MIDTERM Flashcards
1
Q
Refers to the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles, values, and concepts governing human behavior and decision making
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ETHICS
2
Q
Involves the study and analysis of what is considered right or wrong, good or bad, and just or unjust, guiding individuals and societies in making ethical judgements and choices
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ETHICS
3
Q
Based on various perspectives, such as religious beliefs, cultural norms. Philosophical theories. And social constructs. Aiming to promote fairness, integrity, and respect for the well-being of individuals and communities
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ETHICS
4
Q
Common areas of ethical inquiry include
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BIOETHICS
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
BUSINESS ETHICS
APPLIED ETHICS
5
Q
- ethical issues in healthcare
and medical research
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BIOETEHICS
6
Q
- ethical concerns
related to the environment and sustainability
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ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
7
Q
- ethical practices in the
business world
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BUSINESS ETHICS
8
Q
ETHICAL THEORIES
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• Consequentialism
• Deontology
• Virtue ethics
9
Q
Society’s shared beliefs about what is good or bad and how people should act
- Are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes actions
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VALUE
10
Q
Describe the personal qualities we choose to embody to guide our actions; the sort of person we want to be; the manner in which we treat ourselves and others, and our interaction with the world around us
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VALUE
11
Q
Kinds of valuation
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AESTHETIC
ETIQUETTE
TECHNOLOGY
12
Q
Deals with the nature, perception, and
appreciation or beauty, art, and sensory of
experiences
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AESTHETIC
13
Q
Examines questions about what is considered aesthetically pleasing, the criteria for evaluating art and beauty, and the role of aesthetics experiences in human life
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AESTHETIC
14
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Subjective in nature, as different individuals may have different preferences and interpretations of what they find aesthetically valuable
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AESTHETIC
15
Q
There are different theories ad perspectives on aesthetic value, including:
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> Formalism
Emotional response theory
Expression theory
Pragmatism
16
Q
Refers to the customary code of polite behavior and social norms that govern interactions in a particular culture or society
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ETIQUETTE
17
Q
Encompasses a set of rules, guidelines, and expectations that dictate how individuals should conduct themselves in various social situations, including formal and informal settings
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ETIQUETTE
18
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it includes a wide range of behaviors and practices
It aims to promote harmonious and respectful interactions
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ETIQUETTE
19
Q
Genera; principles are commonly emphasized:
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> Respect and consideration
Politeness and courtesy
Punctuality and timeliness
Good table manners
Dressing appropriately
Communication and active listening
20
Q
- “techne”
- Refers to the proper way of doing things
- Adhering to technical standards and guidelines, is
crucial for ensuring patient safety, effective treatment, and ethical conduct
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TECHNICAL
21
Q
serves as a framework for ethical reasoning and provide guidelines for individuals to determine their actions and judgements in different situations
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MORALS
22
Q
can vary across cultures, religions, and individuals. What is considered morally right or wrong can differ depending on different cultural, religious, or philosophical perspectives.
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MORALS
23
Q
refers to the process of evaluating an action or behavior as morally right or wrong, good or bad
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Moral judgement
24
Q
refers to the process of
logically and systemically analyzing and justifying moral judgements or decisions
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Moral reasoning
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refers to a matter or situation that involves a conflict of moral values, principles, or obligations
moral issue
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Arises when there are differing opinions or perspectives regarding what is morally right or wrong in a particular situation
moral issue
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The process of choosing a course of action or making a choice based on moral considerations and principles
moral decision
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Involves evaluating the moral aspects of a situation, considering the potential consequences and selecting the action deemed morally right or appropriate
moral decision
29
Refers to a situation in which an individual or agent faces a conflict between two or more morally compelling choices, where each alternative has significant moral considerations
moral dilemma
30
Presents a difficult decision where adhering to one moral principle or value may require violating another
moral dilemma
31
SOURCES OF AUTHORITY
LAW
RELIGION
CULTURE
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Sets out a system of rules and
regulations that societies establish and
enforce through legal institutions
law
33
Can provide a foundational framework for ethical behavior by establishing minimum
standards of conduct, protecting rights,
and addressing societal norms
law
34
Can provide a baseline for ethical
behavior, individuals are encouraged to engage in critical thinking, moral reasoning, and personal reflection
law
35
Plays a significant role in shaping ethical
frameworks and influencing moral values for many individuals and communities
religion
36
this traditions often provide moral guidelines, principles, and teachings that guide believers’ ethical behavior
religion
37
Aspects of the relationship between religion and ethics
moral code
divine command
spiritual growth and virtue
moral guidance
moral accountability and afterlife
38
include guidelines for personal conduct, interpersonal relationships, and societal behavior
moral code
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many religious ethical systems are based on the belief that moral obligations stem from commands or will of a divine being
divine command
40
religious ethics often emphasize the cultivation of virtuous qualities and personal character development
spiritual growth and virtue
41
religion provide moral guidance and answers to ethical dilemmas through scared texts, religious leaders, and communal practices
moral guidance
42
believers may view their ethical actions as having consequences beyond present life, leading to rewards or punishments in the afterlife
moral accountability and afterlife
43
Plays a crucial role in shaping ethical
frameworks and influencing moral values
within societies
culture
44
Key aspects of the relationship between
culture and ethics
cultural relativism
norms and values
socialization and moral education
ethical codes and traditions
cultural diversity and moral conflict
45
suggests that
there is no universal or objective standard of morality, and ethical judgments should be understood within the context of a particular culture
cultural relativism
46
which are shared expectations for behavior, shape individuals understanding of right and wrong.
cultural norms
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such as honesty, respect, fairness, and loyalty, are often culturally determined and influence ethical decision making.
values
48
cultural practices and rituals often reinforce ethical values and help individuals internalize moral standards.
socialization and moral education
49
codes within a culture can shape individual behavior, expectations, and
societal norms
ethical codes and traditions
50
Different cultures may hold contrasting values and ethical principles, leading to clashes between cultural norms and universal ethical principles
cultural diversity and moral conflict
51
SENSES OF THE SELF
Subjectivism
Psychological egoism
Ethical egoism
52
It is the position that moral judgements and values are ultimately rooted in individual subjective experiences and preferences
subjectivism
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It asserts that there are no objective or universally valid moral principles and that moral judgements are simply expressions of personal attitudes or emotions
subjectivism
54
Suggests that the nature and value of one’s self are subjective and vary from person to person
subjectivism
55
Senses related to self-subjectivism:
Personal autonomy
Relativism
Emphasis on emotional responses
Individual differences
Self-expression and authenticity
56
self-subjectivism emphasizes __________ and the ability of individuals to define and shape their own identities. It recognizes that individuals have the right to self- determination and to make their own choices
personal autonomy
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each person’s subjective experience and perspective are considered equally valid, and there is no external or objective basis for judging one’s person’s values or moral beliefs as superior to another’s
relativism
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It suggests that moral evaluations are primarily based on how an action or situation makes an individual feel, rather than on any external moral standards or objective criteria
emphasis on emotional responses
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self-subjectivism recognizes and respects the diversity and individual experiences, perspectives, and moral values. It acknowledges that people have different beliefs, desires, and moral intuitions, which shape their understanding of themselves and their ethical outlook.
individual differences
60
subjectivism emphasize the importance of __________________ on defining one’s self and living in accordance with one’s value and desires. It encourages individual to be true to themselves and to pursue their own personal goals and aspirations, even if they differ from societal or cultural expectations.
self-expression and authenticity
61
A descriptive theory that asserts that individuals are fundamentally motivated by self-interest and that all of their actions are ultimately driven by selfish motives
psychological egoism
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People always act in the way that they perceive will maximize their own self-interest, even when their actions may appear selfless on the surface
psychological egoism
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Senses related to self in the context of psychological egoism
Self-interest as motivation
Rational self-interest
Egoistic explanations
Lack of genuine altruism
Empirical observations
64
self-interest is the primary and underlying motivation for all human actions. It suggests that individulas are always seeking to satisfy their own desires, promote their own well- being, and avoid harm or discomfort
self-interest as motivation
65
individuals act rationally and make choices based on what they believe will maximize their own self-interest. It implies that people are driven by a desire for personal happiness, pleasure, or personal gain
rational self-interest
66
psychological egoism offers _________ for apparently selfless behaviors.
egoistic explanations
67
psychological egoism contends that genuine altruism, defined as selfless concern for the well- being of others, does not exist. It argues that even seemingly selfless actions, such as helping others or making sacrifices, ultimately serve the individuals self-interest in some form
lack of genuine altruism
68
suggests that individuals consistently act in a self- interested manner and that self-interest is the underlying motive behind their actions.
empirical observations
69
Normative ethical theory that asserts that individuals ought to act in their own self- interest and maximize their own well-being
ethical egoism
70
It holds that an individual’s actions should be guided by the pursuit of their own happiness, self-fulfillments, or personal interests.
ethical egoism
71
Senses related to the self in the context of ethical egoism
Self as the ultimate moral agents
Rational pursuit of self-interest
Personal autonomy and freedom
Ethical obligation to the self
Self-development and self-actualization
72
ethical egoism places the self ast the center of the oral decision-making. It asserts that individuals have a moral obligation to prioritize their own self-interest above the interests of others.
self as the ultimate moral agents
73
ethical egoism often assumes that individuals are rational beings who act in their own slef- interest after careful consideration of the potential outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of personal happiness, satisfaction, and self-fulfillment as the guiding principles for ethical behavior.
rational pursuit if self-interest
74
ethical egoism recognizes and promotes ________________ of choice. It asserts that individuals have the right to pursue their own goals and interests without interference or coercion from others.
personal autonomy and freedom
75
ethical egoism suggests that individuals have a moral obligation to prioritize their own well- being and act in ways that promote their long-term self-interest. It encourages individuals to consider their own needs, desires, and values when making ethical decisions, even if it means sacrificing the interests of others
ethical obligation to the self
76
ethical egoism recognizes the importance of _______________. It suggests that individuals have a moral duty to cultivate their talents, pursue their passions, and strive for personal growth and self-improvement. The self is seen as the locus of personal flourishing and fulfillment
self-development and self-actualization
77
Ethical philosophy
Normative
Prescriptive
78
Science
Descriptive
79
“RESULT or the CONSEQUENCE of an ____ is the real measure of whether it is _________”
ACT
GOOD or BAD
80
Theory emphasizes ENDS OVER MEANS known as
Teleological or Consequentialist
81
2 UTILITARIAN MODELS
1. Quantitative Model of Jeremy Bentham
2. Qualitative Model of John Stuart Mill
82
meaning “duty”
Deon
83
meaning “logic”
Logos
84
Theory that states the locus of value is the
act or kind of act
Deontological
85
meaning “goal directed”
Telos
86
meaning “logic”
Logos
87
Theory that states value is in the outcome or
consequence of the act
Teleological
88
Man is under two great masters
Pain and Pleasure
89
According to him The great good that we should seek is happiness
Jeremy Bentham
90
Those actions whose results increase happiness or diminish pain are good. They have
utility
91
Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
▪ Quantity of Happiness
1. Intensity
2. Duration
3. Certainty or Uncertainty
4. Propinquity or Remoteness 5. Fecundity
6. Purity, and
7. Extent
92
Happiness is equals to
Pleasure - Pain
93
Calculus of felicity
- His advice on pursuing pleasure
- Made up of seven categories intended to
provide a rational analysis of pleasure
- The 7th category allows for altruism: if an act will bring a great amount of happiness to a great number of people, then I should perform it, regardless of whether or not it brings misery
- In search of maximizing happiness
- Focused on the individual situation (ACT)
Jeremy Bentham
94
- He wanted to distinguish happiness from mere pleasure
John Stuart Mill
95
- He defined happiness in terms of a higher order of pleasure or satisfactions
John Stuart Mill
96
FOUR THESES OF UTILITARIANISM
CONSEQUENTIALISM
HEDONISM
MAXIMALISM
UNIVERSALISM
97
the rightness of action is solely determined by their consequences
consequentialism
98
degree to which an act produces
pleasure. Thesis that pleasures or happiness is the good that we seek and that we should seek
hedonism
99
a right action produces the greatest good consequences and the least bad
maximalism
100
the consequences to be considered are those of everyone affected, and everyone equally
universalism
101
2 FORMULATIONS OF UTILITARIAN
Principle of utility
Principle of greatest happiness
102
The best action is that which produces the greatest happiness and/or reduces pain
principle of utility
103
We ought to which produce the greatest happiness and least pain for the greatest number of people
principle of greatest happiness
104
2 TYPES OF UTILITARIANISM
ACT
RULE
105
An action is right if and only if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number
ACT by Bentham
106
utilized to discover what specific acts should be done
calculus of felicity
107
An action is right if and only if it conforms to a set of rules the general acceptance of which would produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number
RULE by Mill
108
determine rules that produces greatest good for the greatest number
Calculus of felicity
109
- Generates a purely quantitative analysis and pays no attention to the quality of the pleasure
- In order to combat this “lowering” of culture, mill differentiated between “lower desires” and “higher desires”
MILL vs. THE CALCULUS OF FELICITY
110
food, sleep, etc.
LOWER DESIRES
111
may only be discussed based on quality (no calculus could evaluate)
HIGHER DESIRES
112
He argues that we must consider the quality of the happiness, not merely the quantity
John Stuart Mill
113
He was a weal Rule utilitarian and he thinks it may be broken in extreme situation
John Stuart Mill
114
The unselfishness or love of others (Focuses on protecting the common good universally)
altruism
115
THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY
1. Happiness id desirable
2. Happiness only think desirable as end in itself
3. General happiness of all is desirable. Increasing happiness of others increases your own
116
aka Angelic Doctor and The Prince of Scholastics
THOMAS AQUINAS
117
an Italian philosopher and theologian
THOMAS AQUINAS
118
he believes that all actions are directed
towards ends and that happiness is the
final end
Thomas Aquinas
119
proof of God’s existence
Summa Theologica
120
THOMAS AQUINAS’ LAWS
LAW
END
ACCIDENT
SPECIES
121
an ordinance of reason for the common good promulgated by someone who has the care of this community
Law of Thomas Aquinas
122
are understood as “rules and measures” of people’s conduct and “rational pattern or forms”
Laws of Aquinas
123
- Refer to its kind; object of the action
- For an action to be moral, it must be good or at least not bad to the _____
SPECIES
124
- Agent’s intention
- An act may be unjust though the person’s
intentions
END
125
- Rational plan of God
ETERNAL LAW
126
The rational pattern or forms of the
universe that exists in His mind is the law that directs everything
ETERNAL LAW
127
Positive law
HUMAN LAW
128
Responsible for a more exact and forceful
provisions of
HUMAN LAW
129
Includes civil and criminal law
HUMAN LAW
130
Law of revelation
DIVINE LAW
131
Disclosed through sacred text or scripture
DIVINE LAW
132
Focused on how to be inwardly holy, and
eventually attain salvation
DIVINE LAW
133
Moral law
NATURAL LAW
134
aspect of eternal law which is accessible to human reason
NATURAL LAW
135
people are subject by their nature ordering the to do good or evil
NATURAL LAW
136
our practical reason naturally comprehends that good is to be promoted and evil is avoided
NATURAL LAW
137
Aquinas believed there are 4 ends (purposes) why human beings are created
a) To live harmoniously
b) Toreproduce
c) To know the truth about God
d) To learn
138
Derived from eternal and unchangeable principles found in nature
NATURAL LAW
139
People can become aware of these by the use of reason
NATURAL LAW
140
Characteristics of Natural Law
- Based on human nature, morals, ethics, and conscience
- Unaffected by culture, custom, or society
- Not governed by the judiciary or legislative
- Common to everyone irrespective of race,
gender, and socioeconomic status
- Evolves based on its usage, function, and
circumstances
- Not taught by the humankind
