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PSY2110[B] > Midterm 1 Review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of social psychology:

A

Competent/self-efficacy, relatedness, autonomy

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2
Q

Social psychology is the scientific study of:

A

Social thinking, social influence, social relations

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3
Q

How we perceive ourselves & others

What we believe

Judgements we make

Our attitudes
are parts of which component of SP :

A

Social thinking

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4
Q

Culture & biology

Pressures to conform

Persuasion

Groups of people

are parts of which component of SP:

A

Social influence

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5
Q

Helping

Aggression

Attraction & intimacy

Prejudice

are parts of which component of SP:

A

Social relations

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6
Q

What examines how INDIVIDUALS feel, think, behave in social contexts.

A

SP

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7
Q

This explores the development, functioning, structure of societies:

A

Sociology

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8
Q

Examples of sociology

A

social institutions

Relationshis

Collective behaviour

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9
Q

This studies individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, & behaving

A

Personality Psychology

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10
Q

Varies with how we construe the situation:

A

Social behaviors

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11
Q

Social beliefs can be self-fulfilling:

A

True

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12
Q

Ethical dilemma helps see how people act in certain situations:

A

Yes

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12
Q

We construct our social reality:

Humans like to explain behaviour, Make it orderly, predictable, controllable: T/F

A

True

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13
Q

What are often powerful but sometimes perilous:

A

Social inuitions

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14
Q

Our intuitions are often wrong:

A

True

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15
Q

Over-trust our memory and Poor at predicting our emotional reactions:

A

Yes

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16
Q

People are created from biology & experience:

A

yes

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17
Q

What integrates social and biological perspectives to understand the bases of social & emotional behaviors.

A

Social neuroscience

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18
Q

What theory states that relatedness is a core psychological need:

A

Self-determination

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19
Q

Ways values enter social psychology:

A

Values influence research
Vary by time & culture
Analysis of data

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20
Q

The limbic system, amygdala, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area (VTA) allow us to experience love. T/F?

A

True

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21
Q

People report being moderate procrastinators:

A

True

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21
Q

Examples of subjective aspect of science:

A

Culture (ex: dominant cultural narratives overshadow minority groups)
Social representation: Being overlooked or misrepresented

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22
Q

Forming concepts or

A

Hidden Values

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23
Q

Examples of forming concepts:

A

Labelling

Naturalistic fallacy

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24
Q

Labelling or value judgement refers to assigning specific tags or assessments to people or person based on perceived characteristics. Can be biased?

A

True

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25
Q

This refers to error of defining what’s good in terms of what is observable?

What typical is normal and normal is good.

A

Naturalistic fallacy

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26
Q

Two criticism of social psychology:

A
  1. Trivial b/c it documents the obvious.
  2. Dangerous b/c the findings could be used to manipulate people
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27
Q

What is the problem with common sense:

A

We invoke it after we know it

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28
Q

This bias refers to tendency to exaggerate an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen it:

A

Hindsight bais

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29
Q

Process of a study:

A

Theory - hypothesis-Research (design)-Observation-theory (create/modify it)-hypothesis-research-observation and on

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30
Q

What is an integrated set of principle that explain and predict observed events:

A

Theory

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31
Q

Concerns with using a survey:

A

Unrepresentative samples

order of Qs

Response bias & social desirability

Wording of questions

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31
Q

Often correlational research may use survey and is cross-sectional study:

A

True

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31
Q

Correlation allows prediction but not causation:

A

True

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32
Q

Is a testable proposition that describe the relationship that may exist btw. events:

A

Hypothesis

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33
Q

Two types of research methods:

A

Correlational vs experimental

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34
Q

Advantage and dis. of correlational:

A

Adv: Often uses real-world settings

Dis: Causation often ambiguous

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35
Q

Adv. and dis. of experimental method:

A

Adv: explore cause & effect by controlling variables by RA

Dis: Important variables cannot be studied with this method

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36
Q

What are elements of research:

A

Research design (correlational or esxperimental)

Research methods (questionnaire or interviews, RA)

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37
Q

What is known as the great equilizer:

A

RA

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38
Q

When manipulation is not possible researchers use observational research methods T/F:

A

True

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39
Q

Methods in social psychology:

A

Lab/field experiments

Surveys & questionnaire (self-report)

Observational studies

Case studies

Meta-analysis

Interviews

Social network analysis

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40
Q

Experimental realism is important with minimized harm and demand.

A

yes

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41
Q

Social psychology experiments often operate in the ‘grey area’ btw. harmless and risky area.

A

Yes

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42
Q

Ethics principles:

A

Respect

Research merit & integrity

Justice

Beneficence

Non-maleficence

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43
Q

Issues with lab experiments:

A

Labs are controlled reality may not always reflect the real-world.

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44
Q

What term refers to when people see themselves as centre stage:

A

Spotlight effect (similar to ego-centric, imaginary audience)

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45
Q

What did Lawson study find out:

A

Students said 40% of students would remember the sweatshirt logo, but only 10% recalled.

Example of spotlight effect

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46
Q

What term refers to when we feel self-conscious we can worry being evaluated negatively:

A

Illusion of Transparency

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47
Q

Savitsky & Gilovich (2003) found out that:

A

Knowing about illusion of transparency can reduce effects of self-conscious.

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47
Q

What enables us to remember our past, assess our present, project our future:

A

Our sense of self

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48
Q

Components of the self:

A

Self-esteem

Self-concept

Self-knowledgable

Social self

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49
Q

Who am I is what part of our self:

A

Self-concept

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50
Q

My sense of self-worth/self-evaluation is indicative of which part of self:

A

Self-esteem

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51
Q

How can I explain & predict myself is a part of which self:

A

Self-knowledgable

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52
Q

Roles (i.e., my roles) are part of which self component

A

Social self

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53
Q

What refers to beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

A

Self-ischema

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54
Q

We compare ourselves and are conscious of those differences:

A

Social comparison

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55
Q

Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment is an example of creating self-schema:

A

True

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56
Q

People are inspired to attain similar success as a role model, but then feel demoralized if they cannot:

A

True

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57
Q

People tend to highlight best and exciting part of their lives on social media:

A

Yes

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58
Q

Social comparison online often based on incomplete information:

A

True

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59
Q

HVSM triggers a continuous cycle of emotional highs & lows, impactful on adolescent users.

A

Yes

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60
Q

Looking-glass self states that:

A

How we imagine others see us

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61
Q

Individualism prevails in Western cultures identity is self-contained:, self-reliance, separating from parents, independent self.

A

True

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62
Q

Micro: Explores individual interactions and personal experiences.
Meso: groups and organizations within society.
Exo: Examines external systems that indirectly influence individuals.
Macro: large-scale social structures and global trends.
Meta: Reflects on overarching theories and frameworks in research.

A
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62
Q

This self has an identity as a unique person:

Self-concept as stable:
Self-esteem as personal:

A

Independent self

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62
Q

Characteristics of collectivist culture:

A

Interdependent self

Identity in relation to others

Self-concept as malleable

Self-esteem as relational

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63
Q

Describe the difference in self-esteem btw. collec. & individual.:

A

Collec: malleable and relational
Individual: less relational and more perosnal

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64
Q

Collec. have upward social comparisons vs indivi. - downward:

A

Yes

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65
Q

Collec. persist longer when failing on tasks vs indivi. persist when succeding.

A

Yes

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66
Q

Indivi. has self-evaluations biased positively vs balanced for collec.

A

True

67
Q

This fallacy refers to tendency to underestimate how long a task will take:

A

Planning fallacy

68
Q

This bias refers to overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing event:

A

Impact bias

69
Q

The tendency to underestimate the speed & strength of”psychological immune system”

A

Immune neglect

70
Q

What system mentions that a person can hold two conflicting attitudes toward the same object:

A

Dual attitude system

71
Q

Types of dual attitude system and define:

A

Implicit (automatic) attitudes
- Unconscious, influenced by past experiences & socialization. Changes slowly with practice that forms new habits.

Explicit attitudes
- Conscious, deliberative beliefs or evaluations.
May change with education & persuasion.

72
Q

Self-reports are often untrustworthy because individuals may lack self-awareness, be influenced by social desirability bias, or intentionally misrepresent their thoughts and feelings to conform to societal expectations.

A

True

73
Q

Sincerity does not guarantee validity:

A

Yes

74
Q

Self-esteem acs as fuel gauge for our emotional state, when high we feel confident and secure. But when it drops it increases our sensitivity to criticism or negative experiences, making us more aware of it to protect us.

A

yes

74
Q

Propose that people exhibit emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality:

A

Terror management theory

75
Q

Research has shown that proposing silver linings or making those with lower self-esteem repeat + phrases is not helpful to boost their self-esteem:

A

True

75
Q

What is a route to self-esteem:

A

Compassion

76
Q

Narcissism and self-esteem interact to influence aggression (High self-esteem and high narcissism):

A

True

77
Q

What is a belief in your own experience:

A

Self-efficacy

78
Q

What theory explains how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking & behavior:

A

Attribution theory

79
Q

People make internal & external attributions.

A

Yes

80
Q

Self-serving bias:

A

Tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and failure to external factors

Not always helpful - can contribute to negative outcomes.

80
Q

Fundamental attribution error:

A

Tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics & ignore situational factors in. others’ behaviors.

81
Q

Components of self-serving bias:

A
  • Attributing success to one’s ability and failure to luck and external things.

Comparing yourself favourably to others

Unrealistic optimism

False consensus and uniqueness

81
Q

Most people consider themselves better than average:

A

True

81
Q

Most humans are predisposed to optimism: or have unrealistic optimism (supported by being pessimistic about others. Give an exmaple

A

Yes,

Undergrads believe that they are far more likely than their classmates to get a job.

82
Q

How does illusionary optimism increase vulnerbaility:

A

Makes us become unprepared for potential setbacks or negative outcomes.

82
Q

Optimism promotes self-efficacy:

A

True

83
Q

What helps people prepare for problems:

A

Defensive pessimism

84
Q

Term sued to describe overestimating the commonality of one’s opinions & one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours:

A

False consensus effet

85
Q

What is the term to refer to underestimating the commonality of one’s abilities & one’s desirable or successful behaviours.

A

False uniqueness effect

85
Q

cognitive process in which individuals evaluate themselves or their current situation by comparing it to their past experiences or states

A

Temporal comparison.

Both students & parents believe they have improved.

86
Q

Term to refer to protecting one’s self-image with behaviours that create handy excuse for later failure and example:

A

Self-handicapping

ex: partying the night before the exam.

87
Q

Two components of impression -management:

A

Self-presentation (present desired image) and self-monitoring (adjusting one’s performance to create desired impression)

88
Q

The two brain systems we have:

A

System 1: Automatic
System 2: Requires attention

89
Q

Self-efficacy encourages us not resign ourselves to bad situations but empowers us to take proactive steps. List issues

A

Twin truths: although self-efficacy enhance resilience and motivation, it can lead to pride and underestimating risks and challenges.

Not seeking help in difficult situations.

90
Q

Describe the parts that define system1:

A

Our ‘intuition’ “gut feeing’

Out of our awareness

influences more our actions than we realize.

91
Q

System 2 requires our conscious attention and effort:

A

True

92
Q

State an example of priming for system1:

A

Activating particular associations in memory

Watching scary movie and interpreting household noises as an intruder

93
Q

System 2 can be influenced by hidden messages and cues we aren’t ware of. What is this priming called:

A

Subliminal priming

Can influence our thoughts & actions, contributing to intuitive judgements.

94
Q

This concept show how leaders use priming - exposing individuals to particular stimuli to shape attitudes and behaviours.

A

Intuitive management

95
Q

Primming research shows that much of our behaviour is unconscious and give example:

A

Catholic students

96
Q

This concept applies to factual information, judgement’s of others, or own behaviour

A

Overconfidence

97
Q

What does the Dunning-Kruger Effect state:

A

Individuals with limited experience overestimate their skills & knowledge due to unawareness of what they don’t know.

97
Q

Overconfidence fed by incompetence (lack skills and knowledge to accurately assess their abilities) and underestimation of situational factors (their influence of others to their success, risks, challeneges, etc.:

A

true

98
Q

People often give too much weight to their intentions when predicting their future behavior (underestimating the influence of external factors, obstacles, their own habits that might prevent them) :

A

Yes

99
Q

Remedies for overconfidence:

A

Prompt feedback
Break up tasks into subcomponents
Consider disconfirming info.

100
Q

Heuristics (mental shortcuts that allow people to make quick decisions, pass judgement, or solving a problem quickly with minimal effort:

A

True

101
Q

Two examples of heuristics:

A

Representativeness
Availability

102
Q

Cognition typically involves acting with a physical body on an environment in which that body is immersed.

A

True

103
Q

embodied cognition postulates that understanding cognitive processes entails understanding their close link to the motor surfaces that may generate action and to the sensory surfaces that provide sensory signals about the environment.

A

Yes

104
Q

Schemas provide the cognitive framework that can be primed, leading to intuitive responses based on past experiences

A

True

105
Q

Emotional reactions are often primed by envi. cues & influence our intuitive decisions:

A

True

106
Q

Expertise allows individuals to use intuition effectively by drawing on primed patterns and schemas built through experience.

A

Yes

107
Q

Blindsight shows intuition can operate even without conscious awareness:

A

Yes

108
Q

What concept describes imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but did not:

A

Counterfactual thinking

109
Q

Counterfactual thinking underlies feelings of luck, regret over things not done:

A

Yes

109
Q

What concept describes perception of relationship where non exists, or perception of stronger relationship than actually exists:

A

Illusionary correlational

110
Q

The perception of uncontrollable event as subject to one’s control or more controllable:

A

Illusion of control

Ex: Gambling

110
Q

What infuse our judgements:

A

Our moods

unhappy (brooding, self-focused) vs happy people (loving, trusting, responsive)

111
Q

Temporary good or bad mood influenced people’s rating of their videotaped behaviour:

A

True

112
Q

People everywhere perceive mediators and media as biased against their positions:

A

True

113
Q

The beliefs individuals hold about themselves shape how they perceive and interpret information related to their own behaviour, leading to potentially skewed or irrational self-assessments.

A

Yes

114
Q

Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, even in the face of disconfirming evidence

A

Belief preservation

115
Q

Our beliefs and expectations shape how we interpret events; if we expect something to go a certain way, we might see and remember it in a way that supports that expectation, even if reality is different. This is an example of:

A

Belief preservation

116
Q

How does misinformation happen:

A

When people mix up what they saw or experienced with misleading information they hear later, which can create false memories. Affects how we remember anything from the past.

117
Q

Sometimes we make our memories to make them sound better or worse than they really were:

A

True

118
Q

It refers to the idea that the human ego operates in a way that is similar to a totalitarian regime, where it actively seeks to control and manage information in order to maintain a positive self-image.

A

Greenwald’s totalitarin ego

119
Q

Frequent exposure to social media can alter the way we encode (store) memories and retrieve them later, often by emphasizing certain types of information, creating biases in what we remember, or leading us to compare our lives with others, which can change our perceptions of our own experiences.

A

True

120
Q

Issues with pervasive use of social media:

A

Distraction

Cognitive offloading

Point-of-view

121
Q

Research shows that social media use lead to poorer memories:

A

yes

122
Q

Repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse can be falsely reconstructed

A

True

123
Q

Term for mistakenly attributing behaviour to the wrong cause:

A

Misattribution

Internal (dispositional vs external - situational)

124
Q

Components of dispositional attribution:

A

Motivation & ability, traits

125
Q

Components of situational attribution:

A

Physical and social circumstances.

126
Q

This concept refers to spontaneous trait inference: other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions & dispositions:

A

True

127
Q

Even when people know they are causing someone else’s behaviour, they still underestimate external influences. This is an example of:

A

FAE

128
Q

Kelley’s covariation model suggests that people attribute the cause of behavior to either internal (dispositional) or external (situational) factors based on these three types of information: List them

A

Consensus

Distinctiveness

Consistency

129
Q

When our ideas lead us to act in ways that produce their apparent confirmation. This is called:

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

130
Q

This is an example of experimenter bias:

A

Research participants sometimes live up to what they believe experimenters expect of them

131
Q

Type of self-fulfilling prophecy where someone’s expectations about another person lead them to act in a way that influences the other person’s behavior to align with those expectations.

A

Behavioural confirmation

132
Q

Favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction toward something or someone displayed through beliefs, feelings, intended behavior.

A

Attitudes

133
Q

Attitudes are not a great predictor of behavior:

A

True

134
Q

ABCS of attitudes:

A

Affect, behaviour, cognition

135
Q

What evaluates reaction times in pairing words or images.

It reveals implicit biases that individuals may not consciously recognize, providing insights into attitudes towards race, gender, and other social categories.

A

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

136
Q

What concept states that specific attitudes are better predictors of behavior when examined in collective/multiple situations or average manner.

A

Principle of aggregation

137
Q

Issues with the IAT:

A

Realiability (low test-retest)

Validity: predictive and construct validity

Contextual influences: results impacted by situational factors.

Interpretation of results: risk of over generalization, not capturing everything.

138
Q

This theory states that Attitudes, perceived social norms, feelings of control create behaviour intention that ultimately form planned behaviour.

A

True

139
Q

Much of our behaviour is automatic, why?

A

Frees up our minds to do other things.

140
Q

What makes our attitudes more accessible, more enduring, more likely to guide acitons:

A

When forged by experience

141
Q

Social contexts and expectations, e.g., role playing can shape our behavior that lead to changes in our attitudes:

When people adapt what they say to please listeners

ex: Stanford Prison Experiment (Guards and prisoners)

A

Yes

142
Q

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

A

Foot-in-the-Door

143
Q

Works even when people are aware of a profit motive
Takes advantage of the psychological effects of making a commitment. This is an example of

A

Low-ball technique

144
Q

Tendency for people who decline larger request to agree to a smaller request.

Effective when norms of reciprocity is salient.

A

Door-In-The-Face

145
Q

This refers to a concept when people change their preferences btw. two options b/c a third, less attractive one (decoy) is added.

A

Decoy Effect

146
Q

Immoral act often result from gradually escalating commitments even when it becomes evident that it may lead to negative or immoral outcomes.

A

Yes

147
Q

Example of public conformity that lead to private acceptance:

A

Singing “O Canada”

Orange shirt day

148
Q

This concept refers to being concerned with making a good impression in order to gain social & material rewards, feel better about ourselves, or become secure in our social identities:

Wanting to appear consistent:

A

Impression management

149
Q

When we have two thoughts that are inconsistent or incompatible:

Or when our behaviour is inconsistent with our attitudes:

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

150
Q

People prefer to expose themselves to information that aligns with their point of view: name the concept

A

Selective exposure

151
Q

This theory states that when our actions are not fully explained by external rewards or coercion we experience dissonance. This is b/c our actions conflict with our beliefs. Convincing yourself that what you did was right or acceptable is a way to reduce this.

A

Dissonance theory

152
Q

When we choose between two equally attractive (or equally unattractive) alternatives

To reduce it: upgrading the chosen alternative and downgrading the unselected.

A

Dissonance after decision

153
Q

Having an individualistic self-concept can lead to dissonance following a personal choice

A

True

154
Q

Having a collectivistic self-concept can lead to dissonance following a choice made for one’s group

A

True

155
Q

This theory assumes that we make similar inferences when we observe our own behaviour

When our attitudes are weak or ambiguous, we are in the position of someone who observes us from the outside

A

Self-perception theory (self-observation)

156
Q

When people do something they enjoy, without reward or coercion, they attribute their behaviour to their love of the activity

A
157
Q

When people think their arousal is due to an external factor (like a pill), they don’t experience cognitive dissonance as strongly, and therefore, they don’t feel compelled to change their attitudes

A
158
Q

People often experience self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behaviour, and they compensate for this threat by affirming another aspect of the self
Threaten people’s self-concept in one domain and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain

A

Self-affirmation theory

159
Q

Who proposed self-perception theory:

A

Bem

159
Q

Example of self-perceiving when not self-contradicting:

A

If someone frequently volunteers without feeling forced or conflicted, they may conclude that they genuinely value altruism

160
Q

Dissonance Theory asserts that attitude change stems from the psychological arousal caused by feeling inconsistent, some studies indicate that individuals can change their attitudes without significant discomfort, challenging the idea that arousal is necessary for this change. For instance, someone might adopt a healthier lifestyle simply because they find it enjoyable, not because they feel any internal conflict about their previous habits.

A
161
Q

when an external reward or incentive diminishes a person’s intrinsic motivation to engage in an activity b/c they will begin to attribute their actions to rewards rather than intrinsic interest.

A
162
Q
A

PSY2110[B] (2 decks)

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