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GE6- ETHICS > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles, values, and concepts governing human behavior and decision making

A

ETHICS

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2
Q

Involves the study and analysis of what is considered right or wrong, good or bad, and just or unjust, guiding individuals and societies in making ethical judgements and choices

A

ETHICS

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3
Q

Based on various perspectives, such as religious beliefs, cultural norms. Philosophical theories. And social constructs. Aiming to promote fairness, integrity, and respect for the well-being of individuals and communities

A

ETHICS

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4
Q

Common areas of ethical inquiry include

A

BIOETHICS
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
BUSINESS ETHICS
APPLIED ETHICS

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5
Q
  • ethical issues in healthcare
    and medical research
A

BIOETEHICS

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6
Q
  • ethical concerns
    related to the environment and sustainability
A

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

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7
Q
  • ethical practices in the
    business world
A

BUSINESS ETHICS

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8
Q

ETHICAL THEORIES

A

• Consequentialism
• Deontology
• Virtue ethics

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9
Q

Society’s shared beliefs about what is good or bad and how people should act
- Are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes actions

A

VALUE

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10
Q

Describe the personal qualities we choose to embody to guide our actions; the sort of person we want to be; the manner in which we treat ourselves and others, and our interaction with the world around us

A

VALUE

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11
Q

Kinds of valuation

A

AESTHETIC
ETIQUETTE
TECHNOLOGY

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12
Q

Deals with the nature, perception, and
appreciation or beauty, art, and sensory of
experiences

A

AESTHETIC

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13
Q

Examines questions about what is considered aesthetically pleasing, the criteria for evaluating art and beauty, and the role of aesthetics experiences in human life

A

AESTHETIC

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14
Q

Subjective in nature, as different individuals may have different preferences and interpretations of what they find aesthetically valuable

A

AESTHETIC

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15
Q

There are different theories ad perspectives on aesthetic value, including:

A

> Formalism
Emotional response theory
Expression theory
Pragmatism

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16
Q

Refers to the customary code of polite behavior and social norms that govern interactions in a particular culture or society

A

ETIQUETTE

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17
Q

Encompasses a set of rules, guidelines, and expectations that dictate how individuals should conduct themselves in various social situations, including formal and informal settings

A

ETIQUETTE

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18
Q

it includes a wide range of behaviors and practices
It aims to promote harmonious and respectful interactions

A

ETIQUETTE

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19
Q

Genera; principles are commonly emphasized:

A

> Respect and consideration
Politeness and courtesy
Punctuality and timeliness
Good table manners
Dressing appropriately
Communication and active listening

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20
Q
  • “techne”
  • Refers to the proper way of doing things
  • Adhering to technical standards and guidelines, is
    crucial for ensuring patient safety, effective treatment, and ethical conduct
A

TECHNICAL

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21
Q

serves as a framework for ethical reasoning and provide guidelines for individuals to determine their actions and judgements in different situations

A

MORALS

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22
Q

can vary across cultures, religions, and individuals. What is considered morally right or wrong can differ depending on different cultural, religious, or philosophical perspectives.

A

MORALS

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23
Q

refers to the process of evaluating an action or behavior as morally right or wrong, good or bad

A

Moral judgement

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24
Q

refers to the process of
logically and systemically analyzing and justifying moral judgements or decisions

A

Moral reasoning

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25
Q

refers to a matter or situation that involves a conflict of moral values, principles, or obligations

A

moral issue

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26
Q

Arises when there are differing opinions or perspectives regarding what is morally right or wrong in a particular situation

A

moral issue

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27
Q

The process of choosing a course of action or making a choice based on moral considerations and principles

A

moral decision

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28
Q

Involves evaluating the moral aspects of a situation, considering the potential consequences and selecting the action deemed morally right or appropriate

A

moral decision

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29
Q

Refers to a situation in which an individual or agent faces a conflict between two or more morally compelling choices, where each alternative has significant moral considerations

A

moral dilemma

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30
Q

Presents a difficult decision where adhering to one moral principle or value may require violating another

A

moral dilemma

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31
Q

SOURCES OF AUTHORITY

A

LAW
RELIGION
CULTURE

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32
Q

Sets out a system of rules and
regulations that societies establish and
enforce through legal institutions

A

law

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33
Q

Can provide a foundational framework for ethical behavior by establishing minimum
standards of conduct, protecting rights,
and addressing societal norms

A

law

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34
Q

Can provide a baseline for ethical
behavior, individuals are encouraged to engage in critical thinking, moral reasoning, and personal reflection

A

law

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35
Q

Plays a significant role in shaping ethical
frameworks and influencing moral values for many individuals and communities

A

religion

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36
Q

this traditions often provide moral guidelines, principles, and teachings that guide believers’ ethical behavior

A

religion

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37
Q

Aspects of the relationship between religion and ethics

A

moral code
divine command
spiritual growth and virtue
moral guidance
moral accountability and afterlife

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38
Q

include guidelines for personal conduct, interpersonal relationships, and societal behavior

A

moral code

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39
Q

many religious ethical systems are based on the belief that moral obligations stem from commands or will of a divine being

A

divine command

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40
Q

religious ethics often emphasize the cultivation of virtuous qualities and personal character development

A

spiritual growth and virtue

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41
Q

religion provide moral guidance and answers to ethical dilemmas through scared texts, religious leaders, and communal practices

A

moral guidance

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42
Q

believers may view their ethical actions as having consequences beyond present life, leading to rewards or punishments in the afterlife

A

moral accountability and afterlife

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43
Q

Plays a crucial role in shaping ethical
frameworks and influencing moral values
within societies

A

culture

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44
Q

Key aspects of the relationship between
culture and ethics

A

cultural relativism
norms and values
socialization and moral education
ethical codes and traditions
cultural diversity and moral conflict

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45
Q

suggests that
there is no universal or objective standard of morality, and ethical judgments should be understood within the context of a particular culture

A

cultural relativism

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46
Q

which are shared expectations for behavior, shape individuals understanding of right and wrong.

A

cultural norms

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47
Q

such as honesty, respect, fairness, and loyalty, are often culturally determined and influence ethical decision making.

A

values

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48
Q

cultural practices and rituals often reinforce ethical values and help individuals internalize moral standards.

A

socialization and moral education

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49
Q

codes within a culture can shape individual behavior, expectations, and
societal norms

A

ethical codes and traditions

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50
Q

Different cultures may hold contrasting values and ethical principles, leading to clashes between cultural norms and universal ethical principles

A

cultural diversity and moral conflict

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51
Q

SENSES OF THE SELF

A

Subjectivism
Psychological egoism
Ethical egoism

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52
Q

It is the position that moral judgements and values are ultimately rooted in individual subjective experiences and preferences

A

subjectivism

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53
Q

It asserts that there are no objective or universally valid moral principles and that moral judgements are simply expressions of personal attitudes or emotions

A

subjectivism

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54
Q

Suggests that the nature and value of one’s self are subjective and vary from person to person

A

subjectivism

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55
Q

Senses related to self-subjectivism:

A

Personal autonomy
Relativism
Emphasis on emotional responses
Individual differences
Self-expression and authenticity

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56
Q

self-subjectivism emphasizes __________ and the ability of individuals to define and shape their own identities. It recognizes that individuals have the right to self- determination and to make their own choices

A

personal autonomy

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57
Q

each person’s subjective experience and perspective are considered equally valid, and there is no external or objective basis for judging one’s person’s values or moral beliefs as superior to another’s

A

relativism

58
Q

It suggests that moral evaluations are primarily based on how an action or situation makes an individual feel, rather than on any external moral standards or objective criteria

A

emphasis on emotional responses

59
Q

self-subjectivism recognizes and respects the diversity and individual experiences, perspectives, and moral values. It acknowledges that people have different beliefs, desires, and moral intuitions, which shape their understanding of themselves and their ethical outlook.

A

individual differences

60
Q

subjectivism emphasize the importance of __________________ on defining one’s self and living in accordance with one’s value and desires. It encourages individual to be true to themselves and to pursue their own personal goals and aspirations, even if they differ from societal or cultural expectations.

A

self-expression and authenticity

61
Q

A descriptive theory that asserts that individuals are fundamentally motivated by self-interest and that all of their actions are ultimately driven by selfish motives

A

psychological egoism

62
Q

People always act in the way that they perceive will maximize their own self-interest, even when their actions may appear selfless on the surface

A

psychological egoism

63
Q

Senses related to self in the context of psychological egoism

A

Self-interest as motivation
Rational self-interest
Egoistic explanations
Lack of genuine altruism
Empirical observations

64
Q

self-interest is the primary and underlying motivation for all human actions. It suggests that individulas are always seeking to satisfy their own desires, promote their own well- being, and avoid harm or discomfort

A

self-interest as motivation

65
Q

individuals act rationally and make choices based on what they believe will maximize their own self-interest. It implies that people are driven by a desire for personal happiness, pleasure, or personal gain

A

rational self-interest

66
Q

psychological egoism offers _________ for apparently selfless behaviors.

A

egoistic explanations

67
Q

psychological egoism contends that genuine altruism, defined as selfless concern for the well- being of others, does not exist. It argues that even seemingly selfless actions, such as helping others or making sacrifices, ultimately serve the individuals self-interest in some form

A

lack of genuine altruism

68
Q

suggests that individuals consistently act in a self- interested manner and that self-interest is the underlying motive behind their actions.

A

empirical observations

69
Q

Normative ethical theory that asserts that individuals ought to act in their own self- interest and maximize their own well-being

A

ethical egoism

70
Q

It holds that an individual’s actions should be guided by the pursuit of their own happiness, self-fulfillments, or personal interests.

A

ethical egoism

71
Q

Senses related to the self in the context of ethical egoism

A

Self as the ultimate moral agents
Rational pursuit of self-interest
Personal autonomy and freedom
Ethical obligation to the self
Self-development and self-actualization

72
Q

ethical egoism places the self ast the center of the oral decision-making. It asserts that individuals have a moral obligation to prioritize their own self-interest above the interests of others.

A

self as the ultimate moral agents

73
Q

ethical egoism often assumes that individuals are rational beings who act in their own slef- interest after careful consideration of the potential outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of personal happiness, satisfaction, and self-fulfillment as the guiding principles for ethical behavior.

A

rational pursuit if self-interest

74
Q

ethical egoism recognizes and promotes ________________ of choice. It asserts that individuals have the right to pursue their own goals and interests without interference or coercion from others.

A

personal autonomy and freedom

75
Q

ethical egoism suggests that individuals have a moral obligation to prioritize their own well- being and act in ways that promote their long-term self-interest. It encourages individuals to consider their own needs, desires, and values when making ethical decisions, even if it means sacrificing the interests of others

A

ethical obligation to the self

76
Q

ethical egoism recognizes the importance of _______________. It suggests that individuals have a moral duty to cultivate their talents, pursue their passions, and strive for personal growth and self-improvement. The self is seen as the locus of personal flourishing and fulfillment

A

self-development and self-actualization

77
Q

Ethical philosophy

A

Normative
Prescriptive

78
Q

Science

A

Descriptive

79
Q

“RESULT or the CONSEQUENCE of an ____ is the real measure of whether it is _________”

A

ACT
GOOD or BAD

80
Q

Theory emphasizes ENDS OVER MEANS known as

A

Teleological or Consequentialist

81
Q

2 UTILITARIAN MODELS

A
  1. Quantitative Model of Jeremy Bentham
  2. Qualitative Model of John Stuart Mill
82
Q

meaning “duty”

A

Deon

83
Q

meaning “logic”

A

Logos

84
Q

Theory that states the locus of value is the
act or kind of act

A

Deontological

85
Q

meaning “goal directed”

A

Telos

86
Q

meaning “logic”

A

Logos

87
Q

Theory that states value is in the outcome or
consequence of the act

A

Teleological

88
Q

Man is under two great masters

A

Pain and Pleasure

89
Q

According to him The great good that we should seek is happiness

A

Jeremy Bentham

90
Q

Those actions whose results increase happiness or diminish pain are good. They have

A

utility

91
Q

Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
▪ Quantity of Happiness

A
  1. Intensity
  2. Duration
  3. Certainty or Uncertainty
  4. Propinquity or Remoteness 5. Fecundity
  5. Purity, and
  6. Extent
92
Q

Happiness is equals to

A

Pleasure - Pain

93
Q

Calculus of felicity
- His advice on pursuing pleasure
- Made up of seven categories intended to
provide a rational analysis of pleasure
- The 7th category allows for altruism: if an act will bring a great amount of happiness to a great number of people, then I should perform it, regardless of whether or not it brings misery
- In search of maximizing happiness
- Focused on the individual situation (ACT)

A

Jeremy Bentham

94
Q
  • He wanted to distinguish happiness from mere pleasure
A

John Stuart Mill

95
Q
  • He defined happiness in terms of a higher order of pleasure or satisfactions
A

John Stuart Mill

96
Q

FOUR THESES OF UTILITARIANISM

A

CONSEQUENTIALISM
HEDONISM
MAXIMALISM
UNIVERSALISM

97
Q

the rightness of action is solely determined by their consequences

A

consequentialism

98
Q

degree to which an act produces
pleasure. Thesis that pleasures or happiness is the good that we seek and that we should seek

A

hedonism

99
Q

a right action produces the greatest good consequences and the least bad

A

maximalism

100
Q

the consequences to be considered are those of everyone affected, and everyone equally

A

universalism

101
Q

2 FORMULATIONS OF UTILITARIAN

A

Principle of utility
Principle of greatest happiness

102
Q

The best action is that which produces the greatest happiness and/or reduces pain

A

principle of utility

103
Q

We ought to which produce the greatest happiness and least pain for the greatest number of people

A

principle of greatest happiness

104
Q

2 TYPES OF UTILITARIANISM

A

ACT
RULE

105
Q

An action is right if and only if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number

A

ACT by Bentham

106
Q

utilized to discover what specific acts should be done

A

calculus of felicity

107
Q

An action is right if and only if it conforms to a set of rules the general acceptance of which would produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number

A

RULE by Mill

108
Q

determine rules that produces greatest good for the greatest number

A

Calculus of felicity

109
Q
  • Generates a purely quantitative analysis and pays no attention to the quality of the pleasure
  • In order to combat this “lowering” of culture, mill differentiated between “lower desires” and “higher desires”
A

MILL vs. THE CALCULUS OF FELICITY

110
Q

food, sleep, etc.

A

LOWER DESIRES

111
Q

may only be discussed based on quality (no calculus could evaluate)

A

HIGHER DESIRES

112
Q

He argues that we must consider the quality of the happiness, not merely the quantity

A

John Stuart Mill

113
Q

He was a weal Rule utilitarian and he thinks it may be broken in extreme situation

A

John Stuart Mill

114
Q

The unselfishness or love of others (Focuses on protecting the common good universally)

A

altruism

115
Q

THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY

A
  1. Happiness id desirable
  2. Happiness only think desirable as end in itself
  3. General happiness of all is desirable. Increasing happiness of others increases your own
116
Q

aka Angelic Doctor and The Prince of Scholastics

A

THOMAS AQUINAS

117
Q

an Italian philosopher and theologian

A

THOMAS AQUINAS

118
Q

he believes that all actions are directed
towards ends and that happiness is the
final end

A

Thomas Aquinas

119
Q

proof of God’s existence

A

Summa Theologica

120
Q

THOMAS AQUINAS’ LAWS

A

LAW
END
ACCIDENT
SPECIES

121
Q

an ordinance of reason for the common good promulgated by someone who has the care of this community

A

Law of Thomas Aquinas

122
Q

are understood as “rules and measures” of people’s conduct and “rational pattern or forms”

A

Laws of Aquinas

123
Q
  • Refer to its kind; object of the action
  • For an action to be moral, it must be good or at least not bad to the _____
A

SPECIES

124
Q
  • Agent’s intention
  • An act may be unjust though the person’s
    intentions
A

END

125
Q
  • Rational plan of God
A

ETERNAL LAW

126
Q

The rational pattern or forms of the
universe that exists in His mind is the law that directs everything

A

ETERNAL LAW

127
Q

Positive law

A

HUMAN LAW

128
Q

Responsible for a more exact and forceful
provisions of

A

HUMAN LAW

129
Q

Includes civil and criminal law

A

HUMAN LAW

130
Q

Law of revelation

A

DIVINE LAW

131
Q

Disclosed through sacred text or scripture

A

DIVINE LAW

132
Q

Focused on how to be inwardly holy, and
eventually attain salvation

A

DIVINE LAW

133
Q

Moral law

A

NATURAL LAW

134
Q

aspect of eternal law which is accessible to human reason

A

NATURAL LAW

135
Q

people are subject by their nature ordering the to do good or evil

A

NATURAL LAW

136
Q

our practical reason naturally comprehends that good is to be promoted and evil is avoided

A

NATURAL LAW

137
Q

Aquinas believed there are 4 ends (purposes) why human beings are created

A

a) To live harmoniously
b) Toreproduce
c) To know the truth about God
d) To learn

138
Q

Derived from eternal and unchangeable principles found in nature

A

NATURAL LAW

139
Q

People can become aware of these by the use of reason

A

NATURAL LAW

140
Q

Characteristics of Natural Law

A
  • Based on human nature, morals, ethics, and conscience
  • Unaffected by culture, custom, or society
  • Not governed by the judiciary or legislative
  • Common to everyone irrespective of race,
    gender, and socioeconomic status
  • Evolves based on its usage, function, and
    circumstances
  • Not taught by the humankind

GE6- ETHICS (3 decks)

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