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Anatomy > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

neck landmarks

A
  • laryngeal prominence
  • hyoid bone superior to laryngeal prominence
  • thyroid cartilage inferior to laryngeal prominence
  • cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
  • SCM
  • trapezius
  • playsma
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2
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • needed for breathing and swallowing
  • serves as base of tongue
  • maintains open lumen of pharynx
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3
Q

posterior compartment contents

A
  • cervical vertebrae
  • spinal cord
  • cervical spinal nerves
  • muscles associated with cervical vertebrae
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4
Q

anterior compartment components

A
  • esophagus
  • trachea
  • thyroid gland
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5
Q

lateral compartment contents

A
  • common carotid artery
  • internal carotid artery
  • internal jugular vein
  • vagus nerve
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6
Q

retropharyngeal space complications

A

-abscess can rupture in to the space and infect superior mediastinum

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7
Q

platysma innervation

A

CN 7

Facial

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8
Q

sternocleidomastoid innervation

A

CN XI
spinal accessory

and branches C2 and C3

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9
Q

posterior triangle borders

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius
  • clavicle
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10
Q

posterior triangle floor

A
  • anterior scalene
  • middle/superior scalene
  • levator scapulae
  • splenius capitus
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11
Q

posterior triangle muscles

A

omohyoid

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12
Q

posterior triangle vasculature

A
  • subclavian artery/vein

- external jugular artery/vein

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13
Q

posterior triangle nerves

A
  • accessory nerve
  • phrenic nerve
  • brachial plexus
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14
Q

posterior triangle regions

A
  • separated by omohyoid
  • occipital triangle = superior
  • supraclavicular = inferior
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15
Q

anterior triangle borders

A
  • mandible
  • anterior cervical midline
  • SCM
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16
Q

suprahyoid region

A
  • superior part of anterior triangle
  • divided by digastric
  • submental triangle
  • submandibular triangle
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17
Q

infrahyoid region

A
  • inferior part of anterior triangle
  • separated by superior omohyoid
  • muscular triangle
  • carotid triangle
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18
Q

submental triangle borders

A
  • digastric
  • hyoid
  • cervical midline superior to hyoid
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19
Q

submental triangle floor

A
  • geniohyoid

- mylohyoid

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20
Q

submental triangle contents

A
  • superior aspect of anterior jugular vein

- nerve to mylohyoid

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21
Q

submandibular triangle borders

A
  • mandible

- anterior and posterior bellies of digastric

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22
Q

submandibular floor

A
  • hypoglossus

- mylohyoid

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23
Q

submandibular triangle contents

A
  • submandibular gland
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • lingual artery/vein
  • submental artery/vein
  • facial artery exits
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24
Q

carotid triangle borders

A
  • omohyoid
  • digastric
  • SCM
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25
Q

carotid triangle vasculature

A

-external jugular vein

carotid sheath

  • internal jugular vein
  • common carotid artery
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26
Q

carotid triangle nerves

A
  • ansa cervicalis
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • vagus nerve
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27
Q

muscular triangle borders

A
  • superior omohyoid
  • SCM
  • cervical midline inferior to hyoid
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28
Q

muscular triangle visceral contents

A
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • pharynx
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29
Q

muscular triangle muscles

A
  • omohyoid
  • sternohyoid
  • thyrohyoid
  • sternothyroid
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30
Q

eye muscle nerves

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

  • lateral rectus = abducens
  • superior oblique = trochlear
  • all others = oculomotor
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31
Q

carotid body

A
  • bifurcation of common carotid
  • measure O2
  • glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
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32
Q

carotid sinus

A
  • internal carotid
  • measures BP
  • glossopharyngeal nerves
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33
Q

external carotid branches

A

“some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students”

  • superior thyroid (anterior)
  • ascending pharyngeal (posterior)
  • lingual (anterior)
  • facial (anterior)
  • occipital (posterior)
  • posterior auricular (posterior)

terminal branches

  • maxillary
  • superficial temporal
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34
Q

mylohyoid

A
  • innervation: trigeminal nerve

- elevates hyoid

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35
Q

geniohyoid

A
  • innervation: hypoglossal nerve

- pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly

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36
Q

stylohyoid

A
  • innervation: facial nerve

- elevates and retracts hyoid

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37
Q

digastric

A
  • innervation anterior: trigeminal
  • innervation posterior: facial
  • depresses mandible, raises hyoid
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38
Q

strap muscles innervation

A
  • sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid innervated by ansa cervicalis
  • thyrohyoid innervated by hypoglossal
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39
Q

thyroid vascular supply

A
  • superior and inferior thyroid arteries
  • superior = superior pole
  • inferior = posterior thyroid
  • inferior, middle, superior thyroidal veins
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40
Q

olfactory nerve

A
  • CN 1
  • sense of smell
  • brainstem origin: retina
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41
Q

optic nerve

A
  • CN 2
  • nerve of vision
  • brainstem origin: forebrain
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42
Q

oculomotor nerve

A
  • CN 3
  • motor to superior/media/inferior rectus; inferior oblique; levator palebrae superioris
  • brainstem origin: midbrain
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43
Q

trochlear nerve

A
  • CN 4
  • motor to superior oblique
  • brainstem origin: midbrain
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44
Q

trigeminal nerve

A
  • CN 5
  • ophthalmic division: sensory
  • maxillary division: sensory
  • mandibular division: sensory; motor to muscle of mastication
  • brainstem origin: pons
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45
Q

abducent nerve

A
  • CN 6
  • motor to lateral rectus
  • brainstem origin: pons
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46
Q

facial nerve

A
  • CN 7
  • motor and sensory functions
  • brainstem origin: pons
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47
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A
  • CN 8
  • hearing, equilibrium, and motion
  • brainstem origin: pons
48
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • CN 9
  • motor, sensory, and taste
  • brainstem origin: medulla
49
Q

vagus nerve

A
  • CN 10
  • sensory and motor
  • brainstem origin: medulla
  • most posterior in carotid sheath
50
Q

spinal accessory nerve

A
  • CN 11
  • motor to SCM and trapezius
  • arises from ventral motor neurons in upper 5 or 6 cervical vertebrae
51
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A
  • CN 12
  • motor to tongue
  • brainstem origin: medulla
52
Q

pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

A

-joins glossopharyngeal (CN 9) branches to form pharyngeal plexus

53
Q

superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

A
  • divides into internal/external laryngeal branches

- internal involved with coughing reflex

54
Q

recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus nerve

A
  • sensory below vocal cord

- motor to larynx except cricothyroid

55
Q

cervical sympathetic trunk

A
  • inferior, middle, superior ganglia

- autonomic nerve fibers

56
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • formed from ventral rami C1-C5 roots

- motor and cutaneous sensation

57
Q

thyroid and tracheostomy

A

have to divide the isthmus for access to the trachea

58
Q

thyroid-nerve relationships

A
  • recurrent nerve arises at inferior thyroid artery bifurcation to innervate larynx
  • external laryngeal nerve at bifurcation of superior thyroid artery
  • thyroid as sympathetic nerve fibers from cervical sympathetic ganglia that are vasomotor
59
Q

embryology remnants

A
  • pyramidal lobe most common variant (remnant of thyroglossal duct)
  • have to dissect out middle of hyoid or it will reoccur
60
Q

thyroid nodules

A

-benign nodules common (functioning or non-functioning)

61
Q

goiter

A
  • diffuse associated with iodine deficiency
  • toxic overproduces hormones
  • non-toxic normal or underproducing hormones
  • symptoms due to compression of trachea/esophagus
62
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

-gland misfunction causes increased PTH

63
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • end stage renal disease causes phosphate levels to increase which decreases calcium levels
  • PTH then increases due to negative feedback of decreased calcium
  • treat with kidney transplant
64
Q

thyroid and calcium regulation

A
  • C cells in thyroid secrete calcitonin to decrease Ca levels
  • parathyroid secretes PTH to increase Ca levels
65
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • inferior portion divide larynx and trachea

- only cartilage that completely encircles

66
Q

larynx/trachea cartilages

A
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
  • arytenoid
  • corniculate
  • cuneiform
  • epiglottis
  • tracheal rings
67
Q

vocal cord muscles

A

all innervated by recurrent laryngeal except cricothyroid which is innervated by superior laryngeal

68
Q

oral vestibule

A
  • space between teeth, gums, lips, and cheeks

- cheek comprised of buccinator

69
Q

oral cavity proper

A
  • dental arches = lateral and anterior
  • hard/soft palate = roof
  • oropharynx = posterior
70
Q

parotid gland duct

A

small papilla on mucosa opposite of upper 2nd molar

71
Q

divisions of pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
72
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • internal nares to soft palate
  • pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
  • orifice of auditory tube
73
Q

oropharynx

A
  • area posterior to mouth
  • digestive function
  • passage for air
74
Q

tonsils

A
  • correct name is palantine

- blood supply tonsillar artery

75
Q

tonsillar ring (waldeyer’s)

A
  • help preserve sterility of digestive tract
  • circular band of lymphatic tissue
  • includes palatine, nasopharyngeal, and lingual tonsils
76
Q

laryngopharynx

A

-superior epiglottis to inferior cricoid

77
Q

pharynx sensory innervation

A
  • pharyngeal plexus supplied by glossopharyngeal

- exception is nasopharynx mucus membrane is maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

78
Q

pharynx motor innervation

A

-pharyngeal plexus supplied from vagus nerve

79
Q

constrictors

A
  • constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing

- innervated by pharyngeal plexus

80
Q

zenker’s diverticulum

A
  • most frequently elderly males
  • dysphagia, foul breath, aspiration, regurgitation, left neck mass
  • failure of cricopharyngeus muscle to relax during swallowing
81
Q

layers of scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
82
Q

ear landmarks

A
  • helix
  • antihelix
  • tragus
  • antitragus
  • concha
  • lobule
83
Q

muscle around mouth

A

orbicularis oris

84
Q

muscles inferior to mouth

A
  • depressor anguli oris

- depressor labii inferioris

85
Q

muscle from mouth to zygomatic

A

zygomaticus major/minor

86
Q

forehead muscle

A

frontalis

87
Q

muscles superior to mouth

A
  • levator labii superioris

- levator anguli oris

88
Q

muscle around eye

A

orbicularis oculi

89
Q

vermillion border

A

outer border of lips

90
Q

oral commissure

A

corner where lips meet

91
Q

arteries of the face

A
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • ophthalmic
  • facial
  • lingual
92
Q

triangle of danger

A
  • from vermillion border to bridge of the nose
  • thrombi and infection can spread from face to cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus due to lack of valves with facial vein connection
  • thrombosis, meningitis, and cerebral edema are possible
93
Q

parotid gland

A

-divided by facial nerve into superficial and deep lobes

94
Q

external layer of eye

A
  • anteriorly 1/6th is cornea

- remaining 5/6th is sclera

95
Q

middle layer of eye

A
  • choroid

- vascular supply to retina

96
Q

iris

A
  • anterior to lens
  • contractile diaphragm
  • opening is the pupils
97
Q

ciliary processes

A

secrete aqueous humor

98
Q

ciliary body

A
  • -connects choroid to iris

- contracts to relax the suspensory ligament which causes the lens to bulge

99
Q

retina

A

-internal layer

100
Q

retina vascular supply

A

-central artery of retina

101
Q

refractive media of the eye

A
  • cornea
  • aqueous humor
  • lens
  • vitreous body
102
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • anterior compartment: between cornea and iris

- posterior compartment: between iris and lens

103
Q

cornea

A
  • astigmatism is imperfection in surface

- largely responsible for light refraction

104
Q

vitreous body

A
  • fills chamber between lens and retina

- never changed or replaced

105
Q

blowout fracture

A
  • inferior rectus has impingement

- eye can’t look up

106
Q

external ear

A
  • auricle

- external acoustic meatus

107
Q

internal ear

A

vestibulocochlear organ

108
Q

external ear sensory

A
  • great auricular nerve

- auriculotemporal nerve

109
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • separates external from middle ear
  • external sensation auriculotemporal
  • internal sensation glossopharyngeal
110
Q

middle ear

A
  • auditory ossicles
  • muscles
  • chorda tympani
  • pharyngotympanic tube
111
Q

bony labyrinth

A
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
112
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

-contains endolymph (Meniere’s = increase)

113
Q

position of head

A

utricle and sacule

114
Q

rotation

A

semicircular canal

115
Q

auditory sensation

A

cochlear duct

Anatomy (4 decks)

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