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WEB GIS > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Internet

A

network of connected computers that the web works on

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2
Q

world wide web

A

the pages you see when you’re at a device and you’re online

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3
Q

client-server architecture

A

a computing model in which the server hosts, delivers and manages most of the resources and services to be consumed by the client (data tier, logical tier, presentation tier)

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4
Q

1969

A

the year the internet was created

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5
Q

1990

A

the year the world wide web was created (URL, HTTP, HTML, JS)

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6
Q

1993

A

the year web GIS was created

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7
Q

2009

A

the year ArcGIS was created

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8
Q

Web GIS

A

a Geographic Information System distributed across the internet to communicate geographic information visually on the world wide web

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9
Q

two-tier architecture

A

direct link between client and data source

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10
Q

data tier

A

database / data storage

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11
Q

logical tier

A

processes data and consists of GIS server (provides GIS services) and web server (provides web services)

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12
Q

presentation tier

A

the user interface

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13
Q

Web 1.0

A

refers to tools for publishing static information that is “owned” and considered proprietary, fact checked and attributed. Those who had information are sharing it with those who want it. INFORMATION SHARING

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14
Q

Web 2.0

A

web pages that visitors can add to or change (e.g., Amazon reviews) - Distributed Collaborative. INTERACTIVE

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15
Q

Software as a service (SaaS)

A

a software distribution model in which a cloud provider hosts applications and makes them available to end users over the internet (ArcGIS Online portal)

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16
Q

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

A

e.g., Amazon EC2 – when the hardware infrastructure—the physical servers and networking equipment on your premises—is replaced by virtual machines and virtual networking provisioned and configured using the administrative interfaces of the cloud platform of your choice

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17
Q

Platform as a service (PaaS)

A

provides an application platform or middleware as a service on which developers can build and deploy custom applications

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18
Q

cloud-based deployment

A

using ArcGIS Online as a Software as a Service (SaaS) to manage, publish and share our spatial resources over the web

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19
Q

on-premises deployment

A

disconnected from Internet, customer owned GIS Server (ArcGIS Server)

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20
Q

hybrid deployment

A

any combination of ArcGIS Online + ArcGIS Enterprise

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21
Q

firewall

A

security tool that restricts the number of ports on your machine through which traffic can be sent to and received from other computers

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22
Q

reverse proxy

A

a type of proxy server that retrieves resources on behalf of a client from one or more servers. These resources are then returned to the client as if they originated from the proxy server itself

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23
Q

five types of content in ArcGIS Online and Portal for ArcGIS

A

data, layers, web maps, tools, and apps

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24
Q

workflow for creating web apps

A

data > hosted layer > web map > web app

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25
Q

components of a web app

A

basemaps, operational layers, and tools

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26
Q

three principals of WWW technology

A

HTTP, URL, and HTML

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27
Q

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

A

Defines a set of rules and procedures that Web clients and Web servers use to communicate with each other

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28
Q

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

A

Specifies where an identified resource is available on the Internet

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29
Q

GeoServer and MapServer

A

examples of web GIS servers

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30
Q

Apache / Tomcat

A

examples of web servers

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31
Q

PostGIS/PostgreSQL

A

examples of databases

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32
Q

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

A

The main language for creating Web pages

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33
Q

HTTPS (Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

A

The use of ordinary HTTP over an encrypted Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connection

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34
Q

stateless (e.g., HTTP)

A

The connection between the browser and the server is lost once the transaction ends

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35
Q

Server-side technology

A

web servers (e.g., Apache Tomcat) and programming languages (e.g., Java, Python) that run inside them

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36
Q

Client / browser-side technology

A

web browser (Implements HTTP, HTML, and JavaScript) and programming languages

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37
Q

XML and JSON

A

two main formats for exchanging data over the Web. XML is tag/markup-based. JSON is more like data format

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38
Q

types of Geospatial Web service services

A

map, data, analytical, and metadata

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39
Q

GIS database

A

the underlying support for Web GIS application

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40
Q

Web GIS client

A

represents the end-user interface

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41
Q

Thin client

A

Client sends request to server, server processes the request, and client’s browser displays information. A thin client’s job is just to display what is provided by an application server, which performs the bulk of any required data processing. Lot of pressure on server

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42
Q

Thick client

A

A thick client is a type of application where the bulk of processing and operations happen at the client side or on the machine where the application is installed. Less pressure on the server

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43
Q

User experience principles

A

fast, simple, fun

44
Q

types of operational layers

A

ready to use layers from Living Atlas of the World and feature layers (a hosted feature layer is a layer created from a vector dataset that is stored and served from ArcGIS online). Non-hosted is maybe you’re editing a layer in ArcGIS Pro

45
Q

Feature service

A

web service that supplies geographic features and attributes to clients

46
Q

ArcGIS Arcade

A

Lightweight and secure expression language designed for customizing labels/popups

47
Q

Web AppBuilder vs Experience Builder

A

Web AppBuilder has less flexible layouts, less styling controls, can’t integrate 2D/3D in one app, and can’t perform action triggers. Both have a “What you see is what you get” user experience

48
Q

Website

A

A collection of web pages put together, a front-end user interface through a web browser, Meant for use by humans, uses HTML, CSS, Java Script, has a URL, runs on a web server

49
Q

Web service

A

a program that runs on a Web server to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a
network. Unlike a website, doesn’t have a user interface; accessed by HTTP methods

50
Q

Geospatial Web service

A

a web service that provides access to, or data processing on, geographic information

51
Q

Interoperability

A

the capability to communicate, execute programs,
or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the characteristics of those units

52
Q

Types of map services

A

Feature (vector), image, Image map services, Tiled (fixed size image tiles)

53
Q

Caching

A

the server draws the map at several scales and stores copies of the map images. The server can then distribute these images whenever someone asks for a map.

54
Q

load balancing

A

distributing network traffic across multiple servers (hardware and software approaches)

55
Q

Geospatial mashup

A

An integration of multiple data layers or datasets
dynamically, often from multiple sources, into a new application. Geomashup is a mashup where at least one of the contents or functions is georeferenced.

56
Q

Mashup design and implementation

A

Define objectives, Search for the Web resources you need using geoportals, Publish your contents and functions when they are not available on the Web, Organize the contents and functions into basemaps, operational layers, and tools, Test, enhance, and deploy the application

57
Q

Web 3.0

A

also known as “the Semantic Web,” provides personalization that allows users to access the Web more intelligently. The goal is to tailor online searching and requests to users’ specific search patterns, preferences, and needs. Artificial Intelligence. IMMERSIVE

58
Q

semantic

A

MEANING - the power of recognizing, understanding, perceiving, and then accordingly responding.

59
Q

2014

A

s the year that access to the internet via mobile

devices exceeded the desktop. THE MOBILE REVOLUTION

60
Q

Mobile GIS

A

integrates Mobile devices and their OS and Wireless communications for Internet access

61
Q

Types of mobile GIS applications

A

Location-based services (Google Maps, Yelp, Uber), Volunteered Geographic Information (report accidents, georeferenced Tweets), Virtual Reality (replaces reality - simulation of 3D environment), Augmented Reality (adds to reality - overlay digital information on smartphone, e.g., Pokemon Go)

62
Q

Browser-based mobile app development

A

apps you create with ArcGIS web app templates, run inside web browsers. Single version of code
across all platforms.

63
Q

native mobile app development

A

e.g., Collector, Explorer, Survey123. require platform specific programming skills. expensive. better user experience. Offline mode

64
Q

Hybrid-based mobile app development

A

combines native apps component and browser-based. one code base, multiple platforms

65
Q

ArcGIS Collector

A

allows adding, removing, and updating geometries (points, lines, and polygons) and attributes. MAP CENTRIC

66
Q

Survey123

A

Point collection only. FORM CENTRIC

67
Q

Geoportal

A

Web sites where geospatial information can be

discovered, accessed and used. – facilitates geospatial information sharing between provider and user

68
Q

Spatial Data Infrastructure

A

the infrastructure that facilitates the discovery, access, management, distribution, reuse, and preservation of digital geospatial resources. Objective is to maximize the overall use of geographic information in both
public and private sectors

69
Q

Geoportal roles

A

Publisher (provide content), Administrator (manage content), and User

70
Q

Metadata

A

who, what, when, where, why and how - usually in XML format

71
Q

Geospatial metadata standards

A

A common set of terms and definitions that describe geospatial resources - facilitates the location and readability of the metadata by both humans and machines

72
Q

Distributed geoportal catalog

A

Performs search from multiple catalogs. Geoportals with distributed catalogs need to distribute user’s search requests to the participating catalogs (federal/state government, NGO, universities), merge the results from each catalog, and then present the merged results to the user.

73
Q

Centralized geoportal catalog

A

All metadata records contained in one catalog.

74
Q

Geoportal challenges

A

complexity of metadata standards, semantic search (meaning vs spelling), Protecting copyright

75
Q

Digital Rights Management

A

e.g., copyright statement, license, managed access, watermarking, Encryption

76
Q

Temporal resolution

A

time interval a t which events are sampled

77
Q

Internet of Things

A

The network of physical objects/devices or
“things” embedded with sensors and network connectivity, which enable these objects or “things” to collect and exchange data

78
Q

Internet of Things examples

A

smart heath, smart retail, precision agriculture, smart homes

79
Q

Real-time GIS

A

Continuous stream of events flowing from a sensor or feed

80
Q

GeoEvent Server

A

can connect numerous types of streaming data, perform continuous data processing and analysis, and send updates and alerts when specified conditions occur, all in real time – enables real-time event-based data streams to be integrated as data sources in your enterprise GIS for use in web maps and apps

81
Q

Geofence

A

a virtual geographic boundary (admin-defined), defined by GPS or RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) technology, that enables software to trigger a response when a mobile device (user-exposed) enters or leaves a particular area

82
Q

Poll method for real-time data delivery

A 
real-time GIS data is first saved in a feature class
and then exposed as a feature or map service for the client to poll periodically (pulls the latest state) refresh interval
83
Q

Push method for real-time data delivery

A

real-time GIS data is pushed out to the client

immediately as stream services vis a WebSocket.

84
Q

time-enabled layer

A

Layers that have been time-enabled and have either a single date attribute field or two date fields (beginning & ending data fields). can be point, lines, or polygons.

85
Q

Temporal data

A

include observations of objects and events that move or change through time

86
Q

National Spatial Data Infrastructure

A

Promotes collaboration at the local, regional, and national levels the private and non profit sectors, and the academic community. “Democratization of data”

87
Q

Data-duplication-based NSDI 1.0

A

involves exporting, transporting, and importing the data - slow, high cost, copyright concerns. Government-centric

88
Q

Web-Services-based NSDI 2.0

A

User Generated Content, VGI, cloud computing. User-centric

89
Q

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) web services

A

XML-based protocol used for data exchange between applications PROTOCOL-BASED

90
Q

RESTful (Representational State Transfer) web services

A

based on HTTP, which is a request-response protocol, and uses JSON for a data format, which is super browser compatible ARCHITECTURE-BASED. client/server, stateless, layered, and support caching

91
Q

Uniform Resource Identifier

A

a character sequence that identifies a logical (abstract) or physical resource – usually, but not always, connected to the internet. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), or web address, is the most common form of URI.

92
Q

Raster tile layer

A

A set of square images placed next to each other, each with fixed geographical area and scale

93
Q

Dynamic map services

A

Maps generated on the fly at the time they are requested by a user. Dynamic layers allow clients to change layer appearance and behavior on the fly in a map service.

94
Q

Tiled map services/layers

A

Maps are pre-rendered, Often for static data. Useful for the static and large datasets such as satellite images and street maps.

95
Q

Vector tile layer

A

store a vector representation of the data. Client-side rendering of vector tiles allows for vector tile layers to be customized

96
Q

Map image layers vs. feature layers

A

Server-side rendering vs Client-side rendering

Limited client experience and interactivity vs Rich client experience and interactivity

97
Q

Geoportal roles

A

Provider, Registry (Geoportal), and User

98
Q

How Web GIS works

A
  1. The client reaches the server through a URL
  2. Requests from the clients to the server are sent relying on the HTTP
  3. The server then responds to the requests and send them back through HTTP
99
Q

GIS server

A

A machine that provides GIS web services and does things related to sending and processing geographic information

100
Q

Operational layers

A

thematic representations of your data - represents both data and visualization (feature services or feature layers)

101
Q

Basemap layers

A

provide reference or context – Should be cached (tile services)

102
Q

XML vs JSON

A

JSON has a smaller file size and efficiently transmits data to the web as compared to XML. JSON accesses data through JSON objects whereas XML needs data to be parsed. JSON is easily readable as it has a more organized structure of code.

103
Q

Best practice for thin vs thick

A

Current best practice recommends basemaps done by the server and operational layers typically render by the browser, unless the data size is too large for the browser to handle. Essentially, easier functions are performed by the browser and complex functions are handled by the server.

104
Q

What you see is what you get

A

The idea that with app builders, your design looks like the final product

105
Q

Methods for optimizing web services

A

Caching, load balancing, require role-based authentication

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