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NUTR 3210 > Midterm 1 - UNIT 03 part 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - UNIT 03 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
STOMACH
Mechanical digestion:
Gastric juice:
Pepsin:
Gastric Lipase:

Chemical Digestion:

  • in the stomach sm amounts of_____ are absorbed
A

: occurs when peristaltic waves mix contents of stomach
: secreted by the stomach
: initiates protein digestion
: initiates lipid digestion

: of proteins - converted to chyme – protein digestion beings in stomach due to chemical changes
- water, some minerals, drugs and alcohol

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2
Q

STOMACH
Rugae =
Cardiac region =

Stomach made up of:
1
2
3

Pylorus:

A

= folds in the stomach lining - increase surface area
= ‘near the heart’ - opening of the stomach (coming from the esophagus)

\: 3 smooth muscle layers
Muscularis Externa
1 Longitudinal layer
2 Circular layer
3 Oblique layer

: opening at distal end of the stomach- emptying of the stomach is regulated by:
pyloric sphincter

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3
Q

*based on his SLIDE 23 Diagrams

Gastric Pits =
Gastric juice made up of -

A

= invaginations of the stomach wall - lined with cells (parietal and chief)
these produce the components of gastric juice
- also produce alkali mucus - bicarbonate (is protective)

-mucus

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4
Q

Parietal Cells:
secrete -

Chief Cells:
secrete -

A
  • produce hydrochloric acid to (1) decrease the pH of the stomach (make it acidic) to (2) facilitate the chem digestion of protein
  • produces protein called pepsinogen (in the presence of HCl)

Pepsinogen converts to Pepsin (the active form) when in presence of HCl

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5
Q

Control of the stomach comes by:
through which nerve-
does what -

A

: Parasympathetic NS

  • Vagus Nerve (cranial nerve 10)
  • increases secretions of gastric glands
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6
Q

Local reflexes -

Stimuli -

A
  • triggered by local presence of a bolus — bolus increases stretch of stomach & increases activity of gastric pits therefore
  • head (sight, smell, sound)
    stomach (stretch)
    sm intestine (presence of chyme)
    all activate vagus nerve
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7
Q

SMALL INTESTINE
Body’s major ______
Extends from:

3 divisions:
1
2
3

A

major digestive organ (majority of absorption)
: pyloric sphincter to iliocecal valve
(-joins w the lg intestine)

1 - Duodenum - shortest
2 - Jejunum - medium
3 - Ileum - longest

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8
Q 
SM Intestine CONT
1)
contains a tube =
2)
3)
joins lg intestine @
has the sm intestine \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

1) Duodenum:
= hepatopancreatic ampulla - connection from the bile duct (carrying bile to the liver) & pancreatic duct

2) Jejunum
3) Ileum
- @ iliocecal valve
- nerve supply - receives from both para and sympathetic NS branches- from thoracic splanchnic nerves

  • also has the arterial supply from the superior mesenteric artery
    the vein drains into the mesenteric vein which becomes the hepatic portal vein to liver
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9
Q
  • from diagram SLIDE 27
    Summarizes contributions of accessory organs to sm intestine:

Bile -
Pancreatic Lipase-
Pancreatic amylase-
Proteases-

Sm intestine also:

A

Bile - from gallbladder- emulsifies fat to aid digestion

Pan Lip - digests fats
Pan Amy - digest carbs
Proteases - digest protein

: secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the sm intestine from the stomach

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10
Q

ABSORPTION
outside of intestinal cell =
Simple / Facilitated / Active Transport:
ex of all

A

= lumen of sm intestine
S - moves through w/o problems (water, lipids, fat solu vitamins)

F - binds to protein receptor outside mem to bring through mem - gets released on inside of cell
(Fructose, water solu vitamins)

A - same as facilitated but WITH energy
(glucose, galactose, AA)

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11
Q

ACESSORY ORGANS
do what:
Liver will produce compounds that-

A

W: contribute secretions to aid in chemical digestion - moved into sm intestine VIA ducts

  • will move towards the sm intestine VIA right and left hepatic ducts of liver- these ducts fuse to form common hepatic duct
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12
Q

Bile Duct / Sphincter =

  • secretions are controlled by-
A

= fusion of the cystic duct (which takes bile secretions from the gallbladder) with the common hepatic duct

  • sphincter - ring of smooth muscle
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13
Q

Pancreas

producing -

A
  • enzymes that move directly into sm intestine VIA main pancreatic duct and sphincter
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14
Q

LIVER =
composed of ______
blood vessel associated =
chemical function - AKA produces -

A

= largest gland in the body
4 primary lobes

= hepatic artery & hepatic portal vein

  • bile, travels thru common hepatic duct - fuses with cystic duct from gall bladder to form bile duct
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15
Q

Bile

  • bile salts =
  • bilirubin =
A

= alkaline solution
bile salts & phospholipids aid in digestion

= important for fat emulsification

  • separates fat molecules through out the intestinal contents
  • recycled to the liver

= bile pigment

  • a waste product of heme (breakdown of RBCs)
  • absorbed from the blood by the liver cells
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16
Q

Gallbladder

Stimulus - hormone _________
- secreted by

  • Gall stones
A

= stores bile

  • surrounded by smooth muscular wall
  • contraction pushes bile out into cystic duct
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK) = hormone
  • intestinal walls when ‘fatty chyme’ enters the duodenum
  • causes gallbladder to contract
  • deposits of cholesterol, mucus, Ca, protein
17
Q

Pancreas

pancreatic juice flows through :
pancreatic juice contains:

what is its endocrine process:

A

= produces enzymes to break down food and delivers to duodenum (exocrine process - doesn’t go through cardio sys)

: the main pancreatic duct to fuse with bile duct

: water, enzymes, electrolytes
: High pH (alkaline) neutralizes acidic chyme

: secretion of insulin and glucagon

18
Q 
LARGE INTESTINE
extends from:
Function:
1
2

cecum:

vermiform appendix:
appendicitis:

A

: iliocecal valve to anus
has large diameter relative to sm intestine

1 Absorb water from the indigestible food
2 Eliminate indigestible food as feces

: 1st part of lg intestine
: contains a mass of lymphoid tissue, prone to bacteria accumulation

: inflammation of appendix - blockage that traps bacteria in the appendix - swelling squeezes off venous drainage - if ruptured - feces spills into abdominal cavity

19
Q

Diagram of Lg intestine
Teniae coli =
Haustrum = round bulges - due to smooth muscle
External anal sphincter =

Diagram of rectum
Internal anal sphincter =
External “ “ =

A

= has effects on peristalsis
= ring of skeletal muscle

= relaxes when feces present
= voluntary control

20
Q 
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CONDITIONS
1) Clostridium difficile
= 
transmission =
antibiotics?
treatment:
A

1) = bacteria causing symptoms like diarrhea - ab pain—- produces toxins and can cause life treatening inflammation of colon

  • person to person transmission
  • antibiotics increase susceptibility
  • treatment = fecal transplant
21
Q

DEFECATION

Defecation reflex -

Feces are composed of:
1/4 =
3/4 =

A

= emptying of the large intestine

  • initiated by stretching of the rectal wall - parasympathetic reflex — trigger contraction of colon and rectum walls and relaxation of internal sphincter

1/4 - solid matter - dead bacteria, fat, inorganic matter, protein, dietary fibre(roughage)

3/4 - water

22
Q

Cholera:

Constipation food intake cause:

Diarrhea causes:

A

: too much fat, not enough fibre/liquids/exercise

: irritation of mucosal cells of intestine - infection - drugs

= bacterial infection - excessive loss of water & electrolytes

23
Q

Lactose Intolerance
results from:
undigested lactose will…

A

: deficiency in lactASE
lactose - galactose and glucose

… travel to lg intestine and can cause bacterial fermentation (anaerobic breakdown of the sugars) producing gas, cramping, bloating and draws water into the digestive system = diarrhea

24
Q

Celiac disease

what happens:
pathophysiology:

Refractory celiac disease:

A

= autoimmune disorder affecting digestive system - inability to digest gluten
: damage to intestinal mucosa - due to infiltration of white blood cells
P: proteins are considered toxic, lymphocytes attach mucosal cells - microvilli height is reduced therefore surface area reduced and decreased absorption

: continues microvilli damage after treatment - co existence of other diseases or cross contamination

NUTR 3210 (7 decks)

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