Chys 3p91 2 Flashcards
In parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT, 1995), list four things that a parent should do and three things that a parent should not do (4 DO’s and 3 DO NOTS).
DO:
describe
reflect - vocal
imitate - motor
praise - specific
DONT:
give commands
ask questions
criticize
Regarding PCIT (1995), give an example of each of the four DO’s.
Describe - narrative on what the child is doing “oh shes busy typing on her laptop, playing with her necklace”
Reflect - reflecting on the action “oh you are typing vera” “oh you are moving the car, I like the red car”
imitate - doing the same action as the child
praise - “I like how you are colouring within the lines” “good job cleaning up”
What does the term functional assessment refer to? Define the term functional analysis.
Functional Assessment - approaches that attempt to identify the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviours
Functional Analysis - manipulation of environmental events to test their role as antecedents and consequences in controlling and manipulating specific problem behaviours
State two potential advantages and three potential disadvantages of a functional analysis.
Strengths:
1.
Limitations:
1. the amount of time required to carry out a functional analysis may put a large strain on available staff
2. it cannot be readily applied to dangerous or extremely disruptive behaviours
3. some behaviours occur at frequencies of less than one per day or per week. Need a great deal of time to gather data to draw a valid conclusion
What is an indicator that a problem behavior is maintained by self-stimulatory reinforcement?
continues to be unabated at a steady rate although it has no effect on others or their external environment
What are three indicators that a problem behavior is probably maintained by the social attention that follows it?
- attention reliably follows behaviour
- whether they look at individual before engaging with behaviour
- smile before engaging with behaviour
What were the results of the functional analysis of the causes of excessive delusional statements made by Mr. Jones, and what was the treatment of the delusional statements based on the results of the functional analysis?
results: showed more delusional statements in the attention condition than in the alone, demand, or control conditions.
treatment: combination of attention for appropriate comments and extinction of delusional statements
What is a strong indicator that a problem behavior is maintained by escape from demands?
individual engages in the behaviour only when certain types of demands are made.
Suppose that a nonverbal child screams loudly as a way of escaping from demands by adults in various training settings. Describe two alternative strategies that the adults might follow to deal with the problem behavior.
teach another way that is more acceptable - finger tapping or feet stomping
Describe how escape from internal sensations might be a cause of some cases of binge eating.
leads to a decrease of unpleasant emotional repsonses
Describe an example of how escape from external sensory aversive stimuli could produce undesirable behavior.
a child might repeatedly remove her shoes because they squeeze her toes too tighly
In a sentence each, outline the six major causes of operant problem behaviors described in this chapter.
- social positive reinforcement
- maintained by internal sensory reinforcement
- maintained by external sensory reinforcement
- escape from demands
- escape from internal senstations
- escape from external sensory aversive stimuli
What are two main indicators that a problem behavior is elicited by prior stimuli vs. is maintained by reinforcing consequences? Give an example illustrating these indicators.
- consistently occurs in the presence of a certain stimuli and is never followed by any reinforcing consequence
- behaviour is involuntary
Ex:
Individual is consistently and compulsively picking at their skin alone
What is behavioral diagnostics? In what sense is this term broader than functional assessment?
approach to behavioural assessment. therapists diagnosis with antecedent, consequences, and medical/nutiriotnal variables as potential causes
broader because it doesn’t just include external environments but internal medical factors
If a behavior modification program consists of just a baseline phase and a treatment phase, explain, in two or three sentences, why we cannot necessarily claim that a change in behavior was due to the treatment.
because of the possible other uncontrolled variables during the treatment. all other variables need to be ruled out during treatment
Briefly, distinguish between a behavior modification program, consisting of just a baseline phase and a treatment phase, and behavior modification research.
What are three reasons why we use graphs in behavior analysis?
- show levels of behaviour over time
- easy to compare level before, during, and after treatment
- easier to see if treatment is working or needs to be updated
Define dependent variable and independent variable and give an example of each.
dependent: measure of behaviour
ex: correctly completing math problems
independent: treatment or intervention
ex: teachers treatment
Define internal validity and external validity.
internal: demonstrated that the indepdent variable caused the observed change in the dependent variable
external: finding can be generalized to other behaviours, individuals, or treatments
List four advantages of using Single-Case Experimental Designs.
- rule out alternative interpretations of treatment effects
- cause and effect statements
- focus on individual results
- use in clinical settings
With reference to an example, list the four components of a reversal-replication design. What is another name for this design?
ex: program changing child temper tantrums
- baseline phase measures how many tantrums they throw in a time frame
- apply treatment to the child behaviour
- reversal, they measure a baseline again
- apply treatment again
Identify two limitations of a reversal-replication design, and give an example of each.
- undesirable to reverse to baseline following treatment.
ex. reversing after successful treatment is ethically unacceptable - impossible to obtain a reversal due to behavioural trapping
ex. a novice golfer was taught to produce 200 yard swings, it is unlikely they would return to 100 yard swings
Ideally, how long should the baseline phase of the reversal-replication design continue?
until the pattern of perfomance is stable
How many reversals and replications are necessary in a reversal-replication design?
one if we observe
What scientific, practical, and ethical considerations might lead someone to lengthen or shorten a baseline?
scientific:
newness of independent and dependent variables
practical:
researchers ability of time, availability, project time
ethically:
if self abusive behaviour is being observed
State one advantage of a multiple-baseline design over a reversal-replication.
demonstrate th effectiveness of a particular treatment without reversing to baseline conditions
With reference to an example, describe a multiple-baseline across behaviors design.
What are three potential limitations of a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design?
- individual might tell others about treatment or behaviour
- not easy to find multiple people with same problem
- it is internally valid with one individual, but not to others
With reference to an example, describe the changing-criterion design.
How does a behavior modifier evaluate the importance of a problem? How does the behavior modifier evaluate the ease with which a problem might be solved?
importance:
- more positive reinforcement?
- more prosocial behaviours?
- better quality of life?
ease:
- history
- stimulus control
- hierarchy
How does a behavior modifier evaluate the ease with which desired behavior change might be generalized to and maintained in the natural environment?
- programming for generalization
- consider contingencies
- potential pitfalls
- individuals part of team
Assume that you are a professional behavior modifier. List four possible conditions under which you would not treat a behavior problem that has been referred to you.
- outside scope of practice
- proper setting/resources not available
- limited motivation
- don’t see benefit
What are tokens and what is a token economy?
tokens: conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers
token economy: a behavioural program which individuals in a group can earn tokens for a variety of behaviours and can cash in their tokens for backup reinforcers
What are two major advantages to using tokens as reinforcers?
- given immediately after a desirable behaviour occurs
- when paired with different backup reinforcers it is not dependent on motivation operation for their strength
List and briefly describe five initial steps involved in setting up and managing a token economy.
- decide on the target behaviour
- take baseline and keep data on behaviours
- select the types of tokens
- select backup reinforcers
- manage back up reinforcers
What six characteristics should a token have?
- attractive
- light weight
- portable
- durable
- easy to handle
- not easily counterfeited
What is a token economy store and give two examples. How often should store time be held in a token economy for school children?
small - box located on a teachers desk
large - occupy one or more rooms
once per day for the first 3 - 4 days, than once a week
What are three considerations for deciding the token price of each backup reinforcer?
- monetary cost
- supply and demand
- therapeutic value of the backup reinforcer
