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Insect Taxonomy > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Classification

A

The grouping of species

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

ii. Theory and practice of classifying

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3
Q

Systematics

A

Sciences of the diversity of organisms. The science dedicated to the discovery, organization and interpretation of diversity

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4
Q

Determination

A

Identification

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5
Q

Nomenclature

A

Application of names to species and higher taxa following the rules of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

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6
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Study of the genealogical relationships

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7
Q

Molecular Systematics

A

Systematics that is based on some set of molecular data

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8
Q

Integrative Systematics

A

Systematics that incorporates available data from all sources

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9
Q

g. Beta taxonomy

A

Aspect of taxonomy concerning the arrangement of species in a system.

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10
Q

Scala Naturae

A

the crudest starting point for classification. It was a line

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11
Q

Downward classification

A

logical division, dichotomies

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12
Q

Upward classification

A

Assemble similar groups working from bottom and going up

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13
Q

Polyphyletic theory

A

multiple different events that produced arthropods and we just group these things together.

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14
Q

Monophyletic theory

A

there was one single path to arthropodization

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15
Q

Onychophora Synapomorphies

A
  1. oral papillae -slime glands
  2. peribuccula lobes (mouthparts)
  3. tracheal morphology
    1. extensively cross-linked nerve strands extending along the underside of body segments
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16
Q

Tartigrada Synapomorphies

A
  1. nerve commissure from the protocerebrum to the first trunk ganglion
  2. telescopic mouth and legs
  3. mitochondrial gene trnI located between genes trnL1 and trnL2
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17
Q

Ecdysis

A

the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Similarity to arthropoda in tardigrada

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18
Q

General characteristics of Arthropoda

A
  1. Body segmented
  2. Tagmosis
  3. Open circulatory system - hemocoel
  4. Complete gut
  5. nervous system
  6. ecdysis (molting)
  7. Muscles in segmental bands
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19
Q

Arthropoda Synapomorphies

A
  1. lateral compound eyes
  2. cuticle forms exoskeleton
  3. jointed appendages
  4. specialization of gut
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20
Q

Trilobita tagmata

A
  1. Cephalon
  2. Thorax
  3. Pygidium
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21
Q

Trilobita appendages

A
  1. exite lobes

2. endite lobes

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22
Q

Crustacea tagmata

A
  1. Cephalothorax

2. Abdomen

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23
Q

Chelicerata Tagmata

A
  1. Prosoma (cephalothorax)

2. Opithosoma (abdomen)

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24
Q

Chelicerata appendages

A

6 pairs

  1. Pair chelicerae
  2. Pair pedipalps
  3. 3 pairs are legs
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25
Q

Class Merostomata

A

(Chelicerata) horseshoe crab

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26
Q

Class Pycnogonida

A

(Chelicerata) Sea spiders

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27
Q

Class Arachnida Tagmata

A
  1. Prosoma

2. Opisthosoma

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28
Q

Class Arachnida appendages

A
  1. 1 pair of chelicerae
  2. 1 pair of pedipalps
  3. 4 pairs of legs
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29
Q

Order Uropygi

A

whipscorpions

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30
Q

Order Palpigradi

A

micro whip scorpiones

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31
Q

Order Schizomida

A

short-tailed whip scorpiones

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32
Q

Order Amblypygi

A

Tail-less whip scorpiones

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33
Q

Subphylum Myriapoda tagmata

A
  1. Cephalon

2. Trunk

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34
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda Synapomorphies

A

1) Tagmatization (head, throax, abdomen)
2. Labium
3. Loss of abd. appendages

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35
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda Characteristics

A
  1. pair of lateral compound eyes
  2. appendages (antennae, mandible, maxillae, 2nd maxillae)
  3. wings often present
  4. gonopore
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36
Q

Ellipura members

A

Protura + Collembola

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37
Q

Ellipura sister group

A

Diplura + Insecta

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38
Q

Ellipura Synapomorphies

A
  1. Advanced entognathy

2. Linea ventralis

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39
Q

Ellipura Characteristics

A
  1. antennal flagellomeres intrinsically musculated
  2. 1 seg tarsi
  3. monocondylic mandibles
  4. wingless
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40
Q

Protura Synapomorphies

A
  1. no tentorium
  2. no antennae
  3. fore-legs modified and
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41
Q

Collembola Synapomorphies

A
  1. only 6 abdominal segments
  2. collophore tube on AI
  3. retinaculum on AIII
  4. furcula on AIV
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42
Q

Cercophora

A

Diplura + Insecta

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43
Q

Cercophora Synapomorphies

A
  1. Cerci

2. Paired tarsal claws

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44
Q

Diplura Synampomorphies

A

not any good ones

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45
Q

Insecta sister group

46
Q

Insecta synapomorphies

A
  1. Ectognathy
  2. Johnston’s organ
  3. flagellomeres
  4. tari subsegmented
47
Q

Clade Dicondylia Synapomorphies

A
  1. Dicondylic mandibles
48
Q

Members of dicondylia

49
Q

Pterygota Synapomorphies

50
Q

Pterygota members

A

everything with wings

51
Q

Ephemeroptera Synapomorphies

A
  1. no functional mouthparts
  2. males have enlarged forelegs
  3. Turbinate eye
52
Q

Odonata Synapomorphies

A
  1. Pterothorax
  2. Auricle
  3. prehensile labial mask
53
Q

Phylogenetics

A

the study of genealogical relationships

54
Q

Parsimony Analysis

A

– a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct.

55
Q

Maximum Likelihood

A

to determine the tree topology, branch lengths, and parameters of the evolutionary model that maximize the probability of observing the sequences at hand

56
Q

Bayesian Analyses

A

combines the information in the prior and in the data likelihood to create the so-called posterior probability of trees, which is the probability that the tree is correct given the data, the prior and the likelihood model

57
Q

Apomorphy

A

A new, modified character state in an evolutionary transformation series.

58
Q

Autapomorphy

A

An apomorphy that is unique to a specific taxon.

59
Q

Character

A

A variable feature (attribute) of a taxon.

60
Q

Character state

A

One of the variant conditions of a character.

61
Q

Cladogram

A

A branching diagram illustrating a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among taxa.

62
Q

Clade

A

An entire portion of a phylogeny that is descended from a single ancestral species.

63
Q

Monophyly

A

The state that a group has when it includes a common ancestor and of its descendants

64
Q

Paraphyly

A

The state that a group has when it includes a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants.

65
Q

Phylogeny

A

The genealogy of a group of taxa.

66
Q

Polyphyly

A

A state that a group has when its most recent ancestor is assigned to some other group and not the group itself.

67
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

The original, preexisting character state in an evolutionary transformation series.

68
Q

Sister group

A

A species or higher monophyletic taxon that is hypothesized to be the closest genealogical relative of a given taxon exclusive of the ancestral species of both taxa.

69
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A shared character state for a group of taxa which is thought to have originated as an evolutionary novelty in the most recent common ancestor of the taxa.

70
Q

Taxon

A

A named taxonomic unit to which individuals, or sets of species, are assigned.

71
Q

Neoptera Synapomorphies

A
  1. Third axillary sclerite w/pleural wing-folding muscle
  2. Axillary sclerites with lines of flexion
  3. Reduction in veins in the wing
72
Q

Dermaptera Synapomorphies

A
  1. Telescoping abdominal segments
  2. Hindwing circular with radiating veins
  3. Female with A8-A9 internalized. Male has A10 segments
73
Q

Order Grylloblattodea

A

ice crawlers

rock crawlers

74
Q

Order Mantophasmatodea

A

gladiators

heal walkers

75
Q

Order Zoraptera Synapomorphies

A
  1. 9 segmented antennae
  2. 2 segmented tarsomeres
  3. hind legs have swollen femora
  4. Highly reduced winged venation - no vanus
76
Q

Superorder Dictyoptera members

A

Crockroaches, termites, and mantis

77
Q

Superorder Dictyoptera synapomorphoes

A
  1. toothed proventriculus
  2. Perforated cephalic tentorium
  3. enlarged subgenital plate
  4. Oothecae
78
Q

Order Mantodea synapomorphies

A
  1. raptorial forelegs

2. prothorax morphology

79
Q

Evolutionary taxonomy

A

aka eclectic taxonomy. used experts, character weighting and phylogram

80
Q

phylogram

A

a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to how many character changes have been inferred along the branches.

81
Q

Phenetic Classification

A

totally numerical & used a phenogram. used quantified characters and included every single character. Used OTUs and algorithms

82
Q

Phenogram

A

diagram depicting taxonomic relationships among organisms based on overall similarity of many characteristics without regard to evolutionary history or assumed significance of specific characters: usually generated by computer.

83
Q

Cladistic classification

A

a modern form of taxonomy that places organisms on a branched diagram called a cladogram (like a family tree) based on traits such as DNA similarities and phylogeny.

84
Q

Superorder Acercaria members

A

Psocoptera, Phthriaptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera

85
Q

Superorder Acercaria synapomorphies

A

i. cerci lost
ii. sternum I reduced/lost
iii. abdominal ganglia fused
iv. postclypeus swollen w/dilator muscles (looks like they have a fat upper lip)
v. asymmetrical mandibles
vi. spermatozoans with two flagella

86
Q

Psocodea membera

A

Psocoptera + Phthiraptera

87
Q

Psocodea Synapomorphies

A

(1) sclerotization in cibarium
(2) polytrophic ovarioles
(3) reduced ovipositor

88
Q

3 suborders of Psocoptera

A
  1. Trogiomorpha
  2. Troctomorpha
  3. Psocomorpha
89
Q

Phthiraptera synapomorphies

A
  1. Unmovable head
  2. Short, stout antennae
  3. Ectoparasite
90
Q

4 suborders of phthiraptera

A
  1. Rhynchophthirina
  2. Ambylcera
  3. Ischnocera
  4. Anoplura
91
Q

Thysanoptera synapomorphies

A
  1. pretarsal bladder
  2. 3 stylet mouth
  3. Atrophied right manidble
  4. Cone shaped feeding projection
  5. wings bearing fringe of setae
92
Q

Hemiptera synapomorphoes

A
  1. Hemiptera beak
93
Q

Senso lato means

A

in the broad sense

94
Q

Senso stricto mean

A

in the narrow sense

95
Q

Homoptera suborders

A

Auchenorrhyncha

Sternorrhyncha

96
Q

Members of Sternorrhyncha

A

coccoids, whiteflies, mealy bugs, scales and aphids

97
Q

Opisthognathous

A

mouthparts between forelegs

98
Q

tectiform wings

A

position of wings is tentlike or rooflike

99
Q

Superfamily Psylloidea members

A

Psyliidae + other families

100
Q

Pytophogous

A

feeding on plants

101
Q

What is a lerp

A

a structure of crystallized honeydew produced by larvae of psyllid bugs as a protective cover

102
Q

Superfamily Aleyrodidae members

A

whiteflies

103
Q

Vasiform orifice

A

synapomorphy of aleyrodidae. A honeydew-excreteing organ -cuplike structure to chuck honeydew away from themselves

104
Q

Superfamily Coccoidea members

A

scale insects and mealybugs

105
Q

Suborder Auchenorryhyncha synapomorphies

A
  1. Tymbals and tympanum

2. Setaceous antennae

106
Q

Infraorder Cicadomorpha members

A

Ciadas
membracids
cercopidae

107
Q

Infraorder Fulgoromorpha members

A

Acanloniidae, Delphacids, Flatidae, Dityopharidae, Derbidae

108
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

ancestral trait

109
Q

Heteroptera synapomorphies

A
  1. gula
  2. abdominal scent glands in nymphs
  3. hemelytra
110
Q

Heteroptera members

A

ENICOCEPHALOMORPHA
DIPSOCOROMORPHA
GERROMORPHA
NEPOMORPHA

Insect Taxonomy (6 decks)

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