Midterm Flashcards
Characteristics of Absolutism
All power held by the King
No limitations on his power
He can proclaim laws, levy taxes, declare war, and appoint officials
All power is held by the king not nobles (opposite of earlier periods)
Divine Right
Belief that a king’s authority came directly from God
Only God could judge the King
King Louis XIV
Absolute monarch over France
Symbol was the Sun King Apollo
Established the theories of absolutism
Palace of Versaille
Consisted of the Hall of Mirrors which was used to intimidate people
King, nobles, and government ministers lived at Versailles
Louis XIV was painted all over the palace (glorification of Louis XIV)
Illustrated the power of France (remember the mirrors)
Natural Rights
Inalienable rights that people are born with like life, liberty, and property
Philosophes
Use of reasoning to improve society (not religion)
Natural laws
Happiness in the world is inalienable
Humans could achieve progress in society through reasoning not religion
Locke
Humans were the product of their education, training, experience
Believed in natural rights to life, liberty, and property
Social contract between ruler and his people
Ruler can be overthrown if they violate the social contract
Hobbes
Social contract theory
Humans were naturally bad
Supported absolutism
Enlightenment’s Affect on Absolutism
Questioned absolute authority (Montesquieu who believed in a division of power ) Inspired revolutions (Locke’s beliefs on overthrowing the ruler) Where does power derive from? God or the people (popular sovereignty)? Intellectual attacks on the church (promote freedom of religion) Freedom of speech and the press
Political Causes of French Revolution
Resentment of royal absolutism
The King Louis XVI had total control over the government (issues, enforces, and interprets laws)
Louis XVI was clueless, incompetent, did not know how to lead
Estates general had not met for 175 without anyone’s opinion on the government
Censorship of the press
Economic Causes of French Revolution
Louis XVI refused to implement economic reforms proposed by Necker
Louis did not effectively deal with the debt (Loans, extravagant spending, Wars)
The 1st estate and 2nd estate (wealthy) not taxed
Poor harvest led to the high cost of bread (eventually led to Women’s March)
Social/Intellectual causes of the french revolution
Resentment of noble privileges (class warfare)
Rise of Enlightenment
Desire by women for power (women’s march)
Class warfare (nobility vs bourgeoisie vs peasantry)
Inspiration from American Revolution
Estates System
Social classes of France
1st Estate - Clergy - pray for france
2nd Estate - Nobility - fight for france
3rd Estate - Peasants + Bourgeoisie - work for France (paid taxes)
Bourgeoisie
middle class of France, educated class
Guillotine
In beginning: Enlightened machine, great equalizer, humane way to die
In end: weapon of mass murder, form of horror, associated with France forever
Robespierre
Leader of the committee of public safety
Executed anyone who was not loyal or patriotic to the French government
Killed by those who were afraid they would be executed themselves
Promoted civic virtue, anti religion, and loved Rousseau
Estates General Meeting
Called to deal with France’s debt
People showed up with cahiers, which are a list of grievances
Voting:
1 vote by estate instead of by person/population
The First and second estate would join together to block the 3rd estate
OR by population (which would benefit 3rd estate)
Tennis Court Oath
Third estate renamed to national assembly
Louis barred them from the estates general meeting
In response they went to Tennis Courts and formed an oath
Oath: would not disband until constitution
Storming of Bastille
Belief that Louis was sending an army against the people (needed weapons)
Symbol of royal tyranny (power)
Declaration of Rights of Man and citizen
Equal rights for all men
Purpose of government was to serve the people and protect their natural rights
Freedom religion, press, and speech
Women’s March to Versaille
Desire by Parisian women for bread and the lowering of its cost
Force Louis and Marie back to Paris
Illustrative of the violent power of women
Flight to Varennes
Louis and Marie tried to escape to Austria to get soldiers
Caught and executed
Found guilty of treason
Reign of Terror
Led by Robespieree and his committee of public safety
Anti religion
Targeted anti revolutionaries
Robespierre was executed since they were afraid they would executed next
Coup d’etat
Sudden and violent overthrow of an existing government by a military leader
Napoleon Domestic Policies
Plebiscites: vote by the people of an entire country to decide an issue
Economic: prices and supply control, Bank of France, banned trade unions, new currency (Francs), sold Louisiana Territory
Education: emphasis on patriotism, created lycees (schools),
Napoleonic Code
Concordant of 1801: brought back the Roman Catholic Church in France
Napoleon’s Foreign Policies
Egypt: took antiquities
Haiti: gave up on them and granted independence
Continental System: all trade with Great Britain was forbidden and all good coming and going were seized
Confederation of the Rhine: took over German states
Peninsular War: GB & Spain vs Nap
Invasion of Russia
Scorched Earth Policy
Russia policy to burn crops and slaughter animals as Napoleon’s forces go deeper into Russia
Invasion of Russia (include number of troops)
Scorched Earth Policy
600,000 French troops vs 100,000 Russian troops
Napoleon was forced to retreat (Great Retreat)
Winter set in and Russians attacked using guerilla warfare
40,000 French troops thousand survived
100 Days Campaign
Napoleon’s last bid for power
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon’s final battle
Lost to Duke of Wellington (British)
Exiled again
Legacy
Domestic policies were significant and good
Foreign policies were power hungry (bit off more than what he could chew) military genius
Insitituded slavery in the colonies
Social Structure of Saint Domingue
White landowners,
White merchants and shopkeepers
Mulattoes (mixed race)
Enslaved ‘90% of the population’
Economic Importance of Haiti
Sugar, indigo, coffee
Political Causes of Haitian Revolution
90% of the population did not have any political rights
Absolutism (French king is in charge of the island)
Lack of freedom of speech, press
Economic Causes of Haitian Revolution
90% of the island could not participate in building any personal wealth
Profits from sugar and coffee were being made by 10% of the island and Frenchmen back in France
Slavery is free labor
Social/Intellectual Causes of the Haitian Revolution
Inspiration from French revolution
Slavery (Racial divide)
Enlightenment ideas & inspiration
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Leader of Haitian Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
They grew more food
Crop rotation
Seed drill
Better breeding of livestock
Enclosure Method
Land developers purchased community land and enclosed it
Turned it from farm land to grazing land (Sheep)
Wool for textile industry
Unemployed became labor force for the industrial revolution
Why did the agricultural revolution start in Great Britain?
Natural resources Expanding economy Banking system Surplus of human labor Political stability Geographic advantages
Textile importance in industrial revolution
First industrial revolution industry
Wool from enclosure method
First inventions were textile related
Factory System
Powered at first by water then to steam Produce more good at a cheaper rate Poor working conditions Child labor Employment of mothers = rise in infant mortality and children were weak and uneducated
Important Inventions in the Industrial Revolution
Textile industry: inventions were made that sped up the number of threads that could be processed creating stronger material and mass amounts of material
Transportation: trains (also railroads) and steamboats to transport people and goods in larger quantities and at a faster speed
Importance of Rail roads
Cheap transport = industrial growth
New labor jobs
Cheap transport = more food and fish = more agriculture
People could take distance jobs and travel more
Positives of Industrialization
More jobs More and cheaper goods Higher standard of living + hope Healthier population Technological progress
Negatives of Industrialization
Poor living conditions (disease, dirty, crowded)
Low life expectancy
Poor working conditions
Child labor
Isolation from others + sexual promiscuity
Rise of crime
Role of Women in industry
Worked in factories and made money
Entrepreneurs
A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
Communism
Considered a complete/pure form of socialism
Theory is that all land, mines, factories, railroads, and business are owned by the people
Private property would cease to exist because all goods and services would be shared equally
Government would cease to exist
Socialism
an economic system in which factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto
Government should control factories, mines,railroads, and plan out production.
The bourgeoisie (middle class) vs the proletariat (workers)
capitalism
an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
Developed by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations
Promoted laissez-faire economics (no government interference in business)
Factories are owned by private individuals
Unions
The joining of workers in voluntary labor associations to push for remorse (collective bargaining)
Political Causes of Imperialism
Naval ships needed ports around the world
Taking of land to prohibit another country from growing too large (maintain a balance of power)
Economic Causes of Imperialism
Access to natural resources
New markets to sell goods
Outlet for a growing population (new areas to live and work)
Social causes of imperialism
Missionaries, doctors, officials believed they had a duty to spread the ‘blessings of western of civilizations’
Medicine, law, religion
Social darwinism
Berlin Conference
Conference of European countries set down rules for establishing colonies
Did not invite officials from Africa
Militarism
1800’s, rise of glorification of war and keeping an army prepared for war
Alliance System
Started with Ottoman Von Bismarck
Distrust among countries led to the creation of alliances
Nationalism
Deep devotion to country
Germany was a proud, unified country
France wanted revenge for Franco Prussian War
Russia had to defend all Slavs
Austria-Hungary is FEARFUL/HATES nationalism b/c of potential revolts from their minority population
Imperialism
Competition for colonies led to rivalry and mistrust
Assassination
Serbian terrorist group assassinated Hungarian heir to the throne
Austria - Hungary
After heir to the throne is assassinated, Serbia refused to give in Austria’s ultimatum to help in the investigation of the assassination
Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm II was horrified by assassination so gave Austria a ‘blank check’
Russia
Germany and Austria refused to back down and Russia pledged to defend Slavic states like Serbia
France
Triple Entente alliance and revenge for Franco - Prussian War
GB
Germany invaded Belgium
Gavrilo Princip
Serbian Terrorist who assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Schlieffen Plan
Purpose was for Germany avoid a two front war between France and Russia
Planned to defeat France quickly, then go after Russia
Germany had to march through neutral Belgium, depended on Russia mobilizing slowly, and depended on France being taken down quickly
Plan failed, Results in a two front war, Stalemate with trench warfare
Trench Warfare
Characteristics of ‘no man’s land’
-Huge craters from shelling
-No vegetation
-Barbed wire
-Machine gun fire
Movements at the front
-Assaults happened just before and after dawn
-Daytime nothing happened, relatively safe
-Poison gas was in the morning due to cold air
-Night was used for raiding and investigating
New Weapons in WW1
Poison gas
Machine guns
Tanks
Total War
Channeling a nation’s resources into the war effort
Propaganda
Designed to keep morale up for the war
Each side bashed the other side in print
Censored the press
Kept casualty figures and depressing news from the people
Role of women in WW1
Took over men’s jobs
Working in manufacturing and industry
Worked as military nurses
Political Causes of Russian Rev
Russia was an autocracy, form of government with total power, Nicholas II dissolved Russia’s first parliament
Rise of revolutionary movements such as the Bolsheviks
WWI revealed the weakness of the Tsar’s rule (869)
Provisional Government continued to fight in WWI, Provisional Government is weak
Economic Causes of Russian Rev
Growth of factories brought problems such as grueling working conditions, low wages, and child labor
Government outlawed trade unions
During WWI, there were food and fuel shortages as well as inflation
Social/Intellectual Causes of Russian Revolution
Russia wanted a uniform culture
Other religions and languages besides the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian were not tolerated
Russia kept an eye on its citizens (private letters, schools)
Bolsheviks
Radical Marxist group led by Lenin that overthrew the government
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Russia, under Bolshevik rule, surrendered a large part of its territory to Germany
Public found it humiliating
Lusitania
A british ship destroyed by the germans that had americans on board
Angered american public BUT did not push into the war IMMEDIATELY
Zimmerman Telegram
Germany asked mexico to attack america
Britain intercepted and showed the US
US got angry and entered the war
Utilization of colonies in the war
Europe ran out of men so they turned to their colonies
They unloaded ships, carried ammunition, dug trenches, help injured men
Some fought
GB has segregated units while France had unified ones
Paris Peace Conference & feelings of the countries & outcome
Held to determine the treaty to end WW1
The big four held all the power (US, GB, France, Italy)
Germany was forced to sign or risk invasion, they were humiliated and bitter
US wanted 14 points
GB wanted Germany to pay and wanted to rebuild Britain
France wanted to cripple Germany so it could never rise up again
Italy wanted the territories promised at the beginning of the war
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s points to prevent a future war
Arms reductions
No secret alliances & creation of global group
Redraw Borders properly and grant sovereignty to all nationalities of Austria
Equal trade and fair colonial claims
Treaty of Versailles
Bullied Germany by making them pay reparations, reduce their military, give up territory, admit fault, and humiliate the german people
Germany wanted revenge due to this
