Midterm Flashcards
What is Health?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What does health psychology represent?
- educational, scientific and professional contributions of psychology to the promotion and maintence of health
- the prevention and treatment of illness
- the identification of cases and correlated of health and illness
- the improvement of the health care system and the formulation of health policy
Mind - body relationship
the position whether the mind and body operate as a single system or two separate systems
Mind - body history
- believed that disease rose when evil spirits or demons entered the body and that these spirits could be exorcised through the treatment process.
- Greeks were earliest to identify the role of bodily functioning in health and illness
- disease arise when the found circulating fluids of the body (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) are out of balance.
middle ages
- church was the guardian of medical knowledge
- medicine towards bodily factors, not the mind
- physical symptoms became the sole basis for diagnosis and treatment
psychoanalytic medicine
- the individuals mind creates a conflict and it becomes a symptom involuntary from the nervous system
- treat particular disease believed to be caused by emotional conflicts
- disease onset required the interaction of a variety of factors: genetic, environmental, learning experiences and conflict, individual cognitions, and coping efforts
behavioural medicine
interdisciplinary field
behavioural medicine
interdisciplinary field
behavioral medicine
interdisciplinary field integrating behavioral science and biomedical science for understanding health and illness and for developing and playing knowledge techniques to prevent, diagnose, treat, and rehabilitate.
biopsychosocial model of health
all illness can be explained on the basis of somatic processes as biochemical imbalances or neurophysiological abnormalities.
- reduces illness to low-level processes, single factor model of illness, mind-body dualism, emphasizes illness over health, does not understand why some conditions do not lead to illness.
What is health behavior
actions of individuals, groups, and organizations, as well as their determinants, correlates and consequences, including social change, policy development and implementation, improved coping skills, and enhanced quality of life.
Health behaviour levels
individual: a persons knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours
interpersonal: beliefs and actions of a persons friends, family, peers
institutional/organizational: policies and practices of the institutions/organizations to which the person relates
community: attributes and norms of the communities, and the regulations, policies and laws of the community
health behaviour theories
- Individual: HBM, TRA/PB, Transtheoretical model of change
- Interpersonal: social cognitive, social network and social support
- organizational: implementation science, consolidated framework for implementation research, determinants or practice, implementation strategies
- community: diffusion of innovation, social marketing
- research/planning: PRECEED-PROCEED
theory
a set of interrelated concepts, definition, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables, in order to explain and predict the vents or situations
concepts
- major components of theories
- when concepts are developed for use in a particular theory they become constructs
variables
“research” equivalent of constructs, they specify how a construct is to be measured in a specific research study
model
draws on a number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context
paradigm
- schema that organizes our view of something
- create boundaries
- they tell us where and how to search for answers
- they tell us whats important to look at.
dominant paradigm - logical positivism:
- picking health behaviour and only using constructs or a model to explain that health behaviour
constructivism:
- observe constructs in health behaviour and than picking a model to explaining
origin of health belief model
- trying to understand/explain why people did not participate in public health programs.
HBM: inner theories and models
social cognition model: beliefs people hold about a particular health behaviour motivate their decision to change that behaviour.
stimulus-response theory: consequences of a behaviour are learned, good consequences stimulate the behaviour
this leads to
value-expectancy theory: people will choose to engage in behaviour that they expect to succeed in and that have outcomes that they value.
HBM definition
predicts whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which a person perceive a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.
HBM variables
- perceived susceptibility: one’s subjective perception about one’s own risk of contracting illness
- perceived severity: one’s own belief of how severe the condition at hand may be
- perceived barriers: components that keep you from taking action
- perceived benefits: components beneficial to taking action
- cues to action: events that trigger action
- self-efficacy: one’s confidence in one’s own ability to do the behaviour
HBM: critique
- focuses on avoiding disease
- widely applied to specific prevention
- describes constructs that predict if action will be taken but not on how the constructs are integrated
- “stretched” to explain health enhancing behaviours
- added self-efficacy to explain people need confidence to enact behaviour
HBM: future research
- examining/testing the relationship between variables
- does not consider the emotional component of behaviour
- cues to action often missing from research
TRA/TPB: origin
developed to better understand relationships between attitudes, intentions, and behaviours.
TRA/TPB: definition
a persons behavioural intention and behaviours can be understood by knowing the persons attitudes about the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control over the action.
TRA/TPB suggests that behavioural intention is made up of:
- attitudes toward the specific action
- subjective norms regarding the action
TPB adds:
- perceived behavioural control
TRA constructs
- Attitudes: individual beliefs about outcomes or attributes of performing behaviour and evaluations of those outcomes or attributes
- subjective norms: a individuals normative beliefs on their social circles approval or disapproval of performing behaviour
these go into
- behavioural intention: links behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs to behavioural intentions and behaviours via attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control.
TPB constructs
- perceived control: the presence or absence of facilitators and barriers, their perceived power or the impact of each control factors
TRA/TPB critiques
strengths:
- widely used inside and outside of healthcare
- model that link beliefs directly to behaviour
- provides fine graine picture of intention
- takes influence of peers in the beginning of the behaviour and the maintence
Weakness:
- assumes the person has acquired the opportunity and resources to be successful in performing the behaviour
- doesnt take other variables into account
- doesnt take enviornmental or economic factors
- assumes its a linear decision making process
- perceived behavioural control doesnt say about actual control over behaviour
- time frame between intent and behavioural action is not addressed
TMC origin
determine if some types of psychotherapy were better than other types at helping people change
TMC definition
to successfully change a behaviour, people must use cognitive processes of change, and behavioural processes of change.
TMC cognitive processes of change
- consciousness raising: gain awareness of the causes, consequences and cures for a particular problem behaviour
- enviornmental re-evaluation: pa
