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Music History > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic difference between the repertoire of the troubadours and the trouvères?

A
  • Trouvères were much more formulaic in their writing
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2
Q

What are the formes fixes?

A
  • Repetitive, formulaic patterns in song
  • Meant for dance
  • Enticing to composers as a challenge
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3
Q

What are the forms of the formes fixes?

A
  • Ballade - aabC*
  • Virelai - AbbaA
  • Rondeau - ABaabAB

*small letter = repeated music, large letter = repeated music & poetry

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4
Q

How does the German tradition compare to the French?

A
  • Many of the same musical choices
  • Germans wrote Crusade Songs
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5
Q

How does Walter von der Vogelweide’s “Palastinalied” compare to “A chantar”?

A
  • Same mode
  • Both are syllabic
  • Primarily stepwise motion
  • Similar ornamentations
  • Aab (aab?) stanza form
  • Range varies at different parts of the song
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6
Q

What is the Music Enchiridis?

A
  • Contains the earliest surviving examples of polyphony
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7
Q

When does the Musica Enchiriadis date from?

A
  • Second half of the 9th centruy
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8
Q

What type of organum is in the Musica Enchiriadis?

A
  • Parallel organum
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9
Q

What is parallel organum?

A
  • The doubling of a melody at a perfect interval
  • Perfect intervals were used for their simple mathematic ratios
  • May have originated from the need to accommodate young boys with high voices
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10
Q

What was the importance of Paris in the 12th century?

A
  • An intellectual center of the time
  • A large city for the time
  • University of Paris
  • King became politically…?
  • Gothic architecture (Notre Dame)
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11
Q

What is the Magnus Liber Organi?

A
  • “The Big Book of Organum”
  • Contains the polyphony for the church year at Notre Dame
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12
Q

Who was Leonin?

A
  • Author of the Magnus Liber Organi
  • A poet devoted to the church
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13
Q

When did Leonin live?

A
  • fl.* 1160-1190

*flourit - “he flourished”

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14
Q

What are the two types of polyphony written by Leonin?

A
  • Melismatic (florid) organum
    • Sustained tenor with a melisma over every note
  • Discant clausula
    • Rhythmic modes with 2-3 notes over every tenor note
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15
Q

Leonin wrote polyphony based on what types of chants?

A
  • Responsorial chants
  • Graduals, alleluias, office responsories
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16
Q

Leonin wrote polyphony for which sections of chants?

A
  • Soloist sections
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17
Q

Why is the voice with the chant called the tenor?

A
  • tenere: to hold
  • “Holds onto” the chant
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18
Q

Why does Leonin alter between chant and polyphony?

A
  • The choir did not sing polyphony
19
Q

When were the different styles of polyphony used and why?

A
  • Melismatic organum - when the original chant was syllabic
    • Maintained interest
  • Discant clausula - when the original chant was melismatic
    • Prevented the chant from becoming too long
20
Q

What was the major development in rhythmic notation in the second half of the 12th century?

A
  • Franco de Cologne described and codified shapes to distinguish note length
21
Q

How does the polyphony of Perotin compare to Leonin’s?

A
22
Q

What parallels exist between the architecture of Notre Dame in Paris and the early polyphony in the late 12th and early 13th centuries?

A

*

23
Q

Why is a motet called a motet?

A
  • “mo” - French for “word”
24
Q

From what and how did the motet develop?

A
  • Developed from discant clausula
  • Formed by textually troping the chant
25
Q

What are the primary features of the motet in the first half of the 13th century?

A
26
Q

How did the motet change in the second half of the 13th century?

A
  • Additional text(s) added on top of chant
  • Fewer breaks - continuous motion through staggered phrases
    • Greater independence in voices
  • Chant fragments repeated later in piece
27
Q

Who is Franco of Cologne and what were his major contributions?

A
  • Music theoriest
  • Advocated the use of shapes to distinguish note length
  • Described and codified shapes in a treatise
28
Q

What is the historical background to the 14th centruy?

A
  • The church was losing authority
    • Criticized for being too political/indulgent/corrupt
  • Pope moved from political instability to Southern France
    • Division lead to the appointment of a 2nd and 3rd pop in Italy - Papal Schism
  • 100 Years War - England encroaching on French territory
  • The Black Death - bubonic & neumonic plauges cut through Europe in 1348
    • Half of the population died
  • Remarkably cold/rainy weather disrupted agriculture and the economy
29
Q

Why is the 14th century referred to as the “Ars Nova”?

A
  • “New Art” - new musicial ideas introduced
30
Q

What is new about Ars Nova?

A
  • Introduction of duple division
  • Development of meter
31
Q

Why is the life of de Vitry typical of late medieval composers?

A
  • Musician, theorist, and composer
  • An intellectual (astronomer)
  • Educated through the church
  • Held a position of authority in the church (bishop)
  • Political advisor to the King of France
32
Q

What is an isorhythmic motet?

A
  • The standard method for organizing a motet
  • Employs a repeated rhythmic pattern, talea, and color
33
Q

What is a talea?

A
  • A rythmic portion of a pattern set to chat
  • Usually found in the tenor
34
Q

What is a color?

A
  • The melodic pattern in the tenor
  • A section of the chant that is repeated
35
Q

How is de Vitry’s motet “In arboris” organized?

A
  • Talea repeated 6 times
  • Color repeated 2 times
  • Shifts to perfect mood at the end of each talea
36
Q

What types of compositions did Guillame de Machaut compose?

A
  • Primarily secular songs about his personal interests and courtly love
  • Used the formes fixes
37
Q

Why does Machaut’s “Mass of Notre Dame” have historical significance?

A
  • Wrote polyphony for movements of the Mass Ordinary
  • All four voices sing the same text
  • All part move independently
    • Very rhythmically active
38
Q

What is the Ars Subtilior?

A
  • Fascination with technique
  • Taking given procedures to new extremes
  • Accompanied by intricate manuscripts, red and black notes, and new notation
39
Q

What style features are associated with the Ars Subtilior?

A
  • Rhythmic complexity
  • Voices move in contrasting meters and conflicting groupings
  • Beats are subdivided differently
  • Phrases are broken and suspended
  • Harmonies are blurred through rhythmic disjunction
40
Q

How are style features associated with the Ars Subtilior evident in Caserta’s “En remirant”?

A
  • The phrase in the cantus is shifted off the beat by two eighth notes in the beginning
  • Syncopations produced across beats
  • Duple divisions create hemiolas with the contratenor
  • Notes in different voices rarely coincide - very independent
  • Mensuration signs change frequently
41
Q

What is the Trecento?

A
  • The fourteenth century in Italy
42
Q

What are the general differences between French and Italian music of the 14th century?

A
  • Italian music was rarely notated
  • Tenor line is untexted and in slower motion
43
Q

What is a caccia?

A
  • Italian for “hunt”
  • Trecento form featuring two voices in canon over a free, untexted tenor
44
Q

Who is Landini?

A
  • Leading composer of ballate and foremost Italian musician of the Trecento
  • Wrote 140 ballate
  • Organist and chaplain of a monastery

Music History (6 decks)

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