Final Flashcards
neck landmarks
- laryngeal prominence
- hyoid bone superior to laryngeal prominence
- thyroid cartilage inferior to laryngeal prominence
- cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
- SCM
- trapezius
- playsma
hyoid bone
- needed for breathing and swallowing
- serves as base of tongue
- maintains open lumen of pharynx
posterior compartment contents
- cervical vertebrae
- spinal cord
- cervical spinal nerves
- muscles associated with cervical vertebrae
anterior compartment components
- esophagus
- trachea
- thyroid gland
lateral compartment contents
- common carotid artery
- internal carotid artery
- internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve
retropharyngeal space complications
-abscess can rupture in to the space and infect superior mediastinum
platysma innervation
CN 7
Facial
sternocleidomastoid innervation
CN XI
spinal accessory
and branches C2 and C3
posterior triangle borders
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius
- clavicle
posterior triangle floor
- anterior scalene
- middle/superior scalene
- levator scapulae
- splenius capitus
posterior triangle muscles
omohyoid
posterior triangle vasculature
- subclavian artery/vein
- external jugular artery/vein
posterior triangle nerves
- accessory nerve
- phrenic nerve
- brachial plexus
posterior triangle regions
- separated by omohyoid
- occipital triangle = superior
- supraclavicular = inferior
anterior triangle borders
- mandible
- anterior cervical midline
- SCM
suprahyoid region
- superior part of anterior triangle
- divided by digastric
- submental triangle
- submandibular triangle
infrahyoid region
- inferior part of anterior triangle
- separated by superior omohyoid
- muscular triangle
- carotid triangle
submental triangle borders
- digastric
- hyoid
- cervical midline superior to hyoid
submental triangle floor
- geniohyoid
- mylohyoid
submental triangle contents
- superior aspect of anterior jugular vein
- nerve to mylohyoid
submandibular triangle borders
- mandible
- anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
submandibular floor
- hypoglossus
- mylohyoid
submandibular triangle contents
- submandibular gland
- hypoglossal nerve
- lingual artery/vein
- submental artery/vein
- facial artery exits
carotid triangle borders
- omohyoid
- digastric
- SCM
carotid triangle vasculature
-external jugular vein
carotid sheath
- internal jugular vein
- common carotid artery
carotid triangle nerves
- ansa cervicalis
- hypoglossal nerve
- vagus nerve
muscular triangle borders
- superior omohyoid
- SCM
- cervical midline inferior to hyoid
muscular triangle visceral contents
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- pharynx
muscular triangle muscles
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
eye muscle nerves
LR6 SO4 AO3
- lateral rectus = abducens
- superior oblique = trochlear
- all others = oculomotor
carotid body
- bifurcation of common carotid
- measure O2
- glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
carotid sinus
- internal carotid
- measures BP
- glossopharyngeal nerves
external carotid branches
“some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students”
- superior thyroid (anterior)
- ascending pharyngeal (posterior)
- lingual (anterior)
- facial (anterior)
- occipital (posterior)
- posterior auricular (posterior)
terminal branches
- maxillary
- superficial temporal
mylohyoid
- innervation: trigeminal nerve
- elevates hyoid
geniohyoid
- innervation: hypoglossal nerve
- pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly
stylohyoid
- innervation: facial nerve
- elevates and retracts hyoid
digastric
- innervation anterior: trigeminal
- innervation posterior: facial
- depresses mandible, raises hyoid
strap muscles innervation
- sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid innervated by ansa cervicalis
- thyrohyoid innervated by hypoglossal
thyroid vascular supply
- superior and inferior thyroid arteries
- superior = superior pole
- inferior = posterior thyroid
- inferior, middle, superior thyroidal veins
olfactory nerve
- CN 1
- sense of smell
- brainstem origin: retina
optic nerve
- CN 2
- nerve of vision
- brainstem origin: forebrain
oculomotor nerve
- CN 3
- motor to superior/media/inferior rectus; inferior oblique; levator palebrae superioris
- brainstem origin: midbrain
trochlear nerve
- CN 4
- motor to superior oblique
- brainstem origin: midbrain
trigeminal nerve
- CN 5
- ophthalmic division: sensory
- maxillary division: sensory
- mandibular division: sensory; motor to muscle of mastication
- brainstem origin: pons
abducent nerve
- CN 6
- motor to lateral rectus
- brainstem origin: pons
facial nerve
- CN 7
- motor and sensory functions
- brainstem origin: pons
vestibulocochlear nerve
- CN 8
- hearing, equilibrium, and motion
- brainstem origin: pons
glossopharyngeal nerve
- CN 9
- motor, sensory, and taste
- brainstem origin: medulla
vagus nerve
- CN 10
- sensory and motor
- brainstem origin: medulla
- most posterior in carotid sheath
spinal accessory nerve
- CN 11
- motor to SCM and trapezius
- arises from ventral motor neurons in upper 5 or 6 cervical vertebrae
hypoglossal nerve
- CN 12
- motor to tongue
- brainstem origin: medulla
pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
-joins glossopharyngeal (CN 9) branches to form pharyngeal plexus
superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
- divides into internal/external laryngeal branches
- internal involved with coughing reflex
recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus nerve
- sensory below vocal cord
- motor to larynx except cricothyroid
cervical sympathetic trunk
- inferior, middle, superior ganglia
- autonomic nerve fibers
cervical plexus
- formed from ventral rami C1-C5 roots
- motor and cutaneous sensation
thyroid and tracheostomy
have to divide the isthmus for access to the trachea
thyroid-nerve relationships
- recurrent nerve arises at inferior thyroid artery bifurcation to innervate larynx
- external laryngeal nerve at bifurcation of superior thyroid artery
- thyroid as sympathetic nerve fibers from cervical sympathetic ganglia that are vasomotor
embryology remnants
- pyramidal lobe most common variant (remnant of thyroglossal duct)
- have to dissect out middle of hyoid or it will reoccur
thyroid nodules
-benign nodules common (functioning or non-functioning)
goiter
- diffuse associated with iodine deficiency
- toxic overproduces hormones
- non-toxic normal or underproducing hormones
- symptoms due to compression of trachea/esophagus
primary hyperparathyroidism
-gland misfunction causes increased PTH
secondary hyperparathyroidism
- end stage renal disease causes phosphate levels to increase which decreases calcium levels
- PTH then increases due to negative feedback of decreased calcium
- treat with kidney transplant
thyroid and calcium regulation
- C cells in thyroid secrete calcitonin to decrease Ca levels
- parathyroid secretes PTH to increase Ca levels
cricoid cartilage
- inferior portion divide larynx and trachea
- only cartilage that completely encircles
larynx/trachea cartilages
- thyroid
- cricoid
- arytenoid
- corniculate
- cuneiform
- epiglottis
- tracheal rings
vocal cord muscles
all innervated by recurrent laryngeal except cricothyroid which is innervated by superior laryngeal
oral vestibule
- space between teeth, gums, lips, and cheeks
- cheek comprised of buccinator
oral cavity proper
- dental arches = lateral and anterior
- hard/soft palate = roof
- oropharynx = posterior
parotid gland duct
small papilla on mucosa opposite of upper 2nd molar
divisions of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
- internal nares to soft palate
- pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
- orifice of auditory tube
oropharynx
- area posterior to mouth
- digestive function
- passage for air
tonsils
- correct name is palantine
- blood supply tonsillar artery
tonsillar ring (waldeyer’s)
- help preserve sterility of digestive tract
- circular band of lymphatic tissue
- includes palatine, nasopharyngeal, and lingual tonsils
laryngopharynx
-superior epiglottis to inferior cricoid
pharynx sensory innervation
- pharyngeal plexus supplied by glossopharyngeal
- exception is nasopharynx mucus membrane is maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
pharynx motor innervation
-pharyngeal plexus supplied from vagus nerve
constrictors
- constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing
- innervated by pharyngeal plexus
zenker’s diverticulum
- most frequently elderly males
- dysphagia, foul breath, aspiration, regurgitation, left neck mass
- failure of cricopharyngeus muscle to relax during swallowing
layers of scalp
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Pericranium
ear landmarks
- helix
- antihelix
- tragus
- antitragus
- concha
- lobule
muscle around mouth
orbicularis oris
muscles inferior to mouth
- depressor anguli oris
- depressor labii inferioris
muscle from mouth to zygomatic
zygomaticus major/minor
forehead muscle
frontalis
muscles superior to mouth
- levator labii superioris
- levator anguli oris
muscle around eye
orbicularis oculi
vermillion border
outer border of lips
oral commissure
corner where lips meet
arteries of the face
- occipital
- temporal
- ophthalmic
- facial
- lingual
triangle of danger
- from vermillion border to bridge of the nose
- thrombi and infection can spread from face to cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus due to lack of valves with facial vein connection
- thrombosis, meningitis, and cerebral edema are possible
parotid gland
-divided by facial nerve into superficial and deep lobes
external layer of eye
- anteriorly 1/6th is cornea
- remaining 5/6th is sclera
middle layer of eye
- choroid
- vascular supply to retina
iris
- anterior to lens
- contractile diaphragm
- opening is the pupils
ciliary processes
secrete aqueous humor
ciliary body
- -connects choroid to iris
- contracts to relax the suspensory ligament which causes the lens to bulge
retina
-internal layer
retina vascular supply
-central artery of retina
refractive media of the eye
- cornea
- aqueous humor
- lens
- vitreous body
aqueous humor
- anterior compartment: between cornea and iris
- posterior compartment: between iris and lens
cornea
- astigmatism is imperfection in surface
- largely responsible for light refraction
vitreous body
- fills chamber between lens and retina
- never changed or replaced
blowout fracture
- inferior rectus has impingement
- eye can’t look up
external ear
- auricle
- external acoustic meatus
internal ear
vestibulocochlear organ
external ear sensory
- great auricular nerve
- auriculotemporal nerve
tympanic membrane
- separates external from middle ear
- external sensation auriculotemporal
- internal sensation glossopharyngeal
middle ear
- auditory ossicles
- muscles
- chorda tympani
- pharyngotympanic tube
bony labyrinth
- cochlea
- vestibule
- semicircular canals
membranous labyrinth
-contains endolymph (Meniere’s = increase)
position of head
utricle and sacule
rotation
semicircular canal
auditory sensation
cochlear duct
