Midterm 1 Review

Question 1

Top down processing:

Answer 1

top-down processing uses the contextual information of things that we already know or have already experienced in combination with our senses to perceive new information.

Question 2

Mentalism

Answer 2

• An explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial mind
• This view was championed by Aristotle
• Believe the brain cooled the blood and had no role in producing behavior
• Whatever is the mind, there is a psyche not occupying physical space causing behavior
• Psyche: Synonym for mind, an entity once proposed to be the source of human behavior
• Immaterial mind causes phenomena to occur, according to mentalism, nothing we touch is concrete, see,smell and taste is nothing more than sensation.

Question 3

CSF(3)
Found+produced+drains

Answer 3

Found in the space between the menings and 4 ventricles
produced by the cells in ventricals
drains in the venous and lympathic system

rmb it u dumbass

Question 4

CSF functions (4)

Answer 4

1. boyancy: help keep brain afloat and not damage the neurons on the ventral side
2. protection: protect th brain erom injury, blunt force
3. Chemical stability: removes waste products associated with metabolic activity
4. Prevent ichemia: reduced blood flow and therefore oxygen- decrease in CSF include the skull decreases intracranial pressure, aiding blood perfusion

Question 5

Coup

Answer 5

damage at the site of impact

Question 6

Counter coup

Answer 6

Damage opposite the site of impact

Question 7

Result of concusion on brain (3)

Answer 7

• Number of tears spread out across the brain
• loss of complex cognitive functions
• concentration deficits

Question 8

Long term behavioural concequences of concussion (5)

Answer 8

1. depression
2. memory siturbances
3. personality changes
4. sleep changes
5. icreased risk of suicide

Question 9

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) (3)

Answer 9

• atrophy due to neuron death from shearing forces
• enlargement of the ventricles
• increased in brain porteins associated with alzheimers

Question 10

Treatment for concussion(5):

Symptom management?

Answer 10

1. Historically time and rest have been prescribed
2. Avoid Physical exertion
3. Avoid mental exertion
4. Symptom management: Tylenol (headaches), avoid Aspirin, advil etc and they may increase the risk of bleeding or issue for cyst formation
5. Low impact exercise actually helps you recover/ reduce recovery time

Question 11

Why do woodpeckers not get concussion? (5)

Answer 11

• Reduce the space between your brain and skull (less subdural space)
• Have a brain that is longer from top to bottom (Provides larger SA and allow more absorption of shock)
• Beak absorbs the shock, reduce impact on brain
• Turn head when you peck, redistribute the shock
• Have a thicker spongier skull (Distribute the incoming shock, porous), thick spongy, mesh like skull bone

Question 12

3 major arteries that provide the cerebrum with blood:

Answer 12

1. Anterior cerebral artery
2. middle cerebral artery
3. Posterior cerebral artery

Question 13

Answer 13

Anterior cerebral artery

Question 14

Answer 14

Middle cerebral artery

Question 15

Answer 15

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 16

area that the stroke affects

Answer 16

There are 3 cerebral arteries supplying different parts of the brain and will depend on which arerty is affected

Question 17

Type of stroke: (2)

Answer 17

Ichemic: Blocked blood vessel, more common, less severe
Hemorrhagic: Burst blood vessel, more severe, less comon

Question 18

Stroke symptoms (5)

Answer 18

Weakness on the contralateral side of the body
Slowed behavior
Short term memory problems
Vision problems
Loss of coordination and balance

Question 19

t-PA

Answer 19

A dosage of t-PA administered within 3 hours of the onset of ischemic symptoms will boost a patient’s t-PA levels by about 1000 times above normal, which will facilitate breaking up clots and allow normal blood flow to return to an affected region. Unfortunately, there is no treatment for hemorrhagic stroke, for which the use of clot-busting t-PA would be disastrous.

Question 20

Diaschisis

Answer 20

Neural shock- areas connected to stroke cease to function, When you get overexcitation you shock the area to do good, all the neuron start firing instead of having real connections and have a cascade of events. A loss of function within a region distant to the site of the lesion and results from deafferentation of neurons as a result of axon damage caused by stroke.

Question 21

Effect of stroke (3)

Answer 21

• Over-excitation of neurons (Firing too much, dump bunch of ion/neurotransmitters into the area and increase protein production and cause inflammation)
• Increase in protein production
• Change in metabolism

Question 22

Acute ischemic tissue swelling

Answer 22

Initial swelling is caused by CSF. After a stroke, overexcitation+dead cells there will be gaps as the cells have died. CSF will leak into those spaces and cause swelling and drown good cells that are not damaged.

Question 23

Contrainst induced therapy

Answer 23

A type of stroke therapy. Limb weakness or loss of function on the contralateral side can be treated by binding the unaffected limb, forcing the patient to use the affected limb.

Question 24

Dualism (6) + problem

Answer 24

• There are two physical types of stiff in the world, physical and no-physocal
• Rene descartes
• Believed that both a nonmaterial mind and the material body contribute to behavior
• Only humans is human because we have non material mind otherwise the body is just a machine
• Didint believe dogs/animals are worthy a they are just a machine
• Mind body problem: We have a physical body and overt behavior but how do we explain something we cant see? What is the relationship between the mind and the body – between the mental realm (the realm of thoughts, beliefs, pains, sensations, emotions) and the physical realm (matter, atoms, neurons)
• Descartes tried to explain this by saying the pineal gland, the place beside the ventricles (CSF flows) is a regulator of the mind by directling ventricle fluid to muscles. Physical liquid traveling through the muscle allows us to retrieve our feet when touching fire.

Question 25

Materialism (5)

Answer 25

• Inspired by Charles and Alfred
  Behavior can be explained by the nervous system or a working thing without explanatory recourse to an immaterial mind
• Supported by the evolution theories of Wallace and Darwin
• Most scientist are materialists
• The mind is brain in action
• Materialist believe that all concept of the mind consciousness, spirit can be reduced to the working of the brain as a physical entity (orchestrated firing of neuron)