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Easc 101 > Midterm 1-Rocks and Mineral > Flashcards

Midterm 1-Rocks and Mineral Flashcards

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1
Q

Weathering Rinds

A

Rock shows outer weathered zone with successive “layers”of weathering.
Often in combination with chemical weathering.

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2
Q

Resistance to abrasion or scratching and is determined using the MOHs hardness scale

A

Hardness

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3
Q

Metamorphic rock formed at Low grade metamorphosed basalt-volcanics
From interaction with ocean water or other
fluids → leading to a green colour

A

Greenstones

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4
Q

Soil Creep

A

the slow mass wasting process of soil on a slope, under the influence of gravity

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5
Q

Rocky remnants left over from the early formation of our galaxy

A

Asteroids

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6
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Breaks down rock components &
internal structures of minerals

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7
Q

Very coarse grained rocks, formed in the late stage of granitic magma crystallization

A

Pegmatitic texture

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8
Q

Large grains, surrounded by a finegrained matrix of other minerals similar to the porphyritic texture in igneous rocks

A

Porphyroblastic textures

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9
Q

Slump

A

A slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope. Movement is characterized by sliding along a concave-upward or planar surface.

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10
Q

Spheroidal weathering

A

Rock corners are eroded more rapidly than sides more surface area at corners leading to circular rocks

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11
Q

How do we classify sedimentary rocks?

A

Shape-degree of roundness form angular,intermediate, to round
Sorting-Very poorly sorted,moderately sorted, and well sorted

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12
Q

Surface extrustions <100km2 and include xenoliths and chill zones

A

Stock

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13
Q

Fine grained texture, fast cooling(extrusive), microscopic crystals and vesicles from gas bubbles ex.basalt

A

Aphanitic

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14
Q

Unconsolidated (loose)
Material

A

Materials not held in place by an adhesive force, at an angle of 35 degrees or greater the face will begin to break apart

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15
Q

Nebular Hypothesis

A

Solar nebular gas contracted,cooled, and condensed into dust sized particles that aggregated together via collisions into the formation of protoplanets

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16
Q

Fossils

A

the traces/remains of prehistoric life preserved in rock

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17
Q

Magma intrusions

A

Volcanic neck,dike,sill,laccolith

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18
Q

Blocky clumpy lava with a liquid underside

A

Aa lava

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19
Q

Conglomerate

A

composed mostly of gravel with
rounded fragments but poorly sorted
deposited by strong, turbulent currents such as floods,rivers,steep streams, and glaciers

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20
Q

Fluids effect on metamorphism

A

Mainly in reference to water and other volitiles it helps to increase the breakdown of ions and facilitate the formation of new crystals coming from either pores in the strata or liquid containing minerals like clay or mica

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21
Q

Composite volcanoes

A

Larger classical volcano shape made of layers of lava flow and pyroclastic debris. They have large explosive eruptions and form andesite and daltic rocks

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22
Q

non ferromagnesian minerals, composed of Si,K,Na, and Ca
ex.quarts, feldspar,muscovite mica

A

Light igneous rock

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23
Q

Breccia

A

conglomerate with angular
grains and have not travelled very far! They can sometimes be confused for pyroclastic rocks

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24
Q

Ripple marks

A

small waves of sand that show the direction of the wind
symmetric (oscillation ripples), found in areas where the direction of motion changes
asymmetric (current ripples), found in areas where the direction of motion faces on way

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25
Q

Dissolution weathering

A

Dissolving minerals by a liquid agent such as water or acid ex. Halite dissolving into water

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26
Q

sand

A

Rocks which are and-sized sandstone and form the sedimentary rock sandstone

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27
Q

Colour of a mineral in powdered form, helps to differentiate between different forms of the same mineral as the streak is always the same

A

Streak

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28
Q

Earths layers based on composition

A

1)Crust 0-40km
2)Mantle 40-2900km
3)Outer core 2900-5200 km
4)Core 5200-6400km

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29
Q

Rock Avalanche

A

The very rapid downslope flowage of rock fragments, during which the fragments may become further broken or pulverized

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30
Q

Impressions of internal and external
surfaces are imprinted into stone and are filled with minerals

A

Cast and Mould

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31
Q

a depression created after a volcano partially collapses after releasing the majority of its magma chamber in an explosive eruption. typically >1km

A

Caldera

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32
Q

Rhylolite

A

Very viscous lava with high silica content, forming thick bulbous deposits

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33
Q

Stages of Coal formation

A

1)Accumulation of plant material (swamps)
2)Partial decomposition into
peat
3) Shallow burial forming lignite
4) Deeper burial forming
bituminous coal
5) Higher pressure and temp
forming anthracite

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34
Q

all chemical, physical, & biological changes that occur after deposition, but before metamorphism

A

Diagenesis

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35
Q

Unloading

A

exfoliation as sheets of igneous & metamorphic
rocks at the surface due to decrease in confining pressure

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36
Q

Sodium and Calcium feldspar, has thin lines along a cleavage face

A

Plagioclase feldspar

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37
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Rocks undergo enviromental changes(temp/pressure) in the solid form and change state
Regional:over large region from plates
Contact: small scale due to high temps

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38
Q

Main form of bonding in minerals, involves the transfer of electrons

A

Ionic bonding

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39
Q

Earths gravity captured a passing planetesimal that became our moon

A

Capture hypothesis

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40
Q

Aa lava

A

Blocky clumpy lava with a liquid underside

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41
Q

Largest intrusive body with a surface exposure >100km2 and typically act as mountain cores

A

Batholitihs

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42
Q

Pyroclastic texture

A

Similar to sedimentary rock, these are rocks that are ejected during eruptions

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43
Q

Sedimentary cycle

A

1)Decomposition
2)Erosion
3)Transportation
4)Deposition
5)Compaction

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44
Q

Pahoehoe lava

A

Ropy textured lava with moving inside, lower in viscosity than Aa

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45
Q

Formed via solidification from a very hot liquid which can be either
Intrusive:Fine grained or glassy
Extrusive:Large crystals

A

Igneous Rocks

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46
Q

Oxidation weathering

A

Chemical reaction that causes
loss of electrons ex.oxygen (O) combines with Fe
to form haematite (Fe2O3)

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47
Q

Composed chiefly of calcite (CaCO3)
* formed by marine organisms coral reefs,
coquina (broken shells), & chalk
* Inorganic limestones: travertine and oolitic
limestone

A

Limestone

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48
Q

Least useful method of determining mineral, describes the wavelength of light reflected off the surface

A

Colour

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49
Q

Metamorphism along fault zones, high T and high P from friction of sliding plates. Pre‐existing minerals deform by ductile
flow, Can fracture rocks and form fault
breccias…or total pulverisation to
mylonites

A

Cataclastic metamorphism

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50
Q

Types of chemical weathering

A

1)Dissolution
2)Oxidation
3)Hydrolysis

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51
Q

Rock cycle

A

The loop that involves the process by which one rock turns into another

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52
Q

gravel

A

Rocks that are bigger than 2 mm and form the sedimentary rocks conglomerate or breccia

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53
Q

Tendency for a mineral to break along planes of weak bonds making flat and shiny surfaces

A

Cleavage

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54
Q

Type of sedimentary rock made of Buried & compacted plant material

A

Coal

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55
Q

Solid aggregate or mass of minerals

A

Rock

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56
Q

Valence electrons are free to migrate among atoms allowing for electrical conductivity of mineral

A

Metallic bonding

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57
Q

Most common. Occurs during
mountain building within cores of
mountains → high T and high P with a strong degree of foliation

A

Regional metamorphism

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58
Q

Evaporite

A

water evaporates and dissolved stuff
is deposited

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59
Q

Gneiss

A

The product of high‐grade metamorphism with a Medium‐ to coarse‐grained banded appearance. Often composed of white or
light‐coloured feldspar‐rich layers with bands of dark ferromagnesian minerals. Formed from granites OR a recrystallised schist

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60
Q

Consolidated Material

A

Rocks held together by some cohesive force like vegetation or clay that keeps the materials from breaking apart as easily

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61
Q

Fission Hypothesis

A

Centrifugal force associated with earths spin caused a bulge of material that separated from the earth

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62
Q

Chill zones

A

Fine grained igneous rocks neat contact with cold country rocks

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63
Q

disintegration resulting from plants (roots) &
animals

A

Biological activity weathering

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64
Q

repeated freezing & thawing of water in
fractures & cracks leading to splitting of rocks occurs at Mountainous regions
with daily freeze/thaw cycles

A

Frost wedging

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65
Q

Changes in mineral assemblages due to changes in T and P over a limited range

A

Metamorphic Facies

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66
Q

Fossil types

A

Body fossils-preserve evidence of the tissue and hard parts of an organism
Trace fossils – preserve evidence of an organism’s activity (tracks and burrows)

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67
Q

Schist

A

Medium‐ to coarse‐grained metamorphic rock where platy minerals predominate,
e.g. the micas

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68
Q

Frost wedging

A

repeated freezing & thawing of water in
fractures & cracks leading to splitting of rocks occurs at Mountainous regions
with daily freeze/thaw cycles

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69
Q

silt & clay-sized particles (mud, clay, silt):
particles are too small to identify by eye
over 1/2 of all sedimentary rocks
deposited in quiet (slow moving) water
* deep ocean & continental slope, lakes, floodplains

A

Siltstone & Shale

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70
Q

A nonfoliated metamorphic rock that is formed from limestone or dolostone comprised of clacite or dolomite crystals

A

Marble

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71
Q

Rocks held together by some cohesive force like vegetation or clay that keeps the materials from breaking apart as easily

A

Consolidated Material

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72
Q

Metallic bonding

A

Valence electrons are free to migrate among atoms allowing for electrical conductivity of mineral

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73
Q

Specifications to be considered a mineral

A

1)Naturally occurring
2)solid
3)ordered internal structure
4)Definite chemical composition
5)Usually inorganic

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74
Q

Vent

A

Opening that is connected to magma chamber via a pipe

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75
Q

Detrital sedimentary rocks

A

created from weathered and eroded fragments of pre-existing rock that have been transported and cemented together

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76
Q

The reaction of any substance with water ex.Granite (mainly quartz + K feldspar) + carbonic acid (H2O + CO2)forms Kaolinite, Free potassium, and loose quartz

A

Hydrolysis weathering

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77
Q

Raindrop Marks

A

impact of raindrops on soft mud and indicates sediment was exposed to the earths surface at one point

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78
Q

Very rapid cooling of molton rock ex. obsidian/pumice

A

Glassy

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79
Q

Debris / Mud flows

A

fluid movement of coarser material & rock
in mud matrix

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80
Q

Pre existing rocks are broken down and carried and deposited into new rocks

A

Sedimentary rocks

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81
Q

Examples of oxides

A

Hematite

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82
Q

Dissolving minerals by a liquid agent such as water or acid ex. Halite dissolving into water

A

Dissolution weathering

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83
Q

Very viscous lava with high silica content, forming thick bulbous deposits

A

Rhylolite

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84
Q

Blocks vs Bombs

A

Blocks are fragments broken from solid rock, while bombs are molten when ejected

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85
Q

Rock corners are eroded more rapidly than sides more surface area at corners leading to circular rocks

A

Spheroidal weathering

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86
Q

Trigger mechanisms of slope collapse

A

Removal of Vegetation, Earthquakes, Liquefaction, Dams,Road cuts

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87
Q

water heated by subsurface magma but run out of the ground instead of erupt

A

Thermal springs

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88
Q

Colour

A

Least useful method of determining mineral, describes the wavelength of light reflected off the surface

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89
Q

derived from material carried in solution to lakes/seas and precipitation from solution to form “chemical sediments through organic or inorganic means

A

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

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90
Q

Chemical reaction that causes
loss of electrons ex.oxygen (O) combines with Fe
to form haematite (Fe2O3)

A

Oxidation weathering

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91
Q

Types of mechanical weathering

A

1)Frost wedging
2)Unloading
3)Thermal expansion
4)Biological activity

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92
Q

Gradation in degree of metamorphism between slate & schist it has a glossy sheen and wavy surfaces and is composed mainly of fine crystals of muscovite and/or chlorite

A

Phyllite

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93
Q

Holes in rock texture due to trapped gas

A

Vesicular texture

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94
Q

Dolostone

A

formed from limestone when Mg
replaces some Ca and is a type of chemical sedimentary rock

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95
Q

Frost line

A

Transition zone from terrestrial planets and gas giants, The frost line for the Solar System lies between Mars and Jupiter.

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96
Q

Sources of heat on earth

A

External-Solar radiation
Internal-Radioactive decay

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97
Q

Bowens reaction series

A

Ultramafic- Peridiot, Komatite, Olivine
Mafic-Pyroxene, Garbbo and Basalt, Calcium feldspar
Intermediate magma-Amphibole and Biotite mica, Diorite and Andesite, Sodium feldspar
Felsic-Quartz,Feldspar,Granite, Rhyolite

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98
Q

Erosion

A

the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water

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99
Q

Dome

A

form from the slow extrusion of highly-viscous silica lava. These lava’s are too thick to spread out into a lava flow. Most domes are small and many do not have a crater

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100
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Physical forces break rock into smaller &
smaller pieces without changing mineral composition

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101
Q

Streak

A

Colour of a mineral in powdered form, helps to differentiate between different forms of the same mineral as the streak is always the same

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102
Q

Begins at around 100m and at a temp around 300c, a low temp and low pressure environment very little changes although the minerals might change

A

Burial metamorphism

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103
Q

The moon formed concurrently with the earth from a local cloud of gas and dust

A

Double planet hypothesis

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104
Q

Course grained texture, Formed from slow cooling (intrusive) with crystals large enough to see without a microscope ex.granite

A

Phaneritic texture

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105
Q

Marine-Ocean beds
Continental-mountains, lakes, rivers
Transition-beach, deltas

A

Sedimentary environment types

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106
Q

Broad and slightly dome shaped formed from continuous mild eruptions of large volumes of lava, form basalt and cover large areas

A

Shield volcanoes

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107
Q

Geological factors that affect weathering

A

Properties of the parent rock-Some minerals weather more readily than others and Fractured rocks more susceptible to weathering
Rainfall and temperature-Warm,wet climate speeds up chemical reactions
Cold, wet/dry climate favours physical weathering
Length of exposure, longer time exposed more weathering

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108
Q

Two or more minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures ex.Diamond and graphite

A

Polymorph

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109
Q

The ferromangesian rocks that contain Fe or Mg, include olivine,pyroxene,amphibole, and biotite mica

A

Dark igneous rock

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110
Q

A non foliated metamorphic rock formed from quartz‐rich sandstone where the quartz grains are recrystallised & fused together.
Made with Contact & regional metamorphism

A

Quartzite

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111
Q

Batholitihs

A

Largest intrusive body with a surface exposure >100km2 and typically act as mountain cores

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112
Q

Basalt

A

MOst abundant volcanic rock with an 80% Fe Mg composition, heat of 800-1000c

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113
Q

composed of sand grains and is the 2nd most abundant sedimentary rock deposited by moderate currents:
such as rivers & deltas, beaches, wind (sand dunes)
and is mostly composed of quartz

A

Sandstone

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114
Q

Classifications of mass wasting

A

1)Material type- Soil or bedrock
2)Motion type, Fall,slide, or flow
3)Rate- Fast or slow

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115
Q

Amphibolite

A

Medium to high-grade metamorphism
of mafic volcanics with Lots of amphiboles and plagioclase

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116
Q

Rocks that are bigger than 2 mm and form the sedimentary rocks conglomerate or breccia

A

gravel

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117
Q

Phreatic explosion

A

team-driven explosions that occur when water beneath the ground or on the surface is heated by magma, lava, hot rocks, or new volcanic deposits

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118
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Formed via solidification from a very hot liquid which can be either
Intrusive:Fine grained or glassy
Extrusive:Large crystals

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119
Q

Larger classical volcano shape made of layers of lava flow and pyroclastic debris. They have large explosive eruptions and form andesite and daltic rocks

A

Composite volcanoes

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120
Q

External expression of the ordered internal arrangement of atoms when there are no limitations to space

A

Crystal form

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121
Q

Movement of plates apart, ex.Midocean ridges

A

Divergent plates

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122
Q

Similar to sedimentary rock, these are rocks that are ejected during eruptions

A

Pyroclastic texture

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123
Q

Difference between quiet and explosive eruptions

A

Quiet will form mafic to intermediate rocks where as explosive form felsic rocks

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124
Q

addition or substitution of
original material by different mineral ex.petrified wood

A

Petrifaction / Replacement

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125
Q

Stages of bowens reaction series and examples

A

Ultramafic, peridiot
Mafic, basalt and gabbro
Intermediate, andesite and diortie
felsic, rhyolite,granite

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126
Q

Quartzite

A

A non foliated metamorphic rock formed from quartz‐rich sandstone where the quartz grains are recrystallised & fused together.
Made with Contact & regional metamorphism

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127
Q

Graded beds

A

Normally graded beds generally represent depositional environments which decrease in transport energy (rate of flow) as time passes, but these beds can also form during rapid depositional events. Coarse at the bottom and fine at the top

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128
Q

Example of a independent tetrahedron silicate

A

Olivine
– Individual tetrahedra
linked together by iron
and magnesium ions
– Forms small, rounded
crystals with no cleavage

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129
Q

Water content and mass wasting

A

Water increases the weight and decreases the
strength of the material in the slope. Adding pore pressure in the slope increases, and clay minerals become hydrated and expand. As well as dissolving cohesive minerals.

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130
Q

example of a 3d network silicate

A

Feldspar 3D framework of
tetrahedra exhibit 2
directions of perfect
cleavage at 90 degrees

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131
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Main form of bonding in minerals, involves the transfer of electrons

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132
Q

Type of minerals associated with different plate interaction zones

A

Spreading:basalt
Subduction:Felsics

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133
Q

Examples of carbonates

A

Calcite (calcium carbonate) & Dolomite (calcium magnesium
carbonate) Calcite reacts with acid where as dolomite needs to be powdered

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134
Q

exfoliation as sheets of igneous & metamorphic
rocks at the surface due to decrease in confining pressure

A

Unloading

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135
Q

Magma

A

Produced from partial melting of rocks in the crust and upper mantel

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136
Q

Metamorphisim that occurs at relatively low T (200‐320°C) and low P forming Lots of water containing minerals (e.g., clays, serpentine, chlorite)

A

Low‐grade metamorphism

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137
Q

Burial metamorphism

A

Begins at around 100m and at a temp around 300c, a low temp and low pressure environment very little changes although the minerals might change

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138
Q

Methods in changing magma composition

A

1)Magmatic differentiation, separation of melt and earlier formed crystals
2)Assimilation, change in composition via incorporation of foreign material in magma
3)Magma mixing, 2 different magma’s mix together

139
Q

How to differentiate and oxidizing and reducing enviorment

A

Deposition in an oxidising environment produces red coloured iron oxides.

Deposition in a reducing(oxygen poor) environment generally results in rocks
having a dark colour

140
Q

Siltstone & Shale

A

silt & clay-sized particles (mud, clay, silt):
particles are too small to identify by eye
over 1/2 of all sedimentary rocks
deposited in quiet (slow moving) water
* deep ocean & continental slope, lakes, floodplains

141
Q

Physical forces break rock into smaller &
smaller pieces without changing mineral composition

A

Mechanical weathering

142
Q

Slate

A

Very fine‐grained metamorphic rock with
excellent rock cleavage and is most often generated from lowgrade metamorphism of shale, mudstone, or siltstone

143
Q

Example of a sheet silicate

A

Biotite and Muscovite
Sheet structures that result in one direction of perfect cleavage
– Biotite is the common dark coloured mica mineral
– Muscovite is the common light coloured mica mineral

144
Q

Produced from partial melting of rocks in the crust and upper mantel

A

Magma

145
Q

Low‐grade metamorphism

A

Metamorphisim that occurs at relatively low T (200‐320°C) and low P forming Lots of water containing minerals (e.g., clays, serpentine, chlorite)

146
Q

How magma intrudes into surrounding rocks

A

1)magma invades cracks
2)Magma breaks off rocks and incorporates
3)Magma melts walls of country rock

147
Q

Metamorphic temperature and pressure route

A
148
Q

the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface due to either chemical or mechanical factors

A

Weathering

149
Q

Centrifugal force associated with earths spin caused a bulge of material that separated from the earth

A

Fission Hypothesis

150
Q

created from weathered and eroded fragments of pre-existing rock that have been transported and cemented together

A

Detrital sedimentary rocks

151
Q

Theory that the rigid lithosphere moves over a liquid asthenosphere

A

Plate tectonics

152
Q

a type of landslide occurring when a mass of rock slides quickly downslope

A

Rockslides

153
Q

Factors affecting viscosity of lava

A

1)Temp:higher temp less viscous
2)Composition-more silica more viscous
3)Dissolved gases-more gas more viscous

154
Q

water heated by subsurface magma and erupting out of the earth

A

Geysers

155
Q

Factors controlling Metamorphism

A

1)Tempreture
2)Fluid
3)Time
4)Pressure

156
Q

blocks of rock free fall
from cliffs or mountainsides

A

Rockfall

157
Q

Hardness

A

Resistance to abrasion or scratching and is determined using the MOHs hardness scale

158
Q

Very fine‐grained metamorphic rock with
excellent rock cleavage and is most often generated from lowgrade metamorphism of shale, mudstone, or siltstone

A

Slate

159
Q

Due to the removal of elements by earlier forming crystals the silica components of magma are enriched as crystallization continues

A

Bowens reaction series

160
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

A

derived from material carried in solution to lakes/seas and precipitation from solution to form “chemical sediments through organic or inorganic means

161
Q

Bowens reaction series

A

Due to the removal of elements by earlier forming crystals the silica components of magma are enriched as crystallization continues

162
Q

Metamorphism at Convergent boundaries

A

Most metamorphism occurs along convergent plate boundaries where the plate is thickened & heated forming Greenschist, amphibolite, granulite
– Formation of the Earth’s major mountain belts (e.g., Alps,
Himalayas, & Appalachians)

163
Q

Impact hypothesis

A

A massive collision with an earth sized object ejected parts of the earths core and mantle into orbit, preferred hypothesis by scientists

164
Q

Potassium feldspar, lacks fine parallel lines

A

Orthoclase feldspar

165
Q

Silicates

A

Formed from the SiO4^4- aninon arranging into a variety of shapes
Independant tetrahedron
Single chain
Double chain
Sheet
3d network

166
Q

Cinder cone volcanoes

A

Small volcanoes built from ejected lava fragments with 30 degree slopes

167
Q

shows a mixture of grain sizes and results from deposition from melting ice, rockfalls, debris flows,mud flows

A

Non‐Sorted Sediment

168
Q

fluid movement of coarser material & rock
in mud matrix

A

Debris / Mud flows

169
Q

Example of a sulphate

A

Gypsum

170
Q

Geysers

A

water heated by subsurface magma and erupting out of the earth

171
Q

Non‐Sorted Sediment

A

shows a mixture of grain sizes and results from deposition from melting ice, rockfalls, debris flows,mud flows

172
Q

Occurs due to high T when magma invades host rock, but low P (<10 km depth). A zone of alteration called an aureole forms in the rock surrounding the magma. Produces a fine grained rock with no preferred orientation

A

Contact metamorphism

173
Q

a mudflow or debris flow that originates on the slopes of a volcano. Small debris flows are common in the Cascades, where they form during periods of heavy rainfall, rapid snow melt, and by shallow landsliding.

A

Lahars

174
Q

Transition zone from terrestrial planets and gas giants, The frost line for the Solar System lies between Mars and Jupiter.

A

Frost line

175
Q

Components of Magma

A

1)Liquid portion (melt) composed of mobile ions
2)Solid portion, typically silicates that have crystallized
3)Volatile gases dissolved into the melt (H2),Co2,SO2)

176
Q

Rock shows outer weathered zone with successive “layers”of weathering.
Often in combination with chemical weathering.

A

Weathering Rinds

177
Q

the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water

A

Erosion

178
Q

Examples of native elements

A

Gold,Silver,Copper,Graphite,diamond

179
Q

foliation

A

foliation, planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent mineral grains of a metamorphic rock of the regional variety along straight or wavy planes.

180
Q

Cleavage

A

Tendency for a mineral to break along planes of weak bonds making flat and shiny surfaces

181
Q

How is the structure of a mineral determined

A

1)Ion size
2)Ion charge

182
Q

Debris avalanche

A

rapid movement of slope
materials (70 km/hr). Steep slopes & rain

183
Q

Icy solar system body that releases gases as burning up creating its colourful tail

A

Comet

184
Q

Examples of Halides

A

Flourite, Halite,Sylvite

185
Q

High‐grade metamorphism

A

Metamorphisim that occurs at relatively high T (>320°C) and high P
Water reliant minerals (muscovite, biotite) lose H2O and nonhydrous minerals are common (pyroxene, garnet)

186
Q

Biological activity weathering

A

disintegration resulting from plants (roots) &
animals

187
Q

Pegmatitic texture

A

Very coarse grained rocks, formed in the late stage of granitic magma crystallization

188
Q

Crater

A

Craters are formed by the outward explosion of rocks and other materials from a volcano. Generally <1km

189
Q

Rocks which are and-sized sandstone and form the sedimentary rock sandstone

A

sand

190
Q

Light igneous rock

A

non ferromagnesian minerals, composed of Si,K,Na, and Ca
ex.quarts, feldspar,muscovite mica

191
Q

planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent mineral grains of a metamorphic rock of the regional variety along straight or wavy planes.

A

foliation

192
Q

Crystal form

A

External expression of the ordered internal arrangement of atoms when there are no limitations to space

193
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

Occurs due to high T when magma invades host rock, but low P (<10 km depth). A zone of alteration called an aureole forms in the rock surrounding the magma. Produces a fine grained rock with no preferred orientation

194
Q

Rockslides

A

a type of landslide occurring when a mass of rock slides quickly downslope

195
Q

Rocks undergo enviromental changes(temp/pressure) in the solid form and change state
Regional:over large region from plates
Contact: small scale due to high temps

A

Metamorphic rocks

196
Q

Thermal springs

A

water heated by subsurface magma but run out of the ground instead of erupt

197
Q

Removal of Vegetation, Earthquakes, Liquefaction, Dams,Road cuts

A

Trigger mechanisms of slope collapse

198
Q

Rockfall

A

blocks of rock free fall
from cliffs or mountainsides

199
Q

Hornfels

A

A non foliated High T contact metamorphism rock made of various minerals.

200
Q

Coal

A

Type of sedimentary rock made of Buried & compacted plant material

201
Q

Dwarf planet

A

an object in the solar system that orbits the sun and is not a satellite of a planet or celestial body that is nearly spherical in shape

202
Q

Times effect on metamorphism

A

Crystallisation, recrystallisation and chemical reactions are VERY SLOW. The longer the time, the bigger the crystals!

203
Q

Materials not held in place by an adhesive force, at an angle of 35 degrees or greater the face will begin to break apart

A

Unconsolidated (loose)
Material

204
Q

8 igneous textures

A

1)Phaneritic
2)Aphanitic
3)Porphyritic
4)Glassy
5)Pyroclastic
6)Pegmatic
7)Vesicular
8)Amygaloidal

205
Q

an object in the solar system that orbits the sun and is not a satellite of a planet or celestial body that is nearly spherical in shape

A

Dwarf planet

206
Q

The way a mineral reflects light, can be either metallic or non metallic

A

Luster

207
Q

Pathways of mineral formation

A

1)Crystallization from heat
2)Crystallization via precipitation from water
3)Precipitation from vapour
4)Biological activity
5)Change in state

208
Q

Glassy

A

Very rapid cooling of molton rock ex. obsidian/pumice

209
Q

Foliated rock examples

A

Gneiss, Slate,Schist, phylite

210
Q

Texture grading of metamorphic rocks

A

Low grade: Slaty cleavage platy minerals aligned, rock easily split in slabs
Medium grade:Schistosity cleavage,crystals grow larger, scaly appearance
High grade:Gneissic cleavage,ion transfer, mineral segregation, banding

211
Q

Rock

A

Solid aggregate or mass of minerals

212
Q

Cross-bedding

A

Cross-bedding forms during deposition on the inclined surfaces of bedforms such as ripples and dunes; it indicates that the depositional environment contained a flowing medium (typically water or wind).

213
Q

Transform plates

A

Plates that move along side one another ex.San Andreas Fault

214
Q

Orthoclase feldspar

A

Potassium feldspar, lacks fine parallel lines

215
Q

Petrifaction / Replacement

A

addition or substitution of
original material by different mineral ex.petrified wood

216
Q

Chert

A

most formed in ocean, occurs as
layers (beds) & as irregular blobs in
limestone
marine creatures remove silica from
sea water, make shells

217
Q

Lahars

A

a mudflow or debris flow that originates on the slopes of a volcano. Small debris flows are common in the Cascades, where they form during periods of heavy rainfall, rapid snow melt, and by shallow landsliding.

218
Q

Volcanic neck,dike,sill,laccolith

A

Magma intrusions

219
Q

Retrograde metamophism

A

High‐grade rock re‐metamorphosed at lower temperature

220
Q

very fine-grained rocks and form shale or mudstone

A

silt, mud, clay

221
Q

Examples of sulphides

A

Sphalerite,Galena,chalcopyrite

222
Q

forms during deposition on the inclined surfaces of bedforms such as ripples and dunes; it indicates that the depositional environment contained a flowing medium (typically water or wind).

A

Cross-bedding

223
Q

Terrestrial planets

A

Rocky particles and metallic compounds form solids in the inner region of our solar system include: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

224
Q

Small volcanoes built from ejected lava fragments with 30 degree slopes

A

Cinder cone volcanoes

225
Q

A non foliated High T contact metamorphism rock made of various minerals.

A

Hornfels

226
Q

Movement of plates together,ex. Mariana trench, Himalayan mountains

A

Convergent plates

227
Q

Fine grained igneous rocks neat contact with cold country rocks

A

Chill zones

228
Q

Regional metamorphism

A

Most common. Occurs during
mountain building within cores of
mountains → high T and high P with a strong degree of foliation

229
Q

Stock

A

Surface extrustions <100km2 and include xenoliths and chill zones

230
Q

sheet or stream of soil and rock material saturated with water and flowing downslope under the pull of gravity

A

Earthflow

231
Q

Capture hypothesis

A

Earths gravity captured a passing planetesimal that became our moon

232
Q

Convergent plates

A

Movement of plates together,ex. Mariana trench, Himalayan mountains

233
Q

A massive collision with an earth sized object ejected parts of the earths core and mantle into orbit, preferred hypothesis by scientists

A

Impact hypothesis

234
Q

Luster

A

The way a mineral reflects light, can be either metallic or non metallic

235
Q

Ropy textured lava with moving inside, lower in viscosity than Aa

A

Pahoehoe lava

236
Q

Marble

A

A nonfoliated metamorphic rock that is formed from limestone or dolostone comprised of clacite or dolomite crystals

237
Q

formed from limestone when Mg
replaces some Ca and is a type of chemical sedimentary rock

A

Dolostone

238
Q

Formed when gas vesicles of vesicular rock are filled in with additional minerals from ground water precipitation

A

Amygdaloidal texture

239
Q

7 major classes of minerals

A

1)Silicates (SiO)
2)Native elements (Au, Ag, C etc.)
3)Oxides (O)
4)Sulfides(S)
5)Sulfates(SO4)
6)Halides (Br,F,Cl)
7)Carbonates (CO3)

240
Q

Earthflow

A

sheet or stream of soil and rock material saturated with water and flowing downslope under the pull of gravity

241
Q

mud shrinkage upon exposure to
air, alternately wet/dry found at shallow lakes, desert basins, flood plains

A

Mud cracks

242
Q

Phyllite

A

Gradation in degree of metamorphism between slate & schist it has a glossy sheen and wavy surfaces and is composed mainly of fine crystals of muscovite and/or chlorite

243
Q

Double planet hypothesis

A

The moon formed concurrently with the earth from a local cloud of gas and dust

244
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

form by chemical precipitation that begins when water travelling through rock dissolves some of the minerals and precipitate out through inorganic or organic processes

245
Q

Example of a double chain silicate

A

Hornblende Double chain structures involving a variety of ions, Two perfect cleavages exhibiting angles of 124 & 56 degrees

246
Q

Limestone

A

Composed chiefly of calcite (CaCO3)
* formed by marine organisms coral reefs,
coquina (broken shells), & chalk
* Inorganic limestones: travertine and oolitic
limestone

247
Q

Earths layers based on properties

A

1)Lithosphere- rigid
2)Atenosphere- liquid
3)Mesosphere- rigid
4)outer core- liquid
5)Inner core- rigid

248
Q

Solifluction

A

the progressive movement of a mass down a slope caused by freeze-thaw activity. During the warmer months, thaw, water in the soil is stuck by frozen permafrost beneath it, causing solifluction

249
Q

silt, mud, clay

A

very fine-grained rocks and form shale or mudstone

250
Q

conglomerate with angular
grains and have not travelled very far! They can sometimes be confused for pyroclastic rocks

A

Breccia

251
Q

Opening that is connected to magma chamber via a pipe

A

Vent

252
Q

How are hard animal parts turned into fossils?

A

Form through one of these pathways
-Essentially unaltered
– Recrystallised
– Petrifaction
– Replacement
– Mould
– Cast

253
Q

Gas giants

A

Planets primarily formed of hydrogen and helium alongside metals and rocks Include:Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter.

254
Q

1)Decomposition
2)Erosion
3)Transportation
4)Deposition
5)Compaction

A

Sedimentary cycle

255
Q

small waves of sand that show the direction of the wind
symmetric found in areas where the direction of motion changes
asymmetric , found in areas where the direction of motion faces on way

A

Ripple marks

256
Q

Caldera

A

a depression created after a volcano partially collapses after releasing the majority of its magma chamber in an explosive eruption. typically >1km

257
Q

Differential weathering

A

Masses of rock do not weather uniformly due to regional and local factors

258
Q

Aphanitic

A

Fine grained texture, fast cooling(extrusive), microscopic crystals and vesicles from gas bubbles ex.basalt

259
Q

The loop that involves the process by which one rock turns into another

A

Rock cycle

260
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

a hot (typically >800 °C, or >1,500 °F ), chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or collapsing flow front

261
Q

The product of high‐grade metamorphism with a Medium‐ to coarse‐grained banded appearance. Often composed of white or
light‐coloured feldspar‐rich layers with bands of dark ferromagnesian minerals. Formed from granites OR a recrystallised schist

A

Gneiss

262
Q

Polymorph

A

Two or more minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures ex.Diamond and graphite

263
Q

a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope. Movement is characterized by sliding along a concave-upward or planar surface.

A

Slump

264
Q

MOst abundant volcanic rock with an 80% Fe Mg composition, heat of 800-1000c

A

Basalt

265
Q

water evaporates and dissolved stuff
is deposited

A

Evaporite

266
Q

Carbonisation

A

Removal of most organic material,
leaving only a carbon film in the rock

267
Q

Cataclastic metamorphism

A

Metamorphism along fault zones, high T and high P from friction of sliding plates. Pre‐existing minerals deform by ductile
flow, Can fracture rocks and form fault
breccias…or total pulverisation to
mylonites

268
Q

form by chemical precipitation that begins when water travelling through rock dissolves some of the minerals and precipitate out through inorganic or organic processes

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks

269
Q

Fracture

A

Absence of cleavage when a mineral is broken

270
Q

Cast and Mould

A

Impressions of internal and external
surfaces are imprinted into stone and are filled with minerals

271
Q

Planets primarily formed of hydrogen and helium alongside metals and rocks Include:Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter.

A

Gas giants

272
Q

Sandstone

A

composed of sand grains and is the 2nd most abundant sedimentary rock deposited by moderate currents:
such as rivers & deltas, beaches, wind (sand dunes)
and is mostly composed of quartz

273
Q

Pillowy lava

A

lavas that contain characteristic pillow-shaped structures that are attributed to the extrusion of the lava underwater, or subaqueous extrusion. Pillow lavas in volcanic rock are characterized by thick sequences of discontinuous pillow-shaped masses

274
Q

Mud cracks

A

mud shrinkage upon exposure to
air, alternately wet/dry found at shallow lakes, desert basins, flood plains

275
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Pre existing rocks are broken down and carried and deposited into new rocks

276
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Theory that the rigid lithosphere moves over a liquid asthenosphere

277
Q

Factors in igneous textures

A

1)Cooling rates, slow=few but large crystals, fast=many small crystals, very fast=glassy
2)Amount of SiO2 present
3)Amount of dissolved gases

278
Q

Plagioclase feldspar

A

Sodium and Calcium feldspar, has thin lines along a cleavage face

279
Q

composed mostly of gravel with
rounded fragments but poorly sorted
deposited by strong, turbulent currents such as floods,rivers,steep streams, and glaciers

A

Conglomerate

280
Q

1)Liquid portion (melt) composed of mobile ions
2)Solid portion, typically silicates that have crystallized
3)Volatile gases dissolved into the melt (H2),Co2,SO2)

A

Components of Magma

281
Q

Breaks down rock components &
internal structures of minerals

A

Chemical Weathering

282
Q

Lithification

A

unconsolidated sediments
transformed into solid rock by compaction
and cementation (calcite, silica, and iron
oxide)

283
Q

Resistance of minerals to weathering most to least

A

Quartz
Muscovite
Potassium feldspar
Biotite and potassium feldspar
Amphibole
Pyroxene and calcium feldspar
Olivine

284
Q

50% plagioclase and 50% iron magnesium, more viscous lava than basalt

A

Andesite

285
Q

Vesicular texture

A

Holes in rock texture due to trapped gas

286
Q

Amygdaloidal texture

A

Formed when gas vesicles of vesicular rock are filled in with additional minerals from ground water precipitation

287
Q

are formed by the outward explosion of rocks and other materials from a volcano. Generally <1km

A

Crater

288
Q

Pressures effect on metamorphism

A

As depth of burial increases so does pressure, uniform pressure leads to layering remaining in tact where as differential stress will lead to foliation patterns. Increasing pressure increases chance of metamorphisim

289
Q

Solar nebular gas contracted,cooled, and condensed into dust sized particles that aggregated together via collisions into the formation of protoplanets

A

Nebular Hypothesis

290
Q

the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting.

A

Mass wasting

291
Q

most formed in ocean, occurs as
layers (beds) & as irregular blobs in
limestone
marine creatures remove silica from
sea water, make shells

A

Chert

292
Q

Most metamorphism occurs along convergent plate boundaries where the plate is thickened & heated forming Greenschist, amphibolite, granulite
– Formation of the Earth’s major mountain belts (e.g., Alps,
Himalayas, & Appalachians)

A

Metamorphism at Convergent boundaries

293
Q

Differentiation

A

The surface of earth was heated due to meteor impacts causing the earth to melt and then stratify based on density of minerals around 4.6 billion years ago

294
Q

Metamorphism

A

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures, pressures
and/or chemical conditions unlike those in which it formed.

295
Q

Shield volcanoes

A

Broad and slightly dome shaped formed from continuous mild eruptions of large volumes of lava, form basalt and cover large areas

296
Q

Medium‐ to coarse‐grained metamorphic rock where platy minerals predominate,
e.g. the micas

A

Schist

297
Q

The transition of one rock into another by temperatures, pressures
and/or chemical conditions unlike those in which it formed.

A

Metamorphism

298
Q

Thermal expansion

A

alternate expansion/contraction due to
heating/cooling

299
Q

Fragments of country rock

A

Xenoliths

300
Q

The surface of earth was heated due to meteor impacts causing the earth to melt and then stratify based on density of minerals around 4.6 billion years ago

A

Differentiation

301
Q

Divergent plates

A

Movement of plates apart, ex.Midocean ridges

302
Q

Porphyroblastic textures

A

Large grains, called porphyroblasts, surrounded by a finegrained matrix of other minerals similar to the porphyritic texture in igneous rocks

303
Q

metamorphism in Subduction zones

A

Mountainous terrains along subduction zones exhibit distinct linear belts of
metamorphic rocks
* High-P, low-T zones nearest the trench->blueschist
* High-T, low-P zones further inland in the region of igneous activity
* High-P, high-T zones at depth in thickened continental crust

304
Q

Non foliated rock examples

A

Quartzite, marble, hornfel, Greenstone, amphibolite

305
Q

Xenoliths

A

Fragments of country rock

306
Q

Diagenesis

A

all chemical, physical, & biological changes that occur after deposition, but before metamorphism

307
Q

Minerals forming at different temperatures and rates. The large crystals(phenocrysts) are embedded into a matrix of smaller crystals (ground mass) ex.porphyry

A

Porphyritic

308
Q

form from the slow extrusion of highly-viscous silica lava. These lava’s are too thick to spread out into a lava flow. Most domes are small and many do not have a crater

A

Dome

309
Q

Sedimentary Facies

A

Different sediments often accumulate adjacent to one another at the same time with each facie having a different property sandstone->shale->limestone

310
Q

The very rapid downslope flowage of rock fragments, during which the fragments may become further broken or pulverized

A

Rock Avalanche

311
Q

Dark igneous rock

A

The ferromangesian rocks that contain Fe or Mg, include olivine,pyroxene,amphibole, and biotite mica

312
Q

Factors for magma formation

A

1)Temperature, higher temp more melting
2)Pressure, lower pressure more melting
3)Volatiles, lower melting temps

313
Q

alternate expansion/contraction due to
heating/cooling

A

Thermal expansion

314
Q

Mass wasting

A

the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting.

315
Q

High‐grade rock re‐metamorphosed at lower temperature

A

Retrograde metamophism

316
Q

Hydrothermal metamorphism

A

Chemical alteration caused when hot, ion‐rich fluids (hydrothermal solutions) circulate through fissures and cracks that develop in rock, occurs along the mid ocean ridge

317
Q

Sedimentary environment types

A

Marine-Ocean beds
Continental-mountains, lakes, rivers
Transition-beach, deltas

318
Q

Asteroids

A

Rocky remnants left over from the early formation of our galaxy

319
Q

Absence of cleavage when a mineral is broken

A

Fracture

320
Q

Medium to high-grade metamorphism
of mafic volcanics with Lots of amphiboles and plagioclase

A

Amphibolite

321
Q

Greenstones

A

Metamorphic rock formed at Low grade metamorphosed basalt-volcanics
From interaction with ocean water or other
fluids → leading to a green colour

322
Q

Pyroclastic deposit types

A

1)Ash and dust- Fine glass fragments
2)Pumice- porus rock from frothy lava
3)Cinders- peas sized
4)Lapilli- walnut sized

323
Q

the progressive movement of a mass down a slope caused by freeze-thaw activity. During the warmer months, thaw, water in the soil is stuck by frozen permafrost beneath it, causing solifluction

A

Solifluction

324
Q

Specific gravity

A

Ratio of the weight of a mineral to the equal volume of water, or just how heavy that bad boy is.

325
Q

3 main factors in mass wasting

A

1)Nature of slope
2)Amount of water
3)Steepness & instability of slope

326
Q

Andesite

A

50% plagioclase and 50% iron magnesium, more viscous lava than basalt

327
Q

Metamorphisim that occurs at relatively high T (>320°C) and high P
Water reliant minerals (muscovite, biotite) lose H2O and nonhydrous minerals are common (pyroxene, garnet)

A

High‐grade metamorphism

328
Q

Chemical alteration caused when hot, ion‐rich fluids (hydrothermal solutions) circulate through fissures and cracks that develop in rock, occurs along the mid ocean ridge

A

Hydrothermal metamorphism

329
Q

Ratio of the weight of a mineral to the equal volume of water, or just how heavy that bad boy is.

A

Specific gravity

330
Q

Phaneritic texture

A

Course grained texture, Formed from slow cooling (intrusive) with crystals large enough to see without a microscope ex.granite

331
Q

Comet

A

Icy solar system body that releases gases as burning up creating its colourful tail

332
Q

Plates that move along side one another ex.San Andreas Fault

A

Transform plates

333
Q

Porphyritic

A

Minerals forming at different temperatures and rates. The large crystals(phenocrysts) are embedded into a matrix of smaller crystals (ground mass) ex.porphyry

334
Q

the traces/remains of prehistoric life preserved in rock

A

Fossils

335
Q

Removal of most organic material,
leaving only a carbon film in the rock

A

Carbonisation

336
Q

Metamorphic Facies

A

Changes in mineral assemblages due to changes in T and P over a limited range

337
Q

Hydrolysis weathering

A

The reaction of any substance with water ex.Granite (mainly quartz + K feldspar) + carbonic acid (H2O + CO2)forms Kaolinite, Free potassium, and loose quartz

338
Q

Temperatures effect on metamorphism

A

Has the most effect on metamorphic rock formation as higher heat favours metamoprhisim, this can be due to either igneous heat intrusions or the change in geothermal gradient as crust depth increases

339
Q

Example of a single chain silicate

A

Augite,Single chain structures
involving iron and magnesium
Two distinctive cleavages
at nearly 90 degrees

340
Q

unconsolidated sediments
transformed into solid rock by compaction
and cementation (calcite, silica, and iron
oxide)

A

Lithification

341
Q

a hot (typically >800 °C, or >1,500 °F ), chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or collapsing flow front

A

Pyroclastic flow

342
Q

team-driven explosions that occur when water beneath the ground or on the surface is heated by magma, lava, hot rocks, or new volcanic deposits

A

Phreatic explosion

343
Q

Weathering

A

the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface due to either chemical or mechanical factors

344
Q

Masses of rock do not weather uniformly due to regional and local factors

A

Differential weathering

Easc 101 (8 decks)

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