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Micro Midterm #2 > Catabolism (3B) > Flashcards

Catabolism (3B) Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down a large molecule into smaller molecules

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2
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

fermentative, respiration

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3
Q

NAD+ Reduction

A

1) Enzyme I reacts with e- donor and oxidized form of NAD+
2) NADH and reaction product are formed
3) Enzyme II reacts with e- acceptor and reduced form of NADH
4) NAD+ is released

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4
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

-Requires oxygen (terminal e- acceptor) (uses ETC)
-Catabolism of organic energy source to CO2
-Involves TCA cycle
-May involve glycolysis

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5
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Terminal e- acceptor isn’t oxygen (uses ETC)

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6
Q

Fermentation

A

-Doesn’t use ETC
-Terminal electron acceptor is an intermediate of the catabolic pathway
-most ATP synthesised by substrate level phosphorylation whereby ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
-Produces less ATP than respiration

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

-Major fuel for TCA cycle is acetyl-CoA
-Glycolytic pathways are sources of acetyl-CoA
-Fatty acid oxidation
-Breaks down carbohydrates

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8
Q

Embden-Meyerhof

A

-Most common pathway
-All domains
-Functions with or without O2

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9
Q

Three stages of Embden Meyerhof pathway

A

1)Prepatory reactions
2)Production of products
3)Redox balance

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10
Q

End point of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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11
Q

TCA Cycle

A

-Krebs or citric acid cycle
-Reduced organic compounds enter at many steps
-Strips e- out of carbon
-Makes GTP or ATP

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12
Q

ETC Length

A

Affects amount of ATP produced

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13
Q

Aerobic Respiration ATP/glucose

A

38 ATP/glucose

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14
Q

Common anaerobic respiration terminal e- acceptors

A

CO2, nitrate and sulfate and metals

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15
Q

E.coli under anaerobic conditions use _____ as terminal electron acceptor

A

Nitrate

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16
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium

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17
Q

Pseudomonas stutzneri anaerobic respiration

A

Denitrification but uses aerobic respiration in O2 presence

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18
Q

Ubiquinol

A

Carries electrons from 2 electrons from NADH

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19
Q

Dissimilatory

A

produces inorganic compounds

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20
Q

Assimilatory

A

As NO3- is reduced it gets incorporated into organic molecules

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21
Q

Does fermentation use O2?

A

No

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22
Q

Does fermentation use ETC or TCA Cycle?

A

No

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23
Q

Glucose is only ___________ oxidised during fermentation

A

partially

24
Q

Is fermentation ATP yield high?

A

No

25
Q

Proton gradient in Fermentation

A

Generated from ATP, ATP based pump to move protons

26
Q

Fermentation cycle

A

1) Organic compound uptake
2) Energy-rich compound undergoes substrate level phosphorylation
3) Oxidised compound goes through redox cycling
4) Fermentation product is excreted

27
Q

Pyruvate can become…

A

lactate, citrate+CoA, oxaloacetate, alanine, phosphoneal pyruvate, acetaldehyde, ethanol

28
Q

Homofermentative

A

Only one byproduct

29
Q

Heterofermentative

A

More than one byproduct

30
Q

Butanediol and Mixed acid fermentation

A

Enterobacteria, used in cosmetics, food and biofuel

31
Q

Stickland Reaction

A

Alanine to acetate, used by Clostridia tetanus

32
Q

Lipid Catabolism

A

How humans store energy

33
Q

Stored Carbon

A

starch, glycogen, poly-beta hydroxyl

34
Q

Why glucose?

A

-Can be formed from formaldehyde
-Low tendency to non-enzymatically glycosylate protein

35
Q

Galactose and fructose

A

Enter pathway at different points and require conversion before entering glycolysis pathway

36
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A

-Oxidise inorganic molecules
-Use ETC

37
Q

Chemolithotroph energy sources

A

Hydrogen, reduced nitrogen or sulfur compounds, ferrous iron

38
Q

Hydrogen oxidation terminal e- acceptor

A

O2

39
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Oxidise ammonia to nitrate

40
Q

Annamox

A

Planctomycetes perform anaerobic ammonia oxidation of nitrite generating H20 and N2

41
Q

Reverse e- flow

A

Instead of ATP synthase, reverse to back e- up the hill

42
Q

Nitrosomonas

A

Oxidise ammonia to produce ATP for energy as well as NADH for biosynthesis

43
Q

Phototrophy

A

Uses light to produce energy and reducing power (typically sunlight)

44
Q

3 types of phototrophy

A

1) oxygenic photosynthesis
2)anoxygenic photosynthesis
3)rhodopsin based phototrophy

45
Q

Chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll

A

Pigment absorbs light, arranged as reaction centres and antenna pigments which harvest light

46
Q

Anoxygenic phototrophs

A

Does not use water as e- source, no O2 is produced
-Only one PS

47
Q

Anoxygenic phototrophs include which phyla

A

Proteobacteria, chlorobi, chloroflexi, firmicutes and acidobacteria

48
Q

How to anoxygenic phototrophs generate reducing power?

A

1)NAD(P)H directly from H2
2) reverse e- flow
3) if component of ETC has more negative reduction potential than NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H, e- can be directly drawn off but must be replaced

49
Q

Photosystem I in green bacteria

A

Harvest e- from something with high potential
P700

50
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

-Water is e- donor so O2 is produced
-Use PSI and PSII

51
Q

What organisms use oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthetic eukaryotes within chloroplasts and cyanobacteria

52
Q

Photosystem II

A

-Harvest e-
-Thylakoid lumen is where protein gradient is
P680

53
Q

ATP Production

A

Stroma on top, thylakoid lumen in bottom
e- pumped in thylakoid lumen

54
Q

Pathways in oxygenic phototrophs

A

Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation

55
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin

A

-Not dependent on ETC
-Halobacterium salinarum
-light driven proton pump

56
Q

Mixotroph (halobacterium salinarum)

A

-Aerobic respiration (O2) use organic material
under anaerobic conditions, Halobacterium becomes phototroph

Micro Midterm #2 (5 decks)

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