Midterm 1: People of the america and rise of Agriculture Flashcards
What are the 4 theories of peopling the new world?
Clovis, Pre clovis, Silurian Hypothesis , Early Arrival
Route of Clovis First
From Asia across Beringia through ice free corridor
What time period was Clovis First
Pleistocene, 12,000ya
Blackwater Draw, NM
Clovis First
1st Discovery of clovis points with megafauna remains 13,000ya
Gault , Texas
Clovis First
incised limestone slab, unclear
Problems with Clovis First
Should find fluted points earlier in Alaska but don’t
Also timing of the ice free corridor too late
When was pre clovis
13,500 +
Route of pre clovis
From asia via coastal migration
Monte Verde, Chile
Pre clovis
15,000 ya
Settlement with wood and hide tents
organic remains, not clovis, seeds=foraging,coastal resources
What are the problems with pre clovis
Meadowcroft: contaminated dates
Coastal migration route: no coastal sites
what time frame was Solutrean Hypothesis
15,000-13,000 ya
Route for Solutrean hypothesis
European origins
Atlantic “ice edge route
Evidence of Solutrean Hyothesis
fluted points similar to European Solutrean
Meadowcroft Rockshelter “Miller Point”
Problem with Solutrean Hypothesis
Clovis is 5,000 years later than Solutrean
Dangerous passage require maritime skill
No channel
Time frame for Early Arrival
30,000 +
Route for Early Arrival
from asia via coastal route
Yana River, Siberia
Early Arival
30,000
evidence near Beringa
Megafauna bones and flake tools
Pedra Furada, Brazil
Early arrival
48,000-35,000
Burnt earth
simple tools
Genetic evidence for peopling of the America
5 clades of native people traced to Siberia
mtDNA traces to Siberia & Mongolia
Combined evidence of genetic and linguistic data
Siberian/Asian origin single migration with group branching Pre Clovis - 15,000 or earlier coastal route mixed hunters and foragers
Where did the rise of agriculture happen
middle east
When did the rise of agriculture
Neolithic revolution
Transition to farming impacts
Diet- food groups
Health and disease
physical activity
Triggers of domestication
Climate change
population growth - feedback loop
The middle east is known as
the fertile crescent
Kebaran Period years and characteristics
25,000-15,000 ya
No domestication
short stay camps and hunter gathers
Ohalo, Israel
Seasonal camp 20,000 ya
Flotation shows wild wheat
huts and hearths
Kebaran
What are the periods of domestication of the middle east
Kebaran, Natufan, Early Neolithic, Late Neolithic
Years for Natufan and characteristics
15,000-12,000ya
1st Architecture
People settle and form groups before inventing agriculture
dog domestication
Natufan technological innovations
Lunates: composite and sickles
Grinding stones
Hilazon Tachtit, Israel
REligion
cave burial
disabled elderly, shaman human foot
Natufan
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey
Natufan 11,600 ya No habitation Religious pilgramege Limestone pillar rings
Years for Early Neolithic
12,000 - 8,500 ya
Impact of younger dryas on early Neolithic
little ice age
single human generation
cultural development impact
habitable areas reduced
PPNA
Pre pottery Neolithic A During younger dryas 12,000-11,000 ya communal buildings large villages no domestication
PPNB
Pre pottery Neolithic B After younger dryas 11,000 - 8,500ya Domestication of animals and plants crowded organized settlements
types of tools in the PPNA
Blades and arrowheads
Jerf el Ahmar, Syria
PPNA
communal architecture and no domestication
Late Neolithic years and characteristics
8,500 - 7,000
Villages collapse
Domestication in Central Amercia
Archaic period
Late Archaic
Characteristics and years for Archaic
9,000-4,000ya
plestocene resources vanish
Holocene warming
Tehuacan Valley,
cave in mexico
Archaic
change in corn from wild to domesticated
years for Late Archaic
4,000-1,000ya
Cerro juanquena north mexico
500 lines terraces
storage pits
Paleoindian period
14,000-9,000 ya
big game hunters
