacket

How do you define Zygomycota?

-reproduce asexually by sporangia and sexually by zygospores (bread molds

How do you define Ascomycota?

-sexually reproduce with a fruiting body that contains asci which contain 8 ascospores (Sac fungi, yeasts, Penicillium)

How do you define Basidiomycota?

-Reproduce using basidioma (basiocarp) which form basidia and basidiospores (mushrooms, toadstools)

How do you define Deuteromycota?

(Fungi Imperfecta)- Do not fit into the established taxonomic classifications. Only their asexual form of reproduction is known.

How do you define Euglenophyta?

Euglenoids -Use pellicle for structure instead of cell wall, most are autotrophic

How do you define Pyrrophyta?

Dinoflagellates - red tides correlates with farm and urban pollution

How do you define Chrysophyta?

-Golden-brown algae, diatoms *Diatoms have silica cell walls which overlap

How do you define Phaeophyta?

-Brown Algae such as kelp -Specializations *Holdfast, stipe, blade

How do you define Rhodophyta?

-Red Algae *Agar

How do you define Lichens?

Symbiotic relationship between a cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) or chlorophyta (green algae) and a fungus (often ascomycete)

How do you define Chlorophyta?

-Green Algae such as *Volvox *Ulva (sea lettuce) *Spirogyra

Which of the following is the correct order for the classification system, starting with the broadest group? a. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species b. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species c. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species d. Domain, Kingdom, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Genus, Species

c. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes? a. DNA is circular b. Cell wall made out of cellulose c. Lack membrane bound organelles d. DNA contained in a nucleoid region (not a nucleus)

b. Cell wall made out of cellulose

What is the domain for organisms in the genus Oscillatoria? a. Bacteria b. Cyanobacteria c. Archaea d. Eukarya

a. Bacteria

What is the function of the heterocysts found within a colony of Anabaena sp.? a. House the spores b. Photosynthesis c. Has no function d. Nitrogen fixation

d. Nitrogen fixation

What is the definition of an obligate anaerobe? a. Can only survive in the presence of free oxygen b. Can survive with oxygen but does better without oxygen c. Can survive without oxygen but does better with oxygen d. Can only survive in the absence of free oxygen

d. Can only survive in the absence of free oxygen

What is the definition of a facultative anaerobe? a. Can only survive in the presence of free oxygen b. Can survive with oxygen but does better without oxygen c. Can survive without oxygen but does better with oxygen d. Can only survive in the absence of free oxygen

c. Can survive without oxygen but does better with oxygen

Which domain does the organism pictured belong to? (LOOK AT PICTURE HELP #1 IN NOTES) a. Bacteria b. Cyanobacteria c. Archaea d. Eukarya

a. Bacteria

What is the genus name for the organism pictured? (LOOK AT PICTURE HELP #2 IN NOTES) a. Spirulina b. Microcystis c. Anabaena d. Gloeocapsa

b. Microcystis

What are the three main prokaryotic shapes? a. Coccus, spirillum, bacillus b. Coccus, discus, bacillus c. Spirochete, bacillus, discus d. Spirochete, coccus, spirillum

a. Coccus, spirillum, bacillus

Which structure is indicated by the “A”? (LOOK AT PICTURE HELP #3) What is B? (extra credit) a. Typical anabaena b. Akinete c. Typical oscillatoria d. Heterocyst

d. Heterocyst (extra credit is akinetes)

Matching: match the following root words with the meaning WORD BANK TO CHOOSE FROM LINK, SAC, SLIME, CLUB, BROWN, RED Zygo Asco Myx Basidio Phaeo Rhodo

Zygo= link Asco= sac Myx= slime Basidio= club Phaeo= brown Rhodo=red

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between… a. cyanobacteria OR green-algae AND a fungus b. green-algae AND cyanobacteria OR a fungus c. cyanobacteria OR a fungus OR green-algae d. green-algae AND cyanobacteria

a. cyanobacteria OR green-algae AND a fungus

Ceratium are responsible for red tides due to farm and urban pollution. Which Phylum does Ceratium belong to? a. Rhodophyta b. Phaeophyta c. Dinophyta d. Bacillariophyta

c. Dinophyta

Slime mold belongs to which Kingdom? a. Fungi b. "Protista" c. Eukarya d. Myxomycota

b. "Protista"

The definition of a saprobe is… a. an autotroph that feeds on living matter b. an autotroph that feeds on non-living matter c. a heterotroph that feeds on living matter d. a heterotroph that feeds on non-living matter

d. a heterotroph that feeds on non-living matter

Yeast and Penicillium belong to which Phylum? a. Ascomycota b. Basidiomycota c. Zygomycota d. Deuteromycota

a. Ascomycota

Volvox, Ulva, and Spirogyra belong to the Kingdom __________ and Phylum __________. a. Fungi, Chlorophyta b. Fungi, Bacillariophyta c. "Protista", Chlorophyta d. "Protista", Phaeophyta

c. "Protista", Chlorophyta

Fungi and most algae exhibit which type of sexual life cycle? a. Zygotic b. Gametic c. Sporic d. Mitotic

a. Zygotic

what is Bryophyta?

Moss, liverworts, hornworts -Simple, relatively small -Lack a vascular system *Moist areas *Usually close to the ground -Use water for reproduction *Sperm swim to eggs

In bryophytes which is haploid and which is diploid? sporophyte Gametophyte

sporophyte (diploid) Gametophyte (haploid)

What is the predominant stage in Bryophyta?

gametophyte phase

What does Archegonium and Antheridium contain?

Archegonium contains egg Antheridium contains sperm

What are the two vascular tissues? What nutrients do they carry/push? And what direction do they push their nutrients to?

Xylem carry water and minerals UP Phloem carry organic compounds DOWN

In monilophytes which is haploid and which is diploid? sporophyte Gametophyte

sporophyte (haploid) Gametophyte (diploid)

What is the predominant stage in Monilophytes?

Sporophyte

What helps monilophytes with reproduction? (they are under their leaves)

Sori or sorus

Which region of the plant is responsible for the plants height? Lateral Meristem Apical Meristem Xylem Phloem

Apical Meristem

Which cell type is short-lived with a thick cell wall? Vascular tissue Ground tissue Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Sclerenchyma

What are the three tissue types called? Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma Shoots, leaves, roots Dermal, vascular, ground Blade, petiole, primordium

Dermal, vascular, ground

The picture displayed belongs to which type of plant? (look at study question #4 in notes) Woody dicot Non-woody dicot Monocot Woody monocot

Woody dicot

Which structure is indicated by the arrow? (look at study question #5) Xylem Phloem Axillary buds Shoot apical meristem

Shoot apical meristem

Which structure is indicated by the arrow? (look at #6 study questions) Xylem Phloem Pith Cortex

Phloem

Which types of cells are indicated by the arrow?(look at #7 study questions) Xylem Phloem Palisade Spongy

Palisade

Which structure is indicated by the arrow? (look at #8 study questions) Xylem Phloem Pith Cortex

Xylem

Which structure is indicated by the arrow? (look at #9 study questions) Xylem Phloem Root cap Root apical meristem

Root cap

Which structure is indicated by the arrow? (look at #10 study questions) Xylem Phloem Cortex Pith

Pith

label the flower (link in the answer if not in another tab already)

https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/labelling_interactives/15-label-the-flower-parts

What are the different parts of the peach? (look at #11 study question)

A exocarp B mesocarp C Seed D Endocarp

Which of the following terms refers to a dry fruit that does NOT split open when ripe? Indehiscent Dehiscent Aggregate Multiple

Indehiscent

What is the name for the male part of the flower? Carpel pistil stamen stigma

stamen

Which structure of the female part of the flower ripens to become the fruit? Egg Ovule Style Ovary

Ovary

Which fruit type is derived from numerous ovaries but only a single flower? Drupe Pome Multiple Aggregate

Aggregate

Which layer of the fruit is indicated by the arrow? (look a pic #12) Pericarp Mesocarp Exocarp Endocarp

Mesocarp

What is the name of the structure indicated by the arrow? (look a pic #13) Stigma Style Calyx Peduncle

Peduncle

What part of the flower contains the male reproductive parts?

Anther

What part of the flower holds the anther?

The filament

What part of the flower receives the pollen during fertilization?

stigma

What part of the flower is the tube on top of the ovary?

style

What part of the flower is the female reproductive organ/

ovary

What part of the flower will become the seed when the flower fertilizes the pollen?

the ovule

What part of the flower contains all the male parts? (think broader contains multiple parts)?

The stamen

What part of the flower contains all the female parts? (think broader contains multiple parts)?

carpel (pistils)

What are simple fruits formed by?

formed by one single ovary

What do aggregate fruits have?

they have numerous ovaries on one single flower

What do multiple fruits have?

several ovaries on several flowers