Midterm 1 (Learning outcomes 1-6) Flashcards by Xavier Mieyal

What ethnic/cultural specificity for major depression is associated Middle eastern cultures?

Heart problems

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Studiation madness is the culture bound syndrome of what culture?

Trinidad

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What did Robert Burton do?

Wrote the Anatomy of Melancholy, A study distinguishing mood disorder from insanity and obsessive compulsive behavior

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What role does NE play in depression?

Psychomotor retardation

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What is the book of the dead?

Ancient Egyptian belief that the heart recorded all deeds and was weighed after death to determine if the person would go to heaven

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What is the existential belief that the human seeks meaning in a world that is oftentimes meaningless and objective - as opposed to an imperfect thing in an ordered world created by God?

Phenomenology

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What is the archaic treatment for disorders by drilling holes into the skull?

Trepanation

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What was the general belief of the rationalist movement?

Saw the body as a complex machine under control of the mind and the idea of Reflexology

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What is the stress hormone?

Cortisol

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Which philosopher believed that disorders stemmed from a lack of meaning in life?

Jean-Paul Sarte

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What did Descartes believe caused disorders?

Conscious and voluntary reflexive actions of the mind

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What was the ancient Greek ritual where a scapegoat or disliked individual was exiled

Pharmakoi/Pharmacon

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What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Disorder caused by high cortisol levels or by taking too much anti-inflammatory

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What procedure lowers an electrode into the cingulate?

Deep brain stimulation

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What did Pythagoras believe caused disorders?

An imbalance of biological humors

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What did Hippocrates believe caused disorders?

An imbalance of the 4 biles

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What culture bound syndrome is associated with China?

Shenjing Shuairuo

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Which philosopher believed that disorders stemmed from lack of personal responsibility and not seeking higher wisdom?

Plato/socrates

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Bodily discomfort, dizziness, fatigue, symptoms of pain, and feelings of inner pressure are associated with which ethnic/cultural specificity of major depression?

China

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What is the procedure that severs connections in the frontal cortex by drilling a hole by the temple and inserting a knife that goes up and down?

Leukotomy

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What did Jean-Paul Sarte believe caused disorders?

Lack of meaning in life

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What ethnic/cultural specificity for major depression is associated with Latin and Mediterranean cultures?

Complaints of Nerves and Headaches

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What autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid?

Hashimoto’s disease

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How does vagus nerve stimulation work?

Activates the parasympathetic system and by extension the autonomic system

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What was the ancient Egyptian belief that the heart recorded all deeds and was weighed after death to determine if the person would go to heaven?

Book of the dead

What disorder is caused by high cortisol levels or by taking too much anti-inflammatory?

Cushing's syndrome

What did Avicenna discover?

The front of the brain was associated with higher order thinking

Who was the first to link careful anatomical studies to the description of mood and behavior?

Galen

Who discovered the front of the brain was associated with higher order thinking?

Avicenna

What are the bones etched with questions thrown into a fire to reveal answers to said question in ancient China?

Divination Bones

What is the "messy version of a leukotomy"?

Lobotomy

Being Heartbroken is associated with which ethnic/cultural specificity of major depression?

Hopi Indians

What is trepanation?

The archaic treatment for disorders by drilling holes into the skull

What is a leukotomy?

A procedure that severs connections in the frontal cortex by drilling a hole by the temple and inserting a knife that goes up and down

Complaints of Nerves and Headaches are associated with which ethnic/cultural specificity of major depression?

Latin American and Mediterranean cultures

What invention gave more people access to knowledge and recovered philosophies?

Gutenberg printing press

What is the general idea of reflexology?

The body automatically reacts to an action - like a simple machine

What culture bound syndrome is associated with the Oglala Sioux?

Wacinko syndrome

What are divination bones?

Bones etched with questions thrown into a fire to reveal answers to said question in ancient China

How does deep brain stimulation work?

By lowering an electrode into the cingulate

Which 5-HTT allele carriers are more likely to develop depression after a disaster and with a perceived good social network?

Equal

Who wrote The anatomy of Melancholy?

Robert Burton

What did Aristotle believe caused disorders?

An ill heart

What is Pharmakoi/Pharmacon?

Ancient Greek ritual where a scapegoat or disliked individual was exiled (to their death)

What procedure takes out the Anterior Cingulate cortex, removing emotions?

Cingulotomy

What neurotransmitters is tyrosine the precursor for?

DA, NE, and Epinephrine

What culture bound syndrome is associated with Dakota?

tawatl ye sni

What is Hashimoto's disease?

Autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid

What was the benefit of the Gutenberg printing press in terms of mood disorders?

Gave more people access to knowledge and recovered philosophies.

What did plato believe caused disorders?

Lack of personal responsibility and not seeking higher wisdom

What role does DA play in depression?

Anhedonia

What did Socrates believe caused disorders?

Lack of personal responsibility and not seeking higher wisdom

What is a Cingulotomy?

A procedure that takes out the Anterior Cingulate cortex, removing emotions

Who are associated with Phenomenology?

Jean-Paul Sartre, Voltaire, Kierkegaard, Merleau-Pont

What was the original purpose of Iproniazid and Isoniazid?

To treat tuberculosis

What anti-histamine was found to treat psychosis?

Chlorpromazine

What are the DSM 5?

1.Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day. 2.Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day. 3.Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. 4. A slowing down of thought and a reduction of physical movement (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down). 5.Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. 6.Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day. 7.Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day. 8.Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide. DSM 5

What is cortisol

Stress hormone

What are the DSM criteria for diagnosing major depression?

5 or more of the following symptoms over a 2 week period that are outside normal behavior. 1. Depressed Mood- grief, 2. Anhedonia = Loss of Interest, 3. Change in Appetite 4. Quality of Sleep declines (Less REM sleep, deep sleep), 5. Lethargy/ Psychomotor Retardation 6. Fatigue, Headache, digestive problems, other physical complaints 7. Feelings of Worthlessness and inappropriate guilt, 8. Trouble concentrating 9. Repeated thoughts of self injury, death, or suicide 10. If depression is very severe, there may also be psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions

Which 5-HTT allele carriers react better to antidepressant treatment?

Long

Shenjing Shuairuo is the culture bound syndrome of what culture?

China

What is lesioning?

A procedure where a part of the brain is removed to determine its function

What is the "Depression Gene"

5-HTT, Serotonin transporter responsible for reuptake

What role does 5-HT play in depression?

Obsessive sense of grief

What are the three layers of the cake of human behavior?

Neomammalian (“The new brain,” highly evolved), Paleommalian (limbic system), Reptilian (Regulates basic functions)

Which 5-HTT allele carriers are more likely to develop depression after a disaster and without a perceived good social network?

Short

Abdominal pain, neck pain, and headache are associated with which ethnic/cultural specificity of major depression?

Japan

Which philosopher believed that disorders stemmed from conscious and voluntary reflexive actions of the mind?

Descartes

Which philosopher believed that disorders stemmed from imbalances of the 4 biles?

Hippocrates

What neurotransmitter is responsible for psychomotor retardation in depression?

Norepinephrine

What is the precursor for 5-HT?

Tryptophan

What is Phenomenology?

The existential belief that the human seeks meaning in a world that is oftentimes meaningless and objective - as opposed to an imperfect thing in an ordered world created by God, Led to talk therapy

What is the precursor for DA, NE, and Epinephrine

Tyrosine

What culture bound syndrome is associated with trinidad?

Studiation madness

What is the difference between short and long 5-HTT alleles?

VNTR Deletion, short alleles have shorter promoter regions

What are the main symptoms of Hashimoto's?

severe migraines, fatigue, high cholesterol & weight gain

Which philosopher believed that disorders stemmed from an ill heart?

Aristotle

Which 5-HTT allele carriers are associated with higher levels of risk-taking activity?

Long

What neurotransmitter is responsible for anhedonia in depression?

Dopamine

What movement saw the body as a complex machine under control of the mind?

Rationalist movement and Descartes

What former anti-depressants were originally meant to treat tuberculosis?

Iproniazid, Isoniazid

What did Luigi Galvani do?

First person to take an inanimate frog and show nerve stimulation

Jean-Paul Sartre, Voltaire, Kierkegaard, Merleau-Pont are associated with what belief?

Phemenology

What is St. Mary of Bethlehem?

World's oldest mental institution

What is the concept that the body automatically reacts to an action - like a simple machine?

Reflexology

What does chlorpromazine do?

anti-histamine, treats psychosis

tawatl ye sni is the culture bound syndrome of what culture?

Dakota

What neurotransmitter is tryptophan the precursor for?

5-HT

Which philosophers believed that disorders stemmed from imbalances of elements or fluids?

Confucius, Pythagoras, Hippocrates

What is the world's oldest mental institution?

St. Mary of Bethlehem founded in 1247

Heart problems are associated with which ethnic/cultural specificity of major depression?

Middle eastern cultures

What culture bound syndrome is associated with west africa?

Brain Fag

What did Confucius believe caused disorders?

An imbalance of elements/fluids/minerals

What ethnic/cultural specificity for major depression is associated Hopi Indians?

Being Heartbroken

What ethnic/cultural specificity for major depression is associated with Japan?

Abdominal pain, neck pain, and headache

Which 5-HTT allele carriers are have a higher follow through rate for suicide?

Long

Brain fag is the culture bound syndrome of what culture?

West africa

Wacinko syndrome the culture bound syndrome of what culture?

Oglala sioux

What is the procedure where a part of the brain is removed to determine its function?

Lesioning

What neurotransmitter is responsible for obsessive sense of grief in depression?

Serotonin

Who was the first person to take an inanimate frog and show nerve stimulation?

Luigi Galvani

Which non-drug treatment for depression focuses on autonomic nervous system function?

Vagus nerve stimulation

Which philosopher believed that disorders stemmed from imbalances of biological humors?

Pythagoras

What is the ethnic/cultural specificity for major depression is associated with China?

Bodily discomfort, dizziness, fatigue, symptoms of pain, and feelings of inner pressure

What did Galen do?

Was the first to link careful anatomical studies to the description of mood and behavior?