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Micro Midterm #2 > Midterm 1 COPY > Flashcards

Midterm 1 COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Biovar

A

Physiological properties

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2
Q

Morphovar

A

Morphological properties

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3
Q

Serovar

A

Can be detected by antibodies

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4
Q

Pathovar

A

Cause different diseases in different places

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5
Q

Human eye resolution

A

200-300 um

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6
Q

Light microscope resolution

A

200 nm

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7
Q

Bacteria

A

1-3 um

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8
Q

Atom

A

0.1 nm

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9
Q

Animal cell

A

50 um

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10
Q

Cocci bacteria

A

-Spherical
-Clusters or single
-How they cluster is used for identification

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11
Q

Rod (Bacilli) bacteria

A

-Pairs, chains, or clusters
-Shape of the end varies
-Ex: E.Coli

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12
Q

Vibrios

A

-Comma shaped
-Similar to rods
-Indicative of cholera

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13
Q

Spirilla

A

-Spiral shaped
-Have tufts of flagella

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14
Q

Spirochetes

A

-Spiral shaped
-Internal bacteria

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15
Q

Budding/Appendages

A

-Long processes or appendages of the cell

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16
Q

Filamentous

A

-Bacteria form long filaments called hyphae
-They are pleomorphic (can form other structures)

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17
Q

Why is small size important for bacteria?

A

To maintain a good Surface Area : Volume ratio

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18
Q

Extrachromosomal DNA

A

-Some bacteria have DNA outside their nucleus
-We can manipulate this DNA

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-Defines the cytoplasm
-Barrier to molecules
-Lipid bilayer
-Has some proteins embedded (integral membrane proteins)
-Some proteins attached (peripheral membrane proteins)
-Fluid mosaic model

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20
Q

Lipids

A

-Amphiphilic (1 hydrophobic, 1 hydrophilic)
-Phospholipids based on glycerol
-Polar head groups exposed to aqueous environment

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21
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

-Permeability
-Protein anchor
-Energy conservation

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22
Q

Simple diffusion

A

-Concentration gradient (high to low)

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23
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

-Concentration gradients via protein transport

24
Q

Cell envelope

A

-Plasma membrane & all external layers
-Innermost membrane
-Selectively permeable
-Fluid mosaic model
-Large # of metabolic processes associated with this

25
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

-Determines shape of cell & protects against osmotic cell
-May contribute to pathogenicity
-Target of many antibiotics
-Differentiates gram positive and negative

26
Q

Peptidoglycan structure

A

-Found in gram + and - cells
-Built from identical subunits

27
Q

Gram negative peptidoglycan layer is _____ nm thick

A

2-7

28
Q

Gram positive peptidoglycan layer is _____ nm thick

A

20-80

29
Q

Peptidoglycan subunits

A

-Long string of NAG-NAMs w/ lots of peptides sticking out
-Cross-linking between NAG-NAMs (covalent bonds) - Used to classify organisms

30
Q

Gram positive cell walls

A

-Thick cell walls - mainly peptidoglycan
-Rich in teichoic acids
-Glycerol/Ribitol linked via phosphoral groups to other acids
-Peptidoglycan layer is porous
-Narrow periplasmic space

31
Q

Bacterial intra-cytoplasmic membrane

A

-Some bacteria have it
-Inclusions are aggregates- organic/inorganic material that can be membrane bound or free in the cytoplasm
-Inclusions often used to store molecules

32
Q

Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

A

-Way to store energy
-Method of storing carbon
-Repeating building blocks
-Bacteria can use these to store carbon and energy
-Monomer units linked by ester bonds

33
Q

Bacterial flagella

A

-Motility
-Secretes proteins
-Consists of basal body, hook, and hollow filament
-External components through filament
-Can spin and move at rapid rates
-Can’t see them without adding a flagella stain

34
Q

Gram negative cell walls

A

-Very thin layer of peptidoglycan
-Very thick periplasm
-Phospholipids, proteins, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides

35
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

-3 parts:
-Core polysaccharide
-O-specific polysaccharide
-Lipid A
-Negatively charged
-Protects cells from host invasion

36
Q

Archaeal flagella

A

-Not hollow
-No secretory system

37
Q

Motility

A

-Move towards food & away from danger
-Movement can be directional, up/down a gradient, or either an attractant or repellent
-Can develop signalling
-Flagellum is a rigid helix that rotates & allows for movement

38
Q

Chemotaxis

A

-Chemo-sensing system linked to signalling pathway
-May respond to signals present in nM concentrations

39
Q

Twitching motility

A

-Short, jerky motions
-Cells must be in contact with one another

40
Q

Gliding motility

A

-Sliding, smooth
-Lays down a slime & slides against it

41
Q

Gram staining

A

-Type of differential staining
-Differentiate organisms by thickness of peptidoglycan layer (thick in +, thin in -)

42
Q

Acid-fast staining

A

-Stain is driven into cells with heat
-For acid-fast cells, acidified alcohol cannot wash away the stain

43
Q

Endospore staining

A

-Stain is driven in with heat, the decolorization, then counterstaining with safranin

44
Q

Capsule staining

A

-Cells with a polysaccharide capsule will not take up India ink

45
Q

Flagella staining

A

-Increase the thickness of flagella so that they can be seen under a microscope

46
Q

S layers

A

-Layer made of protein or glycoprotein
-Binds to outer membrane in gram negative cells
-Binds to peptidoglycan surface in gram positive cells
-Protection, shape maintenance

47
Q

Fimbriae and Pili

A

-Proteins that extend from the outer membrane
-Roles in DNA uptake, motility, and conjugation

48
Q

Bacterial endospores

A

-Gram + bacteria
-Exist within cells
-Peptidoglycan layer becomes cortex
-Not all endospores successfully germinate
-Formed through asymmetric replication
-Have no activity - everything it needs is inside it

49
Q

Asymmetric replication

A

-2 different types of cells
-Mother cell gets one copy of DNA and then dies
-Get 1 cell in the end

50
Q

Nucleoid

A

-Irregularly shaped region that contains the chromosome and associated proteins (no membrane)

51
Q

Plasmids

A

Extrachromosomal, linear, or circular
-Cells may contain multiple copies or even types of these
-Replicate autonomously (don’t contain DNA essential to the host)
-Metabolic function and antibiotic production

52
Q

Eukaryotic microbes

A

-Chromosomes are membrane-bound
-Organelles allow internal compartmentalization
-Divided into protists and fungi
-Fungi are monophyletic, while protists are not
-Nucleus is composed of a double membrane and is quite large

53
Q

Microtubules

A

-Composed of alpha (-) and beta (-) tubules
-Maintain cell shape
-Cell motility
-Role during cell division

54
Q

Microfilaments

A

-Composed of actin
-Cell shape and motility

55
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

-Fibrous keratin
-Cell shape and organelle position

Micro Midterm #2 (5 decks)

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