Final - Reformation

Question 1

What is the Martin Luther’s background and training?

Answer 1

*

Question 2

What was Martin Luther’s attitude toward music?

Answer 2

• Believed music had a strong influence on people
• Advocation the use of all types of music in the Mass

Question 3

How did Martin Luther affect music in the German Protestant liturgy?

Answer 3

• The congregation participated in the Mass
• Services could be held in the vernacular or in Latin
• He composed chorales

Question 4

How are Martin Luther’s ideas reflected in the two settings of “Ein’ feste Burg”?

Answer 4

• Simplified, monophonic chorale melody
• Repetetive, stepwise motion between the tonic and dominant
• Melody held in the tenor and surrounded by simple polyphony

Question 5

What were John Calvin’s attitudes concerning music?

Answer 5

• Believed music had the power to influence people, especially to lead them astray
• Condemned much of the music in the Catholic Church
• Encouraged congregational participation

Question 6

What led to the break with the Catholic church in England?

Answer 6

• King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, but the archbishop refused

Question 7

What impact did the break with the Catholic church have on music?

Answer 7

• Few changes similar to those in Germany under Henry VIII and Edward VI
• Reverted back to Catholic practices under Mary
• Consistent use of English and congregational participation under Elizabeth I

Question 8

To what do the terms service, full anthem, and verse anthem refer?

Answer 8

• service: comparable to the Catholic Mass
• anthem: polyphonic sacred work for the Mass
  
  • full anthem: anthem for unaccompanied choir
  • verse anthem: anthem with passages for solo voice and accompaniment

Question 9

What was the primary concern of composers in the late 16th century?

Answer 9

• Textual expression

Question 10

How is textual expression evident in Byrd’s “Sing Joyfully” and de Lassus’ “Cum essem parvulus”?

Answer 10

• “Sing Joyfully”
  
  • Melodic leaps bring attention to specific words
  • Stressed syllables fall on strong beats
  • Fanfare entrance on “Blow the trumpets”
• “Cum essem parvulus”
  
  • Range, rhythm, texture, and melodic motion reflect the meaning of individual words/phrases

Question 11

What is the Council of Trent?

Answer 11

• The Catholic response to criticism
• A series of meetings in Italy discussing issues
  
  • Doctrinal ideas (traditions)
  • Priest contracts and celibacy
  • Music (toward end)

Question 12

What were the major concerns of the church fathers concerning the music in the Catholic liturgy?

Answer 12

1. Clear understanding of the text
2. Uniformity of liturgical practice
3. Use of secular models
4. Quality of performance

Question 13

How are basic features of Palestrina’s style evident in “Pope Marcellus Mass”?

Text-setting, melody, harmony

Answer 13

• Text-setting
  
  • The majority of the voices declare the text together
  • Varying number/combination of voices
• Melody
  
  • Stepwise writing reflecting chant
  • Leaps immediately filled in
  • Balanced, arched forms
• Harmony
  
  • Centered around the mode
  • Full triad consonances
  • Minimal dissonances