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Archeology > Midterm 1 : Terms and Concepts > Flashcards

Midterm 1 : Terms and Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Archeological Challenges

A
  • Geological and environmental factors

- human activities

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2
Q

Survey

A

IDENTIFYING AND MAPPING physical remains of human activity

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3
Q

Site

A

any loci of past human activity

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4
Q

Region

A

culturally or geographically defined cluster of sites

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5
Q

What are the Survey Techniques?

A

Remote sensing….Lidar

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6
Q

What are Survey Advantages?

A
  • non destructive
  • Identity relationships
  • Surface Artifacts
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7
Q

Excavation

A

Exposure of remains via CONTROLLED digging

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8
Q

Strata

A

layers= activity from different time periods

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9
Q

Stratigraphy

A

sequence of strata build up in layers

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10
Q

Law of Superposition

A

in undisturbed stratigraphic sequence, each layer (strata) is younger than the layer beneath it.

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11
Q

Horizontal excavation

A

(Grids) Expose remains from THE SAME PERIOD (same time)

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12
Q

Vertical excavation

A

(datum points) expose a sequence from SUCCESSIVE TIME PERIOD (Through time)

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13
Q

What is the goal of excavation?

A
  • Identify strata
  • recover remains
  • reconstruct horizontal and vertical relationships
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14
Q

Excavation Techniques

A

brushing
digging
screening
flotation

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15
Q

Excavated materials

A

artifacts, features and ecofacts

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16
Q

Artifact

A

evidence of human manufacture

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17
Q

features

A

non portable cultural items

18
Q

ecofacts

A

remains of biological organism

19
Q

What is context?

A

the significance of remains interpreted
based on where they were deposited [provenience] and
what they were deposited with [association]

20
Q

Goal of Documentation

A

RECONSTRUCTION of remains in CONTEXT

21
Q

Documentation techniques

A

digitalization, photographs, drawings and maps, notes and forms

22
Q

Relative dating

A

chronology based on stratigraphic sequences

23
Q

Seriation

A

relative frequencies through time

24
Q

absolute chronology

A

dating contexts & artifacts

in calendar years via scientific tests

25
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

Measurement of rate of decay of radioactive (unstable) carbon isotope C14 from dead plant/animal remains

26
Q

Dendrochronology

A

(Tree ring dating) Absolute age, tree cross sections

27
Q

Potassium- Argon Dating

A

Measures rate of decay of isotope potassium
40 into argon-40.

-lava, volcanic rock and ash
fossil contexts

28
Q

Microarcheology

A

analyzes microscopic residue from flotation and soil

29
Q

SITE: Ashkelon, Israel

A

“plaster” actually decayed plants and fecal matter

30
Q

Stable isotope anaylis

A

Measures light (stable) elements of hydrogen,
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen & sulfur in ORGANIC SAMPLES
to determine composition.

31
Q

Human, animal bone, teeth and hair determine

A

diets and origin

32
Q

Three Age System

A

Rooted in technology and focused on artifacts

Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age

33
Q

Culture History

A

Classifies regions into “culture areas”
material culture
descriptive approach

34
Q

Neolithic revolution

A

settled life and beginnings of agriculture

35
Q

V. Gordon Childe

A

Neolithic revolution
urban revolution

focus from material remains to SOCIETIES that produced them

36
Q

Urban revolution

A

cities and complex government

37
Q

Processualism

A

New Archeology
Archeology = science

  • hypothesis testing and scientific method
  • rejects descriptive approach from culture
38
Q

Post- processualism

A

1980’s-1990
Archeology is more like history than science
epic perspective
archeological remains = text

39
Q

Why is post processulism against processualism

A

positivism too objective

archeological excavation not replicable

40
Q

Emic perspective

A

insiders view of their own culture

41
Q

Etic perspective

A

outsiders view of a culture

Archeology (4 decks)

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