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Insect Taxonomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Endopterygota/Holometabola synapomorphies

A
  1. Holometabolous development
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2
Q

Holometabolous development

A

egg, larvae, pupae, adult

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3
Q

Imaginal discs

A

pockets that are in the larvae, expressed during the pupal stage and the tissues later become the adult

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4
Q

% of holometabolous insects

A

85%

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5
Q

Neuroptera synapomorphies

A

unpaired diverticulum of proventiculus

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6
Q

Order Neuroptera suborders

A

Megaloptera
Raphidioptera
Plannipennia (=Neuroptera s.s.)

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7
Q

Types of Larval forms

A
  1. Campodeiform - elongate body & legs
  2. Vermiform - maggot form
  3. Eruciform - catepillar form
  4. Elateriform - heavily scelerotized worm
  5. Scarabaeiform - C shaped
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8
Q

Megaloptera members

A

dobsonflies, fishflies, alderflies

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9
Q

Rhapidioptera synapomorphies

A

snakeflies - they have an elongate prothorax

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10
Q

Plannipennia members

A

lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, & owlflies

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11
Q

Plannipennia synapomorphy

A

they have feeding tusks formed from mandible & maxilla that they use as a straw

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12
Q

Example of a family that has hypermetamorphosis

A

mantispidae, Strepsiptera, meloidae

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13
Q

Triungulan

A

the mobile first instar larva of an insect that undergoes hypermetamorphosis

Ex: blister beetles, mantispidae, Ripiphoridae

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14
Q

Directed path keys types

A

pictorial keys, bracket style keys, indented path key, utilitarian keys

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15
Q

Undirected path keys Examples

A

Synoptic key

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16
Q

Pictorial key

A

a directed path key, minimal amount of technical jargon, for the non-specialist

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17
Q

Bracket style key

A

a directed path key, couplets side by side with 2 options

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18
Q

Indented path key

A

directed path key, the key couplets are indented to tell you where to go

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19
Q

Utilitarian key

A

artificial key, no meaning to the taxa that are grouped together

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20
Q

Natural key

A

a directed path key, this type of key uses the phylogenetic tree where clades are recovered at different couplets. the phylogenetic characters that you use are synapomorphies

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21
Q

synoptic key

A

an undirected path key, uses filters to eliminate characters. Characters are scored for each taxa

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22
Q

Monograph

A

everything known about a particular group. Contain old biological information, taxonomic information, distribution, economic significance, etc.

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23
Q

Revisions

A

taxonomic revisions are pulling a bunch of genera and everything that is known up to the date. They cover all species to date, there are lots of graphics and illustrations

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24
Q

Fundamental element

A

taxonomic descriptions & diagnosis

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25
Q

4 suborders of Coleoptera

A
  1. Polyphaga
  2. Archostemata
  3. Adephaga
  4. Myxophaga
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26
Q

Coleoptera Synapomorphies

A
  1. Gula
  2. 11 antennomeres or less
  3. Elytra
  4. Posteriormotorism - hind wings used for flight
  5. thorax morphology
  6. abdominal terga weakly sclerotized
  7. telescoping genitalia
  8. legs underneath body
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27
Q

Coleoptera diversity

A

25% of known life

>400,000 species

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28
Q

Suborder Archostemata superfamilies

A
  1. Cupedoidea
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29
Q

Suborder Adephaga superfamilies

A
  1. Caraboidae
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30
Q

Superfamily Caraboidae synapomorphies

A
  1. coxa that are fused to the back edge of the metasternum
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31
Q

Superfamily Caraboidae families

A
  1. Carabidae
  2. Dytiscidae
  3. Noteridae
  4. Gyrinidae
  5. Haliplidae
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32
Q

Suborder Myxophaga superfamilies

A
  1. Microsporoidae
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33
Q

Suborder Polyphaga Superfamilies

A

17 total

Ex: Scarabaeoidae, hydrophiloidae, Staphylinoidae, Buprestoidea, etc.

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34
Q

Antliophora members

A

Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera

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35
Q

Mecoptera

A

Scorpion-flies and hanging flies

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36
Q

sister group to mecoptera

A

Diptera + Siphonaptera

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37
Q

Mecoptera synapomorphies

A

Clypeus and labrum are fused together

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38
Q

cleptoparasitism

A

stealing meal from spiders

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39
Q

Siphonaptera synapomorphies

A
  1. Bilaterally flattened
  2. ectoparasites on vertebrates
  3. lacinae styletiform
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40
Q

Siphonaptera metamorphosis

A

hypermetamorphosis

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41
Q

Diptera sister group

A

mecoptera and/or siphonaptera

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42
Q

Diptera Synapomorphies

A
  1. Labellum
  2. Halteres
  3. Mesothorax greatly englarged, T1 & T3 reduced
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43
Q

Nematocera plesimorphy

A
  1. long threadlike antennae
  2. maxillary palp 3-5 segments (labellum)
  3. more complete veination that brachycera
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44
Q

Nematocera infraorders

A
  1. tipulomorpha
  2. ptychopteromorpha
  3. culicomorpha
  4. Psychodomorpha
  5. bibionomorpha
45
Q

Brachycera Pleisomorphies

A
  1. thicker body
  2. short antennae
  3. maxillary palp 1-2 segments (labellum)
  4. more reduced veination
46
Q

Brachycera infraorders

A
  1. Tabanomorpha
  2. Asilomorpha
  3. Stratiomyomorpha
  4. Nemestrinoidea
  5. Empidoidae
  6. Clycorrhapha
  7. Schizophora
47
Q

Acalyptratae

A

lower calypter absent or vestigial

Ex: pyrgotidae, tephritidae, drosophilidae, chloropidae, conopidae, sepsidae

48
Q

Calyptratae

A

have a lower calyptera & a well developed upper and lower squamae

Ex: calliphoridae, hippboscidae, muscidae, tachinidae, sarcophagidae, oestridae

49
Q

Mecopteridae

A

Antliophora + Amphiesmenoptera

50
Q

Antliophora

A

Siphonaptera + Mecoptera + Diptera

51
Q

Amphiesmenoptera

A

Trichoptera + Lepidoptera

52
Q

Mecopterida synapomorphies

A
  1. larval labial palp muscles lost

2. appendicular ovipositor lost or vestigial

53
Q

Amphiesmenoptera synapomorphies

A
  1. wings covered with setae
  2. double Y anal vein pattern on T2 wings
  3. larval prelabium fused with hypopharynx
  4. heterogametic female
54
Q

Trichoptera synapomorphies

A
  1. mandibular articulation reduced
  2. haustellum (fused hypopharynx and labrium, used in spp to imbibe liquids
  3. antennae larval reduced w/o musculature
55
Q

Lepidoptera Synapomorphies

A
  1. wings covered with broad scales
  2. adult median ocellus absent
  3. protiabial epiphysis (moveable pad-like thumb that arises high on tibia)
56
Q

Frenulum

A

In Leps = a projection that comes from the hindwing and holds the forewing and hindwing together

57
Q

Jugum

A

In Leps = projection that comes from the forewing and holds the forewing and hindwing together

58
Q

Historical classification system for Lepidoptera

A
  1. Jugatae-Frenatae
  2. Homoneura-Heteroneura
  3. Microlepidoptera-Macrolepidoptera
  4. Heterocera- Rhopalocera
59
Q

Homoneurous

A

Forwings and hindwings are similar in veination and shape

60
Q

Suborder Zeugloptera

A

paraphyletic.
mandibulate
ocelli present

61
Q

Clade Glossata

A

monophyletic clade,

Dacnonypha + Neolepidoptera

62
Q

suborder Dacnonypha pleisomorphies

A
  1. wings homoneurous
  2. primitive scales
  3. jugum
  4. proboscis
63
Q

Monotrysian reproductive system

A

vipore and gonopore are the same opening at the end of the abdomen. Has a cloaca.

64
Q

Neolepidoptera

A

Exoporia + Heteroneura

65
Q

Exoporia synapomorphy

A
  1. dicondylic antennal base

2. Exoporian reproductive system (sperm have to move out of the exoporian & back into the body)

66
Q

Exoporia plesisomorphies

A
  1. homoneurous wings
  2. lower layer of primitive scales with upper layer of normal scales
  3. jugum
67
Q

Heteroneura

A

Monotrysia + Ditrysia

68
Q

Heteroneurous venation

A

modification of the venation where there is a reduction in the stem of the media (forming a discal cell) and a reduction in radial veins in hind wing

69
Q

retinaculo-frenulate wing coupling

A

the forewing and hindwing are being clasp by a hook coming from the hindwing

70
Q

Suborder Monotrysia

A
  1. Monotrysian reproductive system

2. lower layer of primitive scales, upper layer normal scales

71
Q

Suborder Ditrysia synapomorphy

A
  1. female reproductive system is ditrysian = there is a second opening to the reproductive system, the sperm move internally to a spermatheca
  2. oblique proboscis muscles = they can coil their proboscis
72
Q

Hymenoptera + panorpida clade synapomorphies

A

old hypothesis

  1. unpaired pretarsal claw
  2. silk secretion from labial gland
73
Q

Aparaglossata

A

all holometabola except hymenoptera

74
Q

Aparaglossata synapomorphies

A
  1. paraglossae lost on labium

2. Malpighian tubules reduced

75
Q

Hymenoptera synapomorphies

A
  1. wing venation is reduced and forms geometric cells in the wings
  2. Hamuli - wing coupling mechanisms
  3. Ovipositor morphology - apendiculate
  4. Volselli
  5. Haplodiploidy
76
Q

mesosoma

A

thorax+propodeum

77
Q

metasoma

A

abdomen-propodeum

Petiole + gaster

78
Q

Notauli

A

grooves. external indications of internal phragmata that separate the dorsolongitudinal and dorsoventral flight muscles

79
Q

Tegula

A

small sclerite situated above the base of the costal vein in the wings of various insects, and attached to the anterolateral portion of the mesonotum

80
Q

Cenchri

A

small blister-like lobes on the metanotum of on symphyta, just posterior to the mesothoracic scutellum, shaped and positioned in such a way as to latch onto the base of the front wings when they are folded at rest.

81
Q

Hamuli

A

tiny hooks on costa of hind wing

82
Q

Trochantellus

A

An additional segment in the legs of Hymenoptera which occurs between the trochanter and the femur

83
Q

Strigil

A

calcar + comb = used to clean mouthparts on tibia

84
Q

propodeum

A

first abdominal segment when it is fused the back of the abdomen

85
Q

Metasoma

A

gaster +petiole

86
Q

Gaster

A

the abdomen on hyemoptera

87
Q

Petiole

A

narrow constriction or tiny portion of the abdomen. This allows them to move the end of the abdomen for stinging and for oviposition.

88
Q

symphyta

A

sawflies

89
Q

Holotype

A

the name for a single specimen designated by the original author of a taxon to serve as the monenclatural anchor or point of reference for a species

90
Q

Neotype

A

specimen designated as the primary type for a species for an entire original type series has been lost/destroyed

91
Q

Morphotype

A

different types of individuals of the same species in a population

92
Q

Nomen nudum

A

a failed scientific name because it wasn’t published with an adequate description

93
Q

Lectotype

A

a specimen chosen as the type of a species if the author of the name fails to designate a type

94
Q

syntype

A

set of specimen of equal status, upon which the description and name of a new species is based

95
Q

Paratype

A

specimen that helps define what the scientific name of an organism actually represents

96
Q

Voucher

A

a preserved specimen that serves as a verifiable and permanent record of a specimen

97
Q

Topotype

A

specimen collected at the same location as the original

98
Q

paralectotype

A

any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes

99
Q

Cercophora

A

Diplura + Insecta

100
Q

Acercaria

A

lice, psocoptera, thrips, hemiptera

101
Q

Neoptera

A

everything plecoptera +

“new wing”

102
Q

Dictyoptera

A

Blattodea + Mantodea

103
Q

Dicondylia (dicondylic mandibles arose ?)

A

Zygentoma + all else (excludes microcoryphia)

104
Q

Apterygota

A

no wings. Protura, Diplura, collembola, microcoryphyia, Zygentoma

105
Q

pterygota

A

wings. Ephemeroptera, odonata + everything else

106
Q

Paleoptera

A

lack wing folding Ephemeroptera + Odonata

107
Q

Polyneoptera

A

Basal Neoptera: Plecoptera, Dermaptera, Embiidina, Phasmida, Zoraptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Blattodea, Grylloblattidae, Mantophasmatidae

(everything not Acercaria)

108
Q

Ctenidia

A

bristles or combs on siphonaptera

Insect Taxonomy (6 decks)

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