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Anatomy > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

diaphragm motor innervation

A

phrenic nerve C3-5)

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2
Q

diaphragm sensory innervation

A
  • mostly phrenic nerve

- peripheral edges supplied by intercostal nerves

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3
Q

distribution of nerve in diaphragm

A
  • L and R phrenic distributed radially = central incisions in radial fashion
  • intercostals distribute transversely at peripheral edge = transverse incisions transverse or circumferential
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4
Q

diaphragm arterial supply

A
  • superior surface: superior phrenic arteries, musculophrenic artery, pericardiophrenic arteries
  • inferior surface: inferior phrenic arteries
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5
Q

venous drainage of diaphragm

A
  • R inferior phrenic vein drains into IVC at caval hiatus

- L inferior phrenic vein joins L adrenal vein and drains in to left renal vein

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6
Q

diaphragmatic hiatuses

A
  • caval T8
  • esophageal T10
  • aortic T12
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7
Q

paired branches of abdominal aorta

A
  • inferior phrenic (upper L1/lower T12)
  • middle adrenal (L1)
  • lumbar (L1-L4)
  • renal (L2)
  • gonadal (lower L2)
  • bifurcation to common iliacs (L4)
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8
Q

unpaired branches of abdominal aorta

A
  • celiac axis (upper L1/lower T12)
  • superior mesenteric (lower L1)
  • inferior mesenteric (L3)
  • median sacral (L5)
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9
Q

spinal cord blood supply

A

great radicular artery arising from lumbar arteries

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10
Q

azygous formation

A

right ascending lumbar vein merges with right subcostal vein

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11
Q

hemiazygous formation

A

left ascending lumbar vein merges with left subcostal vein

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12
Q

IVC bypass

A

left/right ascending lumbar veins connect common iliac, iliolumbar, and lumbar veins to azygous/hemiazygous systems and can bypass IVC in case of thrombosis

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13
Q

distribution of vagus nerves

A
  • celiac plexus
  • renal plexus
  • superior mesenteric plexus
  • superior to splenic flexure to supply foregut and midgut
  • gonads
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14
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A
  • not a true sphincter and more of a high pressure area

- angle of his near cardia helps prevent reflux

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15
Q

barrett’s esophagus

A
  • esophagus is normally stratified squamous epithelial

- chronic reflux results in columnar cell metaplasia and can be treated with anti-reflux

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16
Q

Z line

A

junction of esophageal and gastric tissue (squamous and columnar junction)

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17
Q

cardia

A

portion of stomach just distal to esophageal-gastric junction

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18
Q

fundus

A

most superior portion, superior to place of esophageal-gastric junction

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19
Q

body

A

main reservoir of the stomach, distal half is the antrum

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20
Q

pylorus

A

muscular sphincter area that connects to the duodenum

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21
Q

chief cells

A
  • located in the body

- secrete enzymes

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22
Q

parietal cells

A
  • located in the body

- secrete gastric acid

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23
Q

G cells

A
  • located in the antrum

- secrete gastrin

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24
Q

lesser curvature blood supply

A

L/R gastric arteries

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25
Q

greater curvature blood supply

A

L/R gastroepiploic arteries

gastro-omental

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26
Q

fundus and upper body blood supply

A

short and posterior gastric arteries

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27
Q

pyloric blood supply

A

gastroduodenal artery

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28
Q

innervation of stomach and duodenum

A
  • parasympathetic: anterior/posterior vagal trunks

- sympathetic: celiac ganglia

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29
Q

4 parts of duodenum

A
  • transverse
  • descending (overlies hilum of right kidney, IVC, and iliopsoas)
  • ascending (crossed by SMA and SMV)
  • transitional (becomes jejunum at ligament of treitz)
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30
Q

transverse duodenum ulceration

A

posterior penetrating ulceration of transverse duodenum can cause severe hemorrhage from gastroduodenal artery

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31
Q

duodenal papilla

A
  • major papilla: opening into descending duodenum the drains the common bile ducts and major pancreatic duct through sphincter of oddi
  • minor papilla: opening in to duodenum that drains accessory pancreatic duct
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32
Q

ampulla of vater

A
  • union of major pancreatic duct and common bile duct that drains into the major papilla through sphincter of oddi
  • located halfway down descending duodenum
  • marks transition from foregut to midgut
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33
Q

blood supply of duodenum

A

inferior and superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

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34
Q

pancreatic buds

A
  • dorsal: becomes head, neck, body, tail

- ventral: becomes uncinate process

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35
Q

pancreatic duct formation

A
  • dorsal duct degenerates or may become accessory pancreatic duct of santorini
  • ventral duct becomes main pancreatic duct of wirsung
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36
Q

parts of pancreas

A
  • head (in duodenum C curve)
  • neck (overlies SMA/SMV)
  • body
  • tail
  • uncinate process (posterior to SMV)
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37
Q

spleen functions

A
  • oversized lymph node
  • storage of RBC and platelets
  • eliminate senescent and damaged cells
  • filter antigens
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38
Q

splenectomy complications

A
  • thrombocytosis leading to thrombosis

- toxic shock syndrome from encapsulated gram + cocci

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39
Q

extrahepatic bile ducts

A
  • junction of cystic duct and common bile duct is highly variable
  • common bile duct empties into ampulla of vater and met by pancreatic duct
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40
Q

triangle of calot

A
  • inferior edge: cystic duct
  • superior edge: liver
  • medial edge: common/R hepatic duct
  • contains the cystic artery
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41
Q

epiploic foramen of winslow

A

hole in gastrohepatic ligament behind the portal hepatis that can be used to tamponade bleeding from hepatic arteries

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42
Q

portal triad

A
  • portal vein
  • proper hepatic artery
  • common bile duct
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43
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

-IMV joins the splenic vein and merges with SMV to form portal vein

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44
Q

portal hypertension

A
  • can be caused by alcoholic or post-necrotic cirrhosis

- dilation of portal systemic anastomes can cause life threatening bleeding form varices

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45
Q

portal-systemic anastomoses

A
  • paraesophageal (varices)
  • paraumbilical (caput medusa)
  • superior/inferior rectal (hemorrhoids)
  • retroperitoneal
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46
Q

ventral mesentery

A

becomes the liver, falciform ligament, and lesser omentum

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47
Q

hepatic ligaments

A
  • falciform ligament: contains ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum
  • round ligament: connects liver to umbilicus
  • coronary ligament: continuation of falciform that runs along superior surface
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48
Q

lobes of liver

A

-divide by gallbladder fossa
-right lobe
-left lobe:
caudate (anterior between vena cava and
falciform);
quadrate (posterior between gallbladder fossa and
falciform);
lateral segment (everything left of falciform)

49
Q

parts of small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
50
Q

penetrating vs perforating ulcers

A
  • anterior ulcers perforate

- posterior ulcers penetrate (can cause pancreatitis and typically treated surgically)

51
Q

superior mesenteric artery branches

A
  • inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • middle colic artery (transverse colon)
  • right colic artery (ascending colon)
  • ileocolic artery (cecum)
  • jejunal/ileal branches (small intestine anastomoses)
52
Q

contrast jejunum and ileum

A
  • vasa recta become shorter moving distally
  • vascular arcades become fore complex moving distally
  • plicae circulares become shorter and fewer moving distally
  • lymphoid peyers patches increase moving distally
53
Q

myenteric plexus

A
  • superficial

- contains parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation

54
Q

submucosal plexus

A
  • deeper

- contains parasympathetic innervation

55
Q

migrating motor complexes

A
  • coupled segmental and longitudinal contractions
  • facilitated by motilin
  • move undigested food towards the colon in fasting state
56
Q

meckel’s diverticulum

A
  • remnants of omphalomesenteric duct
  • occurs in 2% of population
  • found within 2 feet of ileocecal valve
  • ectopic mucosa in 2% of patients
  • can mimic appendicitis
57
Q

intussusception

A
  • obstruction where small intestine telescopes through ileocecal valve
  • characterized by red currant jelly like stool
58
Q

parts of large intestine

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
  • rectum
  • anal canal
59
Q

teniae coli

A
  • three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that assist in peristalsis
  • not found in the rectum
60
Q

haustra

A

pouching of large intestinal segments separated by longitudinal muscles

61
Q

omental appendages

A

peritoneal fat accumulations on the colon

62
Q

ileocecal valve

A
  • one way valve separating small and large intestine
  • critical in limiting colonic reflux
  • closure of valve stimulated by colonic distention
63
Q

mcburney’s point

A
  • 1/3 distance moving from ASIS to umbilicus

- point on abdomen with max tenderness in acute appendicitis

64
Q

inferior mesenteric branches

A
  • left colic artery(descending colon)
  • sigmoid arteries (sigmoid colon)
  • superior rectal artery (rectum)
65
Q

marginal artery of drummond

A

terminal anastomoses of superior and inferior mesenteric arterial branches

66
Q

diverticulosis

A
  • outpouching of colonic wall, often at point of penetration of blood vessels
  • only found proximal to the rectum
67
Q

volvulus

A
  • sigmoid colon wraps around itself and its mesentery causing a closed loop obstruction
  • often caused by chronic constipation and subsequent progressive dilation
68
Q

nerve supply of intestines

A

-celiac plexus: small intestine, ascending/transverse colon, abdominal visceral organs
-sympathetic: greater, lesser, least splanchnic
-parasympathetic: vagus
-aortic plexus: descending/sigmoid colon and proximal rectum
-sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic
-parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic of sacral
plexus

69
Q

perirenal fat

A

extraperitoneal fat that surrounds the kidney and is enclosed by the renal fascia

70
Q

pararenal fat

A

fat that separates the anterior layer of the renal fascia from the peritoneum and separates the posterior layer of the renal fascia from the quadratus lumborum

71
Q

kidney poles

A
  • superior pole associated with suprarenal gland
  • right superior pole more inferior due to the liver
  • inferior pole close to iliac crest
72
Q

kidney sinus

A

deep opening found on medial surface of kidney

73
Q

kidney hilum

A

found in the sinus of the medial margin of the kidney

74
Q

renal pelvis

A

internal portion of the hilum that drain in to ureters

75
Q

renal cortex

A

continuous band of tissue just deep to the capsule that contain glomeruli

76
Q

renal columns

A

invaginations of the renal cortex that divide the medulla into pyramids

77
Q

renal medulla

A

darker and more striated that the cortex, contains the loop of henle, renal tubules, and collecting ducts

78
Q

renal pyramids

A

subsections of the renal medulla separated by renal columns

79
Q

renal rays

A

longitudinal striations in the renal medulla

80
Q

renal papillae

A

apical projections of renal pyramids that extend towards the center of the kidney

81
Q

minor calyx

A

accepts contents of collecting tubules and surrounds renal papillae

82
Q

major calyx

A

accepts contents of 2-3 minor calyx and drains in to renal pelvis

83
Q

adrenal blood supply

A

superior, middle, inferior adrenal arteries

84
Q

renal vein drainage

A
  • right side directly into IVC

- left side renal vein collects drainage from many other veins

85
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • secretes corticosteroids and androgens
  • receives no innervation
  • controlled by pituitary secretions
86
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • secretes epinephrine/norepinephrine

- sympathetic innervation from greater splanchnic nerves

87
Q

lumbar plexus

A

I “twice” Get Laid On Fridays

  • subcostal nerve (T12)
  • iliohypogastric nerve (T12-L1)
  • ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
  • genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)
  • lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-3)
  • obturator nerve (L2-4)
  • femoral nerve (L2-4)
88
Q

male urethra

A
  • preprostatic: contains internal urinary sphincter and is the shortest part
  • prostatic: widest part
  • membranous: contains external urinary sphincter and is the skinniest part
  • spongy: longest part
89
Q

ductus deferens

A

transports spermatazoa to the ejaculatory duct from the testes

90
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

fusion of seminal vesicle and ductus deferens that opens into the prostatic urethra

91
Q

corpus cavernosum

A
  • 2

- each supplied by deep artery of the penis

92
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

contains spongy urethra and is supplied by bulbourethral artery

93
Q

tunica vaginalis

A
  • closed peritoneal sac with a parietal and visceral layer

- not found in the ovaries

94
Q

tunica albuginea

A
  • tough connective tissue capsule of the testicle

- has analogous structure in the ovaries

95
Q

cremaster muscle

A
  • found in inguinal canal and scrotum
  • surrounding testis and spermatic cord
  • reflexively raise and lower testes to maintain temperature
96
Q

epididymis parts

A
  • head: coiled mass formed from efferent ductules
  • body: true epididymis, single duct into which efferent ductules drain
  • tail: inferior enlargement continuous with ductus deferens
97
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • accessory glands that sit posterior to bladder and join ductus deferens to make ejaculatory duct
  • secretions add volume to ejaculate
  • do not store sperm
98
Q

prostate

A
  • accessory structure that surrounds the urethra, anterior to the rectum
  • comprised of 30-40 individual glands that empty independently into prostatic sinus
  • add volume to ejaculate
99
Q

ovaries

A
  • site of egg production

- estrogen/progesterone synthesis

100
Q

ovarian blood supply

A

ovarian artery

101
Q

ovarian innervation

A
  • ovarian plexus
  • sympathetic: lesser splanchnic
  • parasympathetic: vagus
102
Q

suspensory ligament

A

attaches ovaries to lateral pelvic wall

103
Q

utero-ovarian ligament

A

attaches ovaries to lateral uterus and is part of broad ligament

104
Q

mesovarium

A

part of broad ligament most proximal to ovaries

105
Q

uterus parts

A
  • body: main part
  • fundus: rounded superior portion
  • isthmus: constricted region connecting body and cervix
  • cervix: cylindrical inferior part surrounded by vaginal fornix (has internal and external os)
106
Q

infundibulum

A

trumpet shaped end of fallopian tube

107
Q

frimbrae

A

tentacle like projections at end of infundibulum

108
Q

ampulla

A

progressively widening portion connecting to the uterus

109
Q

vaginal innervation

A
  • innervated by uterovaginal plexus
  • sympathetic: lower thoracic and upper lumbar splanchnic nerves
  • parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves that respond to stretch
  • only lower 1/4 receives somatic innervation from pudendal nerve
110
Q

clitoris

A

-2 corpora cavernosa and no spongiosum

111
Q

arterial supply of femoral head

A
  • femoral profunda artery
    • medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries
  • obturator artery, but is not a major contributor
112
Q

anterior compartment of thigh

A
  • hip flexors and knee extensors
  • innervated by femoral nerve
  • supplied by femoral artery
  • sartorius
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
  • iliopsoas
  • pectineus
113
Q

anteromedial compartment of the thigh

A
  • hip adductors
  • innervated by obturator nerve
  • supplied by obturator artery
  • adductor longus, brevis, magnus
  • gracilis
  • obturator externus
114
Q

posterior compartment of thigh

A
  • hip extensors and knee flexors
  • innervated by tibial division of sciatic nerve
  • supplied by deep femoral artery
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
  • biceps femoris (short head common fibular nerve)
115
Q

anterior compartment of leg

A
  • dorsiflexion of foot and toe extension
  • innervated by deep fibular nerve
  • supplied by anterior tibial artery
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallicus longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius
116
Q

lateral compartment of leg

A
  • foot eversion and weak plantar flexion
  • innervated by superficial fibular nerve
  • fibularis longis
  • fibularis brevis
117
Q

superficial posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • plantarflexion of foot
  • innervated by tibial nerve
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
118
Q

deep posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • plantarflexion
  • innervated by tibial nerve
  • contains posterior tibial artery
  • popliteus
  • flexor hallicus longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • tibialis posterior

Anatomy (4 decks)

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