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Bio Sci 41, Mood Disorders > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

How can a panic attack be artificially induced?

A

Increase CO2 in the Brain stem to trigger a false suffocation alarm, chemically induce a panic attack by tricking the brainstem into thinking that something is wrong using CCK-4

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2
Q

What neurotransmitter do people with panic disorder have less binding?

A

GABA

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3
Q

What is characterized by excessive, frequent, and unrealistic worry about everyday things, such as job responsibilities, health, or chores?

A

General anxiety disorder

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4
Q

What is characterized by multiple unexpected panic attacks, and some people with panic disorder also have agoraphobia?

A

Panic disorder

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5
Q

What are Pet scans?

A

Positron emission tomography scan, measure blood flow or glucose metabolism by using a radioactive substance called a tracer that can then be imaged using a scanner to create images of the body’s metabolic activity

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6
Q

Fear expression in patients with anxiety/PTSD is…?

A

Stronger

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7
Q

People with what disorder were shown to have amygdala hyperactivity in response to harsh faces

A

social anxiety disorder

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8
Q

what are the most common comorbid conditions of General Anxiety Disorder?

A

Panic disorder, Major Depressive Disorder

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9
Q

what is fMRI?

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging, measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and measuring blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes

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10
Q

What drug stimulates GABA binding?

A

Benzodiazepine

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11
Q

Compared to healthy patients, what differences in brain activity are observed in PTSD patients during a Pet scan?

A

Greater responses in the amygdala, smaller responses in the medial frontal cortex, and exaggerated deactivation in some frontal cortical areas.

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12
Q

What is the mushroom used to treat ailments affecting the central nervous systems and conditions associated with neuroinflammation?

A

Amanita muscaria

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13
Q

What is buspirone

A

5HT1A agonist, increases 5HT1A activation, anxiolytic

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14
Q

What is OCD?

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, a condition in which a person has frequent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that cause them to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions).

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15
Q

With antidepressants and benzodiazepines how long until discussing stopping treatment should there be?

A

1 week

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16
Q

What mediates fear expression

A

dorsal anterior cingulate

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17
Q

What parts of the brain can CCK-4 activate?

A

Both amygdalas

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18
Q

What measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and measuring blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes?

A

fMRI

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19
Q

Masked face studies and traumatic scripts are used to….?

A

Measure hyperactivity of the amygdala

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20
Q

Compared to healthy patients, what differences in brain activity are observed in PTSD patients during a masked face study in a fMRI?

A

Hyperactivity of the amygdala.

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21
Q

What is Muscimol

A

GABA agonist from amanita muscaria

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22
Q

what disorder can happen within a month of experiencing a traumatic event and is closely related to post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

Acute Stress disorder

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23
Q

fMRI while exposed to aversive smell, neutral face and harsh face are tests to measure….?

A

Hyperactivity of the amygdala in patients with GAD and SAD

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24
Q

how did people with social phobia respond to harsh faces?

A

Hyperactive amygdala

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25
What receptors besides GABA tend to be inhibitory when activated
5-HT1A
26
Patients with ________ experience stronger fear expression
PTSD, Anxiety
27
What is CCK-4
A chemical used to induce panic attacks
28
What is social anxiety disorder?
Disorder is diagnosed when a person experiences intense and ongoing fear of being judged negatively and/or watched by others.
29
What does amanita muscaria contain that gives it its effects?
Muscimol, gaba agonist–activates gaba receptors
30
What is GAD?
Disorder characterized by excessive, frequent, and unrealistic worry about everyday things, such as job responsibilities, health, or chores.
31
Dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system causing stomach problems and a racing heart can potentially be caused by what?
Overactive amygdala
32
Patients with what disorder have the same response to neutral faces and aversive smells?
Social anxiety disorder
33
what other brain regions is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in
Receives information from the prefrontal cortex and inhibits fear response from the anterior cingulate cortex
34
What should you not eat with buspirone and why?
grapefruits, some enzyme in grapefruits blocks the metabolization of the drug
35
What drug should you not eat with grapefruits?
Buspirone
36
People with anxiety disorder likely have a dysfunctional.....?
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate
37
/What is the role of calcium in the brain?
activates proteins that help vesicles release neurotransmitters
38
What brain activity was observed in PTSD patients in response to a traumatic script
No change in the left amygdala, and deactivation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex
39
What is agoraphobia?
An intense fear of being overwhelmed or unable to escape or get help; people with agoraphobia often avoid new places and unfamiliar situations.
40
what are the secondary effects of an overactive amygdala?
Causes dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system causing stomach problems and a racing heart
41
What receptors do people with anxiety disorders tend to have less of?
5-HT1A, GABA
42
What is benzodiazepine?
Anxiolytics, Work by activating the GABA neurotransmitter system
43
Patients with what disorder had a fear response/hyperactivity of the amygdala to neutral faces
Social Anxiety Disorder
44
What is the meaning of hypnotic?
Sleep inducing
45
What is 5-HT1A
Inhibitory serotonin receptor
46
What are SPECT scans?
Single photon emission comuted tomography scan, uses a radioactive substance and a special camera in order to create 3D pictures.
47
what is the function of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
mediates fear expression
48
What scan measures blood flow?
SPECT scan, single photon emission comuted tomography scan
49
What drug increases 5-HT1A activation?
Buspirone
50
What is a condition that develop after a traumatic event, and involves symptoms like flashbacks, anxiety, negative beliefs, hypervigilance, and more?
PTSD
51
What chemical is used to induce panic attacks?
CCk-4
52
Anticholinergics lower what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine (what calms you down, is involved in cardiovascular system)
53
How did Patients with Social anxiety disorder respond to a neutral face?
with a Fear response/hyperactivity in the amygdala, same response to aversive smell
54
What tests were used to measure hyperactivity of the amygdala in patients with GAD and SAD
fMRI while exposed to aversive smell, neutral face and harsh face
55
What class of drugs are sleep inducing?
Hypnotic-
56
What scan measures blood flow or glucose metabolism?
Pet scan
57
What was social anxiety disorder originally known as
Social Phobia
58
What brain region was activated while anticipating anxiety/panic attack
Anterior cingulate cortex
59
What is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders?
SSRI
60
what drugs function as anxiolytics and Work by activating the GABA neurotransmitter system?
Benzodiazepine
61
Patients with social phobia had amygdala hyperactivity in response to....?
Harsh faces
62
The anterior cingulate cortex is activated while...?
anticipating anxiety/panic attack
63
What is the intense fear of being overwhelmed or unable to escape or get help; people with agoraphobia often avoid new places and unfamiliar situations?
Panic Disorder
64
What activates proteins that help vesicles release neurotransmitters
Calcium
65
What are SNP's?
single nucleotide polymorphisms, "one little change in the genetic cookbook"
66
What uses a radioactive substance and a special camera in order to create 3D pictures?
SPECT scan, single photon emission comuted tomography scan
67
What is a condition in which a person has frequent unwanted thoughts that cause them to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors
OCD, Obsessive compulsive disorder
68
What is the insular cortex?
part of the cortex underneath the temporal lobe, involved in cognitive and physiological functions
69
What is when something causes a person to feel fear and anxiety that is so severe it consistently and overwhelmingly disrupts their life?
Specific Phobias
70
What activity has been shown to strengthen the frontal cortex?
Meditation, "complicated things"
71
What is the problem in panic disorder?
Not the panic itself, but rather the anticipation of panic
72
What is used to create images of the body's metabolic activity?
Pet scan
73
what is the function of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
Mediates fear inhibition?
74
What drugs blocks acetylcholine?
Anticholinergics, leading to excitation
75
What is acute stress disorder?
Can happen within a month of experiencing a traumatic event and is closely related to post-traumatic stress disorder
76
What is PTSD
Post-traumatic Stress disorder, a condition that can develop after a traumatic event, and involves symptoms like flashbacks, anxiety, negative beliefs, hypervigilance, and more.
77
Some people with Panic disorder experience what other condition?
Agoraphobia
78
What are Specific Phobias?
When something causes a person to feel fear and anxiety that is so severe it consistently and overwhelmingly disrupts their life.
79
What is the best SHORT-TERM treatment for anxiety disorders?
Benzodiazepines
80
What mediates fear inhibition?
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
81
What is characterized by experiencing intense and ongoing fear of being judged negatively and/or watched by others?
Social Anxiety Disorder
82
What neurotransmitter do people with PTSD have less binding?
GABA
83
What is panic disorder?
Characterized by multiple unexpected panic attacks, and some people with panic disorder also have agoraphobia.
84
What are the two ways hyperactivity of the amygdala is measured in PTSD patients?
fMRI while doing Masked face studies, traumatic script reading
85
what is amanita Muscaria
Mushroom that is sometimes ingested to treat a variety of ailments, most notably those affecting the central nervous system and conditions associated with neuroinflammation.

Bio Sci 41, Mood Disorders (3 decks)

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