Final Exam Flashcards
Endopterygota/Holometabola synapomorphies
- Holometabolous development
Holometabolous development
egg, larvae, pupae, adult
Imaginal discs
pockets that are in the larvae, expressed during the pupal stage and the tissues later become the adult
% of holometabolous insects
85%
Neuroptera synapomorphies
unpaired diverticulum of proventiculus
Order Neuroptera suborders
Megaloptera
Raphidioptera
Plannipennia (=Neuroptera s.s.)
Types of Larval forms
- Campodeiform - elongate body & legs
- Vermiform - maggot form
- Eruciform - catepillar form
- Elateriform - heavily scelerotized worm
- Scarabaeiform - C shaped
Megaloptera members
dobsonflies, fishflies, alderflies
Rhapidioptera synapomorphies
snakeflies - they have an elongate prothorax
Plannipennia members
lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, & owlflies
Plannipennia synapomorphy
they have feeding tusks formed from mandible & maxilla that they use as a straw
Example of a family that has hypermetamorphosis
mantispidae, Strepsiptera, meloidae
Triungulan
the mobile first instar larva of an insect that undergoes hypermetamorphosis
Ex: blister beetles, mantispidae, Ripiphoridae
Directed path keys types
pictorial keys, bracket style keys, indented path key, utilitarian keys
Undirected path keys Examples
Synoptic key
Pictorial key
a directed path key, minimal amount of technical jargon, for the non-specialist
Bracket style key
a directed path key, couplets side by side with 2 options
Indented path key
directed path key, the key couplets are indented to tell you where to go
Utilitarian key
artificial key, no meaning to the taxa that are grouped together
Natural key
a directed path key, this type of key uses the phylogenetic tree where clades are recovered at different couplets. the phylogenetic characters that you use are synapomorphies
synoptic key
an undirected path key, uses filters to eliminate characters. Characters are scored for each taxa
Monograph
everything known about a particular group. Contain old biological information, taxonomic information, distribution, economic significance, etc.
Revisions
taxonomic revisions are pulling a bunch of genera and everything that is known up to the date. They cover all species to date, there are lots of graphics and illustrations
Fundamental element
taxonomic descriptions & diagnosis
4 suborders of Coleoptera
- Polyphaga
- Archostemata
- Adephaga
- Myxophaga
Coleoptera Synapomorphies
- Gula
- 11 antennomeres or less
- Elytra
- Posteriormotorism - hind wings used for flight
- thorax morphology
- abdominal terga weakly sclerotized
- telescoping genitalia
- legs underneath body
Coleoptera diversity
25% of known life
>400,000 species
Suborder Archostemata superfamilies
- Cupedoidea
Suborder Adephaga superfamilies
- Caraboidae
Superfamily Caraboidae synapomorphies
- coxa that are fused to the back edge of the metasternum
Superfamily Caraboidae families
- Carabidae
- Dytiscidae
- Noteridae
- Gyrinidae
- Haliplidae
Suborder Myxophaga superfamilies
- Microsporoidae
Suborder Polyphaga Superfamilies
17 total
Ex: Scarabaeoidae, hydrophiloidae, Staphylinoidae, Buprestoidea, etc.
Antliophora members
Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera
Mecoptera
Scorpion-flies and hanging flies
sister group to mecoptera
Diptera + Siphonaptera
Mecoptera synapomorphies
Clypeus and labrum are fused together
cleptoparasitism
stealing meal from spiders
Siphonaptera synapomorphies
- Bilaterally flattened
- ectoparasites on vertebrates
- lacinae styletiform
Siphonaptera metamorphosis
hypermetamorphosis
Diptera sister group
mecoptera and/or siphonaptera
Diptera Synapomorphies
- Labellum
- Halteres
- Mesothorax greatly englarged, T1 & T3 reduced
Nematocera plesimorphy
- long threadlike antennae
- maxillary palp 3-5 segments (labellum)
- more complete veination that brachycera
Nematocera infraorders
- tipulomorpha
- ptychopteromorpha
- culicomorpha
- Psychodomorpha
- bibionomorpha
Brachycera Pleisomorphies
- thicker body
- short antennae
- maxillary palp 1-2 segments (labellum)
- more reduced veination
Brachycera infraorders
- Tabanomorpha
- Asilomorpha
- Stratiomyomorpha
- Nemestrinoidea
- Empidoidae
- Clycorrhapha
- Schizophora
Acalyptratae
lower calypter absent or vestigial
Ex: pyrgotidae, tephritidae, drosophilidae, chloropidae, conopidae, sepsidae
Calyptratae
have a lower calyptera & a well developed upper and lower squamae
Ex: calliphoridae, hippboscidae, muscidae, tachinidae, sarcophagidae, oestridae
Mecopteridae
Antliophora + Amphiesmenoptera
Antliophora
Siphonaptera + Mecoptera + Diptera
Amphiesmenoptera
Trichoptera + Lepidoptera
Mecopterida synapomorphies
- larval labial palp muscles lost
2. appendicular ovipositor lost or vestigial
Amphiesmenoptera synapomorphies
- wings covered with setae
- double Y anal vein pattern on T2 wings
- larval prelabium fused with hypopharynx
- heterogametic female
Trichoptera synapomorphies
- mandibular articulation reduced
- haustellum (fused hypopharynx and labrium, used in spp to imbibe liquids
- antennae larval reduced w/o musculature
Lepidoptera Synapomorphies
- wings covered with broad scales
- adult median ocellus absent
- protiabial epiphysis (moveable pad-like thumb that arises high on tibia)
Frenulum
In Leps = a projection that comes from the hindwing and holds the forewing and hindwing together
Jugum
In Leps = projection that comes from the forewing and holds the forewing and hindwing together
Historical classification system for Lepidoptera
- Jugatae-Frenatae
- Homoneura-Heteroneura
- Microlepidoptera-Macrolepidoptera
- Heterocera- Rhopalocera
Homoneurous
Forwings and hindwings are similar in veination and shape
Suborder Zeugloptera
paraphyletic.
mandibulate
ocelli present
Clade Glossata
monophyletic clade,
Dacnonypha + Neolepidoptera
suborder Dacnonypha pleisomorphies
- wings homoneurous
- primitive scales
- jugum
- proboscis
Monotrysian reproductive system
vipore and gonopore are the same opening at the end of the abdomen. Has a cloaca.
Neolepidoptera
Exoporia + Heteroneura
Exoporia synapomorphy
- dicondylic antennal base
2. Exoporian reproductive system (sperm have to move out of the exoporian & back into the body)
Exoporia plesisomorphies
- homoneurous wings
- lower layer of primitive scales with upper layer of normal scales
- jugum
Heteroneura
Monotrysia + Ditrysia
Heteroneurous venation
modification of the venation where there is a reduction in the stem of the media (forming a discal cell) and a reduction in radial veins in hind wing
retinaculo-frenulate wing coupling
the forewing and hindwing are being clasp by a hook coming from the hindwing
Suborder Monotrysia
- Monotrysian reproductive system
2. lower layer of primitive scales, upper layer normal scales
Suborder Ditrysia synapomorphy
- female reproductive system is ditrysian = there is a second opening to the reproductive system, the sperm move internally to a spermatheca
- oblique proboscis muscles = they can coil their proboscis
Hymenoptera + panorpida clade synapomorphies
old hypothesis
- unpaired pretarsal claw
- silk secretion from labial gland
Aparaglossata
all holometabola except hymenoptera
Aparaglossata synapomorphies
- paraglossae lost on labium
2. Malpighian tubules reduced
Hymenoptera synapomorphies
- wing venation is reduced and forms geometric cells in the wings
- Hamuli - wing coupling mechanisms
- Ovipositor morphology - apendiculate
- Volselli
- Haplodiploidy
mesosoma
thorax+propodeum
metasoma
abdomen-propodeum
Petiole + gaster
Notauli
grooves. external indications of internal phragmata that separate the dorsolongitudinal and dorsoventral flight muscles
Tegula
small sclerite situated above the base of the costal vein in the wings of various insects, and attached to the anterolateral portion of the mesonotum
Cenchri
small blister-like lobes on the metanotum of on symphyta, just posterior to the mesothoracic scutellum, shaped and positioned in such a way as to latch onto the base of the front wings when they are folded at rest.
Hamuli
tiny hooks on costa of hind wing
Trochantellus
An additional segment in the legs of Hymenoptera which occurs between the trochanter and the femur
Strigil
calcar + comb = used to clean mouthparts on tibia
propodeum
first abdominal segment when it is fused the back of the abdomen
Metasoma
gaster +petiole
Gaster
the abdomen on hyemoptera
Petiole
narrow constriction or tiny portion of the abdomen. This allows them to move the end of the abdomen for stinging and for oviposition.
symphyta
sawflies
Holotype
the name for a single specimen designated by the original author of a taxon to serve as the monenclatural anchor or point of reference for a species
Neotype
specimen designated as the primary type for a species for an entire original type series has been lost/destroyed
Morphotype
different types of individuals of the same species in a population
Nomen nudum
a failed scientific name because it wasn’t published with an adequate description
Lectotype
a specimen chosen as the type of a species if the author of the name fails to designate a type
syntype
set of specimen of equal status, upon which the description and name of a new species is based
Paratype
specimen that helps define what the scientific name of an organism actually represents
Voucher
a preserved specimen that serves as a verifiable and permanent record of a specimen
Topotype
specimen collected at the same location as the original
paralectotype
any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes
Cercophora
Diplura + Insecta
Acercaria
lice, psocoptera, thrips, hemiptera
Neoptera
everything plecoptera +
“new wing”
Dictyoptera
Blattodea + Mantodea
Dicondylia (dicondylic mandibles arose ?)
Zygentoma + all else (excludes microcoryphia)
Apterygota
no wings. Protura, Diplura, collembola, microcoryphyia, Zygentoma
pterygota
wings. Ephemeroptera, odonata + everything else
Paleoptera
lack wing folding Ephemeroptera + Odonata
Polyneoptera
Basal Neoptera: Plecoptera, Dermaptera, Embiidina, Phasmida, Zoraptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Blattodea, Grylloblattidae, Mantophasmatidae
(everything not Acercaria)
Ctenidia
bristles or combs on siphonaptera
