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Botany > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dominant generation in a bryophyte?

A

gametophyte

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2
Q

Define bryophytes

A

Seedless, non vascular plants

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3
Q

An adaptation that allows mosses to go dormant and quickly come back to life is called?

A

poikilohydric

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4
Q

Which plant species are in the bryophyte family?

A

mosses, hornworts, liverworts

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5
Q

Bryophytes live in the ______ _____, between earth and the atmosphere, which allows them to survive harsh environments and avoid wind.

A

boundary layer

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6
Q

Define polypodiophytes.

A

Seedless vascular plants.

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7
Q

What does it mean for a plant to be “vascular”?

A

Contains vascular tissue; xylem and phloem

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8
Q

Ferns are part of which family?

A

Polypodiophytes

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9
Q

Fern leaves are referred to as?

A

fronds

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10
Q

Where is sporangia on a frond?

A

underside, in clusters called sori

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11
Q

What is the dominant generation of a polypodiophyte?

A

sporophyte

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12
Q

Is a sporophyte haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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13
Q

Define meiosis.

A

one cell divides and produces cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes. where diploid becomes haploid generation

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14
Q

Define mitosis.

A

Cloning. One cell divides & produces two genetically identical daughter cells.

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15
Q

Define a seed.

A

Protection, seedling inside, extra nutrients (food supply)

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16
Q

What are some evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores?

A

Seeds are multicellular; provide greater protection.
Seeds have a food supply; seeds can remain dormant.

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17
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg

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18
Q

Which families are seeded plants?

A

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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19
Q

What is the food source of a seed called?

A

Cotyledon

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20
Q

What is an advantage of a reduced gametophyte?

A

Retained within sporophyte. provide nutrients, protection.

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21
Q

Define integument.

A

Seed coat. Protection.

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22
Q

Gymnosperm seeds have how many integuments?

A

One

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23
Q

How many integuments do angiosperms have?

A

two

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24
Q

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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25
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

root like structures, used only to anchor plants. do not transport water or nutrients. found in bryophytes and polypodiophytes.

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26
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

horizontal underground stem. (zome - horizon)

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27
Q

Outer layer of a leaf that prevents drying out?

A

cuticle

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28
Q

Is a gametophyte haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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29
Q

What is an apical meristem?

A

Tips of root and shoot

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30
Q

What process occurs within the antheridia to produce spores?

A

Meiosis

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31
Q

What are strobilli?

A

gymnosperm cones. a collection of sporophylls

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32
Q

What does the term gymnosperm mean?

A

naked seeds

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33
Q

What does the term angiosperm mean?

A

container seeds

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34
Q

What characteristics distinguish seed plants from seedless plants?

A

reduced gametophyte
heterospory
ovules
pollen

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35
Q

What does the megaspore in a seed plant give rise to?

A

female gametophyte that develops into an egg

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36
Q

What does the microspore in a seed plant give rise to?

A

a male gametophyte that develops into pollen grains

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37
Q

The _______ in seed plants are microscopic

A

Gametophyte

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38
Q

What is the advantage of scale or needlelike leaves?

A

conserve water to help survive summer and winter drought

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39
Q

What is the role of resin in pine needles?

A

protect the tree from damage when cut or broken off. plugs the hole

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40
Q

What is the benefit of sunken stomata?

A

helps to prevent evaporative water loss in pine needles

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41
Q

Where is the waxy cuticle located on a pine needle?

A

on the outer surface of the epidermis

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42
Q

What is a collection of needles called?

A

fascicle. Pine needles are always grouped together this way

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43
Q

What is the other name for a pollen cone?

A

staminate cone

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44
Q

What do pollen cones produce?

A

microspores

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45
Q

What do microspores develop into?

A

pollen grains

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46
Q

What process occurs within microsporangium to produce micro spores?

A

meiosis

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47
Q

What is the indusium?

A

thin membrane covering a sorus on a fern frond

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48
Q

What is an integument?

A

outer layer of the ovule.. seed coat

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49
Q

How many integuments (seed coat) do angiosperm megaspores (ovules) have?

A

2

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50
Q

How many integuments (seed coats) do gymnosperm megaspores have?

A

1

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51
Q

What is the location called where sperm enters a megaspore?

A

micropyle

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52
Q

What is the sporophyll on a gymosperm?

A

the scale

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53
Q

What does a dioecious plant mean?

A

one tree produces pollen
one tree produces ovules. example is the ginkgo

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54
Q

What does “phyll” mean?

A

leaf

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55
Q

After fertilization in a gymnosperm, what does the ovule become?

A

Seed

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56
Q

How is pollen transported to a an ovule in a gymnosperm?

A

wind

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57
Q

What is the sporophyte generation of a gymnosperm?

A

the tree

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58
Q

True or false? Gymnosperm sporophytes produce megaspores and microspores on two different types of cones

A

True

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59
Q

Within the cone, what process occurs within the sporangium to produce spores?

A

meiosis

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60
Q

What are the three parts that make up a seed?

A

-sporophyte embryo
-food supply for developing embryo
-protective seed coat

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61
Q

Seeds of gymnosperms are enclosed in ovaries, true or false?

A

false. they are located on exposed modified leaves called sporophylls

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62
Q

What is a prothallium?

A

fern gametophyte. Small green heart shaped structure which holds either archegonia or antheridia

63
Q

What is a rachis?

A

stalk on a fern frond

64
Q

What is a pinnae?

A

‘leafy’ structures on fern frond

65
Q

What are pinnules?

A

the smallest “leafy” segments on a fern frond

66
Q

What is the ring like structure located around fern sporangium?

A

annulus

67
Q

Is the prothallium photosynthetic?

A

yes

68
Q

Why are the archegonia and antheridia not present on the prothallium at the same time?

A

They mature at different times in order to increase the chances of cross-fertilization and genetic variation

69
Q

What is the base of a flower called where all four whorls come together?

A

receptacle

70
Q

What is the collection of sepals and petals?

A

perianth

71
Q

What are the lowest whorls called that are usually green, located below petals on a flower?

A

individually called sepals. Collectively known as the calyx

72
Q

What is the collective of sepals (green lower most whorl) called?

A

Calyx

73
Q

What is the collective of petals called?

A

corolla

74
Q

What is a stamen?

A

the microsporophyll, produces microspores which give rise to pollen grains that contain male gametophyte

75
Q

What is a pistil?

A

the megasporophyll, produces the megaspores, which in turn produce the female gametophyte

76
Q

What are the parts of a stamen?

A

anther
filament

77
Q

What are the parts of a pistil?

A

stigma (site of pollen reception)
style (tube leading down to the ovary)
ovary is at the base of the carpel which contains the ovaries

78
Q

What is the difference between a monocot flower and a dicot flower?

A

monocots - parts in 3’s
dicots - parts in 4’s or 5’s

79
Q

What are the four whorls on a flower starting at outermost?

A

calyx (collection of sepals)
corolla (collection of petals)
androecium - stamen
Gynoecium - pistil

80
Q

What are the hair like structures on a grass flower called?

A

awn

81
Q

Why do grass flowers not have a perianth?

A

because a perianth is used to attract pollinators, grass flowers are pollinated by wind so they do not require this derived trait.

82
Q

What is a perianth?

A

2 most outer whorls, the calyx and corolla

83
Q

What does it mean for a flower to be “complete”?

A

complete means it has all 4 whorls

84
Q

What does it mean for a flower to be “perfect”?

A

perfect means the flower has both gynoecium and androecium in the same flower

85
Q

What can be seen as the outer wall of a pollen grain under a microscope?

A

exine (outer wall)

86
Q

Which 2 structures can be found inside of a pollen grain?

A

tube cell and generative cell

87
Q

What is the fate of the generative cell?

A

produces 2 sperm

88
Q

What is another word for carpel?

A

pistil

89
Q

Where do pollen grains of flowering plants develop?

A

anther

90
Q

What is the function of a style?

A

once pollination occurs the style holds the pollen tube while it grows to reach the ovaries

91
Q

What is the function of the endosperm?

A

food source, provide nutrients for embryo

92
Q

What are the outermost structures on a grass flower called?

A

glumes (think of it like glutes)

93
Q

Which 2 parts make up the floret of a grass flower?

A

lemma - has the awn
palea - smaller inner ‘leaf’

94
Q

Do grass flowers have stamens and pistils at the same time?

A

no

95
Q

What is inflorescence?

A

arrangement of flowers on a plant, can be “showy cluster”

96
Q

“showy cluster”

A

inflorescence

97
Q

What are tepals?

A

when sepals and petals look alike

98
Q

monocot vs dicot

A

monocot - multiples of 3
dicot - multiples of 4 or 5

99
Q

What does a parfocal microscope mean?

A

microscope will remain in focus when switching between objective lenses

100
Q

What is an objective lens?

A

the lenses attached to the revolving nosepiece

101
Q

What is the working distance of a microscope?

A

distance between objective lens and slide

102
Q

What is the stalk part of a stamen?

A

Filament

103
Q

What is the “stem” pet of a standard leaf?

A

Petiole

104
Q

What is the blade of a plant?

A

The leafy part

105
Q

What is the region on a stem between 2 nodes called?

A

Internode

106
Q

What is the difference between a node and a bud?

A

Node is the space where a bud comes out of

107
Q

What are the three leaf structures of gymnosperms?

A

Awl-like
Scale-like
Needle-like

108
Q

What can you count on a trees stem to determine its age?

A

Bud scale scar

109
Q

What is the function of the annulus?

A

Spore dispersal in a bryophyte

110
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

cells are composed of small organelles

111
Q

Which 2 structures are common to eukaryotic and prokaryotic?

A

DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplsasm

112
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic do not?

A

a nucleus

113
Q

What is the definition of a seed?

A
  • seed coat
    -seedling (embryo)
    -food supply
114
Q

What adaptations are unique to seed plants?

A
  • reduced gametophyte
  • heterospory
  • ovules and production of eggs
  • pollen and production of sperm
115
Q

Differences between plant and animal cells?

A
  • animal has a cell membrane but no cell wall
  • plant cells have chloroplasts
116
Q

major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes have no nucleus

117
Q

2 structures common to pro and eukaryotes?

A

DNA
ribosomes

118
Q

Ribosome purpose?

A

protein synthesis

119
Q

What were challenges to life on land?

A

force of gravity
lack of water
competition
predation

120
Q

How did plants overcome these challenges?

A

lack of water - roots, xylem, waxy cuticle
competition - increased growth
predation - secondary compounds

121
Q

benefits to life on land?

A

more space
increased CO2
increased sunlight

122
Q

Differences between plants and green algae?

A
  1. alternation of generation
  2. apical meristem
  3. walled spores produced in sporangia
  4. multicellular gametangia - archegonia and antheridia
123
Q

Meristem is the site of?

A

mitosis

124
Q

A plant is….

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • photosynthetic
125
Q

What do polypodiophytes require for reproduction?

A

water (condensation, rainfall etc)

126
Q

What advantage do seeds have over spores?

A

protection
food source
multicellular

127
Q

a seed is a _____ embryo?

A

sporophyte

128
Q

Adaptations that are unique to seed plants?

A

-reduced gametophyte (retained within sporophyte, provide nutrients and protection)
-heterospory

129
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

angiosperms. where 2 sperms are produced. one fuses with egg and other fuses with central cell nuclei to produce triploid endosperm

130
Q

Advantage of double fertilization?

A

gives rise to endosperm that provides nutrients for developing embryo

131
Q

What does diecious plant mean?

A

like a ginkgo, one tree is male, one is female.

132
Q

What does monoecious mean?

A

plant has both male and female structures on it

133
Q

What does a scale of an ovulate cone produce?

A

ovules. and ovules produce seeds (seed is a fertilized ovule)

134
Q

Gymnosperm adaptations for seed dispersal?

A

seed wings
animals eating and spreading through their scat

135
Q

Which parts of a pine seed are gametophyte? Sporophyte?

A

gametophyte - all the tissue surrounding the embryo (food source)
sporophyte - embryo & seed coat (going to give rise to a tree)

136
Q

Gymnosperm adaptations to cold and dry climates?

A

head start on photosynthesis by keeping leaves on
waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
sunken stomata allows it to stay in shade
shape of leaf, reduces surface area
conical tree shape, shed snow

137
Q

Angiosperms produce reproductive structures called?

A

fruit and flower

138
Q

Why do grasses not have perianth?

A

because they do not need to attract pollinators, pollen is transported by wind

139
Q

When sepals and petals look alike they are called?

A

tepals

140
Q

What is a perianth?

A

outer two whorls on a flower

141
Q

What is gynoecium?

A

female spore producing parts (pistil)

142
Q

What is androecium?

A

male spore producing part (stamen)

143
Q

Photoperiod?

A

period of daily illumination from the sun

144
Q

Showy cluster?

A

inflorescence

145
Q

Complete flower?

A

has all 4 whorls

146
Q

Perfect flower?

A

has androecium and gynoecium

147
Q

What are the 3 types of tissue systems?

A
  • dermal
  • ground
  • vascular
148
Q

Collenchyma?

A

like celery string. provide support

149
Q

Sclerenchyma?

A

dead at maturity

150
Q

Parenchyma?

A

photosynthesis

151
Q

Parenchyma, sclerenchyma and collenchyma are all what type of tissue?

A

simple, made up of 1 type of cell

152
Q

Vascular tissue is complex, xylem is composed of 3 parts?

A

tracheids, vessel elements and parenchyma

153
Q

Phloem tissue is composed of which 3 parts?

A

sieve tube members
companion cells
parenchyma

Botany (4 decks)

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